DNA分子标记与动物育种

论述了DNA分子标记的分类以及限制性酶切片段长度多态性、随机扩增多态性DNA、扩增片段长度多态性、简单重复序列、单核苷酸多态性等5种主要DNA分子标记的基本原理和优缺点。同时，还分析了它们在动物遗传育种中应用情况和发展前景。     

鱼类线粒体DNA(mtDNA)及其在分子系统学中的应用

应用线粒体DNA标记,分析种群间的遗传关系、确定种群地理格局、确定种群间的基因流以及确定物种进化显著性保护单元（EsU）,从而为分子系统学研究提供了一个新的具有很强操作性的科学手段。文中论述了鱼类线粒体DNA研究的最新进展,重点介绍了线粒体DNA标记在分子系统学研究中的广泛应用。     

扬子鳄种群的线粒体DNA控制区序列变异性及其对物种保护的启示

测定了来自4个不同地点(包括安徽宣城野生和饲养种群、浙江长兴的饲养种群及在美国的饲养种群)的64个扬子鳄线粒体DNA控制区部分序列.结果共检测出4个单倍型共3个变异位点,与龟类、鸟类、哺乳类及其它鳄类相比较,反央出扬子鳄线粒体区的序列变异性很低.在此基础上,对扬子鳄遗传保护提出了有关建议.     

DNA分子标记及其在作物遗传育种中的应用

本文总结了三类DNA分子标记：(1)以Southern杂交为基础的分子标记;(2)以PCR为基础的分子标记;(3)以串连重复的DNA序列为基础的分子标记。综述了这几类分子标记在作物品种鉴定与绘制指纹图谱,基因定位与辅助选择育种,杂种优势群的划分与杂种优势的预测和细胞学研究等方面中的应用现状。     

分子标记及其在作物育种上的应用

分子标记是随着遗传学的发展而诞生的一种基于DNA多态性的遗传标记.主要综述了几种分子标记的基本原理及其在作物育种上的应用,实践证明,分子标记技术为作物育种提供了一种新的研究手段,必将在作物育种领域开拓广阔的应用前景.     

DNA分子标记及其在作物遗传育种中的应用

对DNA分子标记技术：RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR、ISSR、SNP等的原理和特点，以及不同DNA分子标记在作物亲缘关系与遗传多样性、指纹图谱的建立、遗传图谱的构建与基因定位、及分子标记辅助选择育种等方面所取得的应用效果进行了较为详尽的论述，充分展示这项技术的发展具有巨大的应用潜力和广阔的应用前景．     

猛禽和夜鹰类的线粒体DNA序列比较和分子进化关系的研究

测定和比对了隼形目、鸮形目、夜鹰目的12SrRNA基因片段,长度为415 bp.使用MEGA2.1软件构建分子系统树并分析其系统进化关系.数据显示,该基因片段的DNA序列变异丰富,转换和颠换数未随着遗传距离的增加而出现饱和现象,反映出较高真实水平的鸟类系统发育关系.重建系统进化树表明:与隼形目隼科相比,隼形目鹰科与鸮形目、夜鹰目的亲缘关系更近,提示了隼形目隼科和鹰科之间可能存在着较大的遗传变异;与夜鹰目相比,鸮形目和隼形目鹰科鸟类的亲缘关系较近,与传统分类观点相同,不支持将鸮形目和夜鹰目合并为鸮形目的观点.     

DNA分子标记及其在保护生物学中的应用

根据国内外最新资料，论述了限制性片段长度多态性、随机扩增多态性、扩增片段多态性和微卫星等DNA分子标记的基本原理及其优缺点；同时，论述了DNA分子标记在保护生物学中检测遗传多样性、遗传管理及确定分类地位和保护地位、系统进化、性别鉴定、基因图谱和基因定位等方面的应用。     

DNA分子标记及其在作物品种鉴定上的应用

阐述了RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR、SRAP等DNA分子标记技术的原理、特点,介绍了这些分子标记技术在作物品种妻伪性和纯度检测中的应用,最后对其发展进行了展望.     

分子标记及其在葡萄属植物研究上的应用(综述)

介绍了RFLP ,RAPD ,AFLP和微卫星DNA分子标记技术的原理和特点 ,综述了分子标记技术在葡萄属植物上的研究进展 ,并对其应用前景进行了评述     

Correlation between a DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism and C4A6 protein

The fourth component of complement (C4) in man, is coded for by two separate but closely linked loci (C4A and C4B) within the major histocompatibility region (MHC), on the short arm of chromosome 6. Like class I and II loci of this region, the C4 genes are highly polymorphic with more than 30 alleles, including null alleles, assigned to the two loci. This extensive polymorphism, based mainly on electrophoretic mobility, provides a useful marker for studies of disease susceptibility. Several disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus and type I diabetes, show associations with C4 phenotypes. We have used the technique of Southern with a C4 specific probe to examine the genomic DNA of individuals typed for C4 by protein electrophoresis. We have identified 10.7 and 3.8 kilobase (kb) BglII restriction fragments in each of 9 unrelated individuals with a C4A6 allele, and in none of 22 unrelated individuals in whom this allele was not expressed. This clear correlation of restriction fragment length polymorphism with C4 phenotype provides a precise basis for analysis of C4 polymorphism. It is likely to be of value in clinical investigations of autoimmune disease.     

