The French Academy of Sciences As a Patron of the Medical Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century

In the wake of the French Revolution, the newly founded First Class of the Institute in Paris was able to make major contributions, not only to science but also to medicine. Unfortunately, the latter has hardly been appreciated. These medical contributions may be summarized as being: (1) through the interests of two of its sections, (2) through patronage and, in particular, its exceptional encouragement of one young man, François Magendie, (3) through the Montyon legacy, (4) through its implicit recognition of pharmacy and pharmacology. Special attention is given to the relationship of the official body of science with Magendie, the founder of experimental physiology, through a detailed study of the minutes of the meetings of the First Class (renamed the Academy of Sciences after 1816). Whereas one might have expected medical institutions to have played a significant part in the development of the medical sciences, it was the Academy of Sciences which played a leading role.     

中国科学院成都有机化学研究所

中国科学院成都有机化学研究所成立于1985年11月,经过40余年的发展,目前已成为一个以天然气转化、不对称合成、皮革化工材料和生物医学材料为主要领域,以应用研究和技术创新为主的综合性化学研究所.本所现有职工405人,其中具有博士和硕士学位人员110余人.在120多名高级科技人员中,有研究员33人、博士生导师11人、中国科学院"百人计划"人才2名、"西部之光"人才1名.研究所目前设有天然气化学开放实验室、不对称合成联合开放实验室、高分子化学研究室、皮革化工材料工程研究中心、天然气转化工程研究中心、手性技术工程研究中心和功能材料研究开发中心等7个研究开发机构.     

中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所

中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所(原名中国科学院林业土壤研究所)创建于1954年.现有职工353人,其中科技人员256人,1/3具有博士、硕士学位.     

中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心

中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心(以下简称空间中心)成立于1987年,前身为空间物理所(1958年成立的原应用地球物理所)和空间科学技术中心(1979年成立).1994年又与中国科学院空间科学与应用总体部合并.合并后的空间中心既是在空间科学、技术和应用研究领域以高技术研究发展为主导,从事战略性科技创新和基础性研究的科研基地型研究所,也是一个承担着系统设计和系统集成并协调重大空间任务,为空间任务提供科学和技术支持的总体性机构.     

对经验科学公理化的思考

公理化方法是演绎科学的方法,但其基本精神早已渗透到经验科学。如何从科学方法论和科学认识论的角度对此作深入而系统的探讨,是当代科学哲学及跨学科理论研究中一个十分重要且 相当难度的问题。本文从分析公理化的客观基础和可行性,最后分析了在经验科学中运用公理化方法的意义。     

化学发光分析技术在生命科学研究中的一些应用

生命过程是一个错综复杂的过程，人类对生命现象的探索由来己久。随着现代检测诊断技术，如X射线照影，B超，电子显微和CT技术等的出现，人类对生命活动的认识以及疾病的诊断取得了突飞猛进的发展。在应用这些方法观察生命过程中的宏观现象的同时，人们也把目光投向隐藏在这些宏观现象背后的微观过程，渴望从分子级别上认识生命的各种过程，即对参与生命过程的物质进行定性、定量和活性测试。核酸和蛋白质是在生命活动中最重要的两类物质，而要分析它们在生命体系中的活动并非易事，因为生命体系大都十分复杂。所以针对不同的分析对象建立有效的核酸和蛋白质分析方法已成为生命科学研究中的前沿和热门课题。目前世界上许多研究机构和商业企业在这方面投入大量的人力和财力，以期建立有效的方法和推出相应的商业试剂和仪器。纵观这方面的发展现状，我们不难发现许多当前流行的核酸和蛋白质分析方法中采用了化学发光体系。本文就化学发光法在分析核酸和蛋白质方面的发展现状做一些介绍。     

Production of common enterobacterial antigen by members of the family enterobacteriaceae

Zusammenfassung Nachweis eines allen Enterobakterien gemeinsamen Antigens. Sämtliche Stämme, bestehend aus 5 Familien und 12 Genera, erzeugten das Antigen, welches durch passive Haemagglutination, passive Haemolyse und Haemagglutinations-Hemmungsreaktion nachgewiesen werden konnte.     