Deletions of muscle mitochondrial DNA in patients with mitochondrial myopathies

In vitro studies of muscle mitochondrial metabolism in patients with mitochondrial myopathy have identified a variety of functional defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, predominantly affecting complex I (NADH-CoQ reductase) or complex III (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase) in adult cases. These two enzymes consist of approximately 36 subunits, eight of which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The increased incidence of maternal, as opposed to paternal, transmission in familial mitochondrial myopathy suggests that these disorders may be caused by mutations of mtDNA. Multiple restriction endonuclease analysis of leukocyte mtDNA from patients with the disease, and their relatives, showed no differences in cleavage patterns between affected and unaffected individuals in any single maternal line. When muscle mtDNA was studied, nine of 25 patients were found to have two populations of muscle mtDNA, one of which had deletions of up to 7 kilobases in length. These observations demonstrate that mtDNA heteroplasmy can occur in man and that human disease may be associated with defects of the mitochondrial genome.     

Conformational mutations in human mitochondrial DNA

Variation in the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence has been extensively analysed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). MtDNA RFLPs have previously been attributed to nucleotide changes within restriction endonuclease recognition sites or to small insertion-deletion mutations. We now report that RFLPs detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis can also result from single nucleotide substitutions which alter the mobility of small- to medium-sized restriction fragments that incorporate the sequence. We have defined the mutation responsible at two loci and have identified several possible additional loci. When screening human mtDNAs with multiple restriction endonucleases, such mutations can be misidentified as insertion-deletion mutations or counted as multiple polymorphic restriction sites. This can lead to errors in constructing restriction maps and estimating sequence diversity.     

Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA, a novel organization and genetic code

The sequence of a 4,869 base-pair fragment of Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA is presented. It contains genes for cytochrome oxidase subunits I, II and III, ATPase subunit 6 and six tRNAs together with two unassigned reading frames. The gene organization differs from that of mammalian mitochondrial DNAs. Evidence is provided for a genetic code in which AGA codes for serine and the quadruplet ATAA is used in initiation of translation.     

Close genetic linkage between X-linked retinitis pigmentosa and a restriction fragment length polymorphism identified by recombinant DNA probe L1.28

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of retinal degeneration characterized by progressive visual field loss, night blindness and pigmentary retinopathy. Its prevalence is in the region of 1-2 in 5,000 of the general population, making it one of the commoner causes of blindness in early and middle life. Although 36-48% of RP patients are isolated cases, the remainder show autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked modes of inheritance. The X-linked variety ( XLRP ) is found in 14-22% of RP families in the UK. In the present study, X chromosome-specific recombinant DNA probes which can detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms have been used to localize the XLRP gene(s) to a subregion of the X chromosome using linkage analysis. One of the probes, L1.28, has been shown to be closely linked to XLRP in five kindreds, with 95% confidence limits of 0-15 centimorgans (maximum LOD score of 7.89 at a distance of 3 centimorgans). This suggests that the XLRP locus lies on the proximal part of the short arm of the X chromosome. This probe is potentially useful for carrier detection and early diagnosis in about 40% of cases, provided that genetic heterogeneity can be excluded by analysis of further families.     

Complete replacement of mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila

The introduction of foreign mitochondria or mitochondrial DNA into a cell is a useful technique for clarifying the molecular mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of mitochondria. Novel combinations of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes have been studied in mammalian cells in culture and in yeast. In Drosophila, we have recently constructed heteroplasmic flies possessing both endogenous mitochondrial DNA and foreign mitochondrial DNA by intra- and interspecific transplantation of germ plasm. During the maintenance of these heteroplasmic lines, flies of D. melanogaster are produced that no longer possess their own mitochondrial DNA but retain the foreign mitochondrial DNA from D. mauritiana. .These flies are fertile and the foreign mitochondrial DNA is stably maintained in their offspring. Here we report the complete replacement of endogenous mitochondrial DNA with that from another multicellular species. Molecular and genetic analysis of this replacement in Drosophila should provide new insight into the functional interaction between nuclear and organelle genomes.     

Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in mice.

For nearly 20 years it has been assumed on the basis of low-resolution experiments that mitochondrial (mt)DNA, in contrast to the genes in the nucleus, has an exclusively maternal mode of inheritance in animals. Using the polymerase chain reaction, paternally inherited mtDNA molecules have now been detected in mice at a frequency of 10(-4), relative to the maternal contributions. These mice were hybrids between two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and Mus spretus) whose mtDNAs can be distinguished easily. This new mode of inheritance provides a mechanism for generating heteroplasmy and may explain mitochondrial disorders exhibiting biparental transmission.