Lead-lag relationship between spot index and futures price of the nikkei stock average

This paper examines the lead-lag relationship between the spot index and futures price of the Nikkei Stock Average. Using daily data in the post-crash period we investigate the interaction between the spot and futures series through the error correction model. Two versions of error correction models are considered, depending on the postulated long-run equilibrium relationship. It is found that lagged changes in the futures price affect the short-term adjustment in the spot index, but not vice versa. Forecasting models for the spot index are also constructed using the univariate time series approach and the vector autoregressive method. For the post-sample forecast comparison the error correction models produce the best results. The vector autoregressive method performs better than the martingale model, while the univariate time series method gives the poorest forecasts.     

Circular proteoglycans from sponges: first members of the spongican family

Species-specific cell adhesion in marine sponges is mediated by a new family of modular proteoglycans whose general supramolecular structure resembles that of hyalectans. However, neither their protein nor their glycan moieties have significant sequence homology to other proteoglycans, despite having protein subunits equivalent to link proteins and to proteoglycan monomer core proteins, and glycan subunits equivalent to hyaluronan and to the glycosaminoglycans of hyalectans. In some species, these molecular components are assembled into a structure with a circular core formed by the link protein- and hyaluronan-like subunits. Besides their involvement in cell adhesion, these sponge proteoglycans, for which we propose the term spongicans, participate in signal transduction processes and are suspected to play a role in sponge self-nonself recognition. Their in vivo roles and the mild methods used to purify large amounts of functionally active spongicans make them ideal models to study the functions and possible new applications of proteoglycans in biomedical research. Received 21 May 2002; received after revision 5 July 2002; accepted 10 July 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author.     

Growth and the average duration of larval life in the southern hemisphere lamprey,Geotria australis Gray

Summary The average duration of larval life in the anadromous lamprey,Geotria australis (the sole representative of the Geotriidae) is estimated as 41/4 years. Compared with other lampreys, the ammocoetes ofG. australis have a slow growth rate, increase in length during the year preceding metamorphosis and typically enter metamorphosis at a small mean length (<100 mm) and weight (<1.2 g).     

On a family of finite moving‐average trend filters for the ends of series

A family of finite end filters is constructed using a minimum revisions criterion and based on a local dynamic model operating within the span of a given finite central filter. These end filters are equivalent to evaluating the central filter with unavailable future observations replaced by constrained optimal linear predictions. Two prediction methods are considered: best linear unbiased prediction and best linear biased prediction where the bias is time invariant. The properties of these end filters are determined. In particular, they are compared to X‐11 end filters and to the case where the central filter is evaluated with unavailable future observations predicted by global ARIMA models as in X‐11‐ARIMA or X‐12‐ARIMA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structure and function of interleukin-22 and other members of the interleukin-10 family

The IL-10 family of cytokines is comprised of IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, and IFN-λs (IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29). The IL-10 family members bind to shared class II cytokine receptor chains that associate in various combinations in heterodimeric complexes. Upon interleukin/receptor complex formation, these proteins switch on the Jak/STAT pathway and elicit pleiotropic biological responses whose variety sharply contrasts with their structural similarities. IL-10 family members are involved in several human diseases and health conditions and hence their structural analyses may provide valuable information to design specific therapeutic strategies. In this review, we describe the human interleukin-10 family of cytokines, focusing on their structures and functions, with particular attention given to IL-22 and IL-10. We report on the recently published structures of IL-10 cytokine family members and their complexes with cognate transmembrane and soluble receptors as well as on interleukin physiology and physiopathology.     

Scientific authorship in the age of collaborative research

I examine two challenges that collaborative research raises for science. First, collaborative research threatens the motivation of scientists. As a result, I argue, collaborative research may have adverse effects on what sorts of things scientists can effectively investigate. Second, collaborative research makes it more difficult to hold scientists accountable. I argue that the authors of multi-authored articles are aptly described as plural subjects, corporate bodies that are more than the sum of the individuals involved. Though journal editors do not currently conceive of the authors of multi-authored articles this way, this conception provides us with the conceptual resources to make sense of how collaborating scientists behave.