The c-myc coding DNA sequences of cyprinids （Teleostei： Cypriniformes）： Implications for phylogeny

The family Cyprinidae is one of the largest fish families in the world, which is widely distributed in East Asian, with obvious difference in characteristic size among species. The phylogeneUc analysis of cyprinid taxa based on the functionally important genes can help to understand the speciation and functional divergence of the Cyprinidae. The c-myc gene is an important gene regulating individual growth. In the present study, the sequence variations of the cyprinid c-myc gene and their phylogenetic significance were analyzed. The 41 complete sequences of the c-myc gene were obtained from cyprinids and outgroups through PCR amplification and clone. The coding DNA sequences of the c-myc gene were used to infer molecular phylogenetic relationships within the Cyprinidae. Myxocyprinus asiaticus （Catostomidae）, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus （CobiUdae） and Hemimyzon sinensis （Homalopteridae） were assigned to the outgroup taxa. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony （MP）, maximum likelihood （ML）, and Bayesian retrieved similar topology. Within the Cyprinidae, Leuciscini and Barbini formed the monophyletic lineage respectively with high nodal supports. Leuciscini comprises Xenocyprinae, CuItrinae, East Asian species of Leuciscinae and Danioninae, Gobioninae and Acheilognathinae, and Barbini contains Schizothoracinae, Barbinae, Cyprininae and Labeoninae. Danio rerio, D. myersi and Rasbora trilineata were supposed to separate from Leuciscinae and Barbini and to form another lineage. The positions of some Danioninae species were still unresolved. Analyses of both amino acid variation with parsimony information and two high variation regions indicated that there is no correlation between variations of single amino acid or high variation regions and characteristic size of cyprinids. In addition, the species with smaller size were usually found to be basal within clades in the tree, which might be the results of the adaptation to the primitive ecology and survival pressure.     

Molecular evolution of connective tissue growth factor in Cyprinidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes)

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays an important role in regulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and individual development in animals. The study of sequences variation and molecular evolution of CTGF gene across various species of the cyprinid could be helpful for understanding of speciation and gene divergence in this kind of fish. In this study, 19 novel sequences of CTGF gene were obtained from the representative species of the family Cyprinidae using PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships of Cyprinidae were reconstructed by neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian method. Oryzias latipes from the family Cyprinodontidae was assigned to be the outgroup taxon. Leuciscini and Barbini were clustered into the monophyletic lineages respectively with the high nodal supports. The estimation of the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution (dN/dS) for the various branches indicated that there stood the different evolution rates between the Leuciscini and the Barbini. With the ratio of dN/dS of the Leuciscini being lower than that of the Barbini, species within the Barbini were demonstrated to be subjected to the relatively less selection pressure and under the relaxable evolution background. A 6 bp indel (insertion/deletion) was found at the 5' end of CTGF gene of Cyprinidae, and this 6 bp deletion only appeared in the Leuciscini, which is a typical characteristic of the Leuciscini and provides evidence for the monophylogeny of the Leuciscini. For the amino acid sequences of CTGF protein, the most variations and Indels were distributed in the signal region and IGFBP region of this protein, implying that these variations were correlated with the regulation of the CTGF gene expression and protein activity.     

Molecular evolution of connective tissue growth factor in Cyprinidae （Teleostei： Cypriniformes）

Connective tissue growth factor （CTGF） plays an important role in regulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and individual development in animals. The study of sequences variation and molecular evolution of CTGF gene across various species of the cyprinid could be helpful for understanding of speciation and gene divergence in this kind of fish. In this study, 19 novel sequences of CTGF gene were obtained from the representative species of the family Cyprinidae using PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships of Cyprinidae were reconstructed by neighbor-joining （NJ）, maximum parsimony （MP）, maximum likelihood （ML） and Bayesian method. Oryzias latipes from the family Cyprinodontidae was assigned to be the outgroup taxon. Leuciscini and Barbini were clustered into the monophyletic lineages, respectively, with the high nodal supports. The estimation of the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution （dN/dS） for the various branches indicated that there stood the different evolution rates between the Leuciscini and the Barbini. With the ratio of dN/dS of the Leuciscini being lower than that of the Barbini, species within the Barbini were demonstrated to be subjected to the relatively less selection pressure and under the relaxable evolution background. A 6 bp indel （insertion/deletion） was found at the 5＇ end of CTGF gene of Cyprinidae, and this 6 bp deletion only appeared in the Leuciscini, which is a typical characteristic of the Leuciscini and provides evidence for the monophylogeny of the Leuciscini. For the amino acid sequences of CTGF protein, the most variations and indels were distributed in the signal region and IGFBP region of this protein, implying that these variations were correlated with the regulation of the CTGF gene expression and protein activity.     

基于16S rRNA和POMC基因序列的中国北方林蛙属动物系统发生关系

基于16S rRNA和POMC基因部分序列研究了中国北方林蛙属动物的系统发生关系.利用ClustalX软件对序列进行对位排列后,长度为1148bp,内群变异位点259,简约位点110.利用MP法、ML法和BI法构建系统进化树,结果显示林蛙属物种构成单系群,其中东北种群聚为一支,中国林蛙聚为一支,支持东北林蛙为有效物种.桓仁林蛙和核型为2n=26的林蛙属物种聚为一支,因此不支持核型为2n=24的林蛙形成单系群.桓仁林蛙、昆嵛林蛙、黑龙江林蛙单独聚为一支,表明三者之间的亲缘关系较近.     

基于18S rRNA基因序列的毛茛科及近缘植物的分子进化关系研究

基于18S rRNA基因序列以近缘植物Paeonia suffruticosa和Mahonia bealei为外类群,采用邻接法（Neighbor-joining methods,NJ)和最大简约法（Maximum parsimony,MP）对毛茛科Ranunculaceae 6属12种植物的系统发育关系进行了分析．结果表明,18S rRNA基因序列长度范围在1807~1810bp之间,系统树显示耧斗菜属Aquilegia与唐松草属Thalictrum,升麻属Cimicifuga与乌头属Aconitu     

冰期天文理论的演变

冰期天文理论是运用地球轨道偏心率、地轴倾角和地转轴进动的3种参数的变化幅度与周期来解释上新世——第四纪期间冰期——间冰期交替变化的一种理论．该理论1842年由Adhemar提出, 经过Croll发展到Milankovitch最终完成,经历了整100年的时间。上世纪60年代开始,深海、黄土、冰芯等大量的地质记录都揭示出３种周期变化,从而证实冰期天文理论的正确性,同时也对冰期天文理论带来了一些概念上的修正．但是,Berger计算的天文曲线至少从6 Ma以来展示同一规律的变化,然而地质记录却显示清晰的分段响应模式:41 kyr的地轴倾角周期在5.3～1.4 Ma期间一直是记录曲线的主要特征;北半球冰川作用只是在2.7 Ma BP才开始大规模出现;0.8 Ma开始100 Ka周期转变为主要周期,称之为中更新世转型（MPT）．还有:11阶段和全新世是2个偏心率很低的时期,但记录中却是冰期——间冰期振幅最大的时期,即大的间冰期为何出现于低偏心时期;由间冰期进入冰期比由冰期进入间冰期时来的快,意味大冰盖建造需要很长的时间,而消融则比较迅速．这些都是冰期天文理论本身不能解释的问题,正在由地球响应系统的研究来探索答案．     

Goniurosaurus indet.的有效性及中国睑虎属(Squamata: Sauria: Eublepharidae)种间的亲缘关系

为了解我国睑虎属Goniurosaurus (Squamata: Sauria: Eublepharidae)种间的亲缘关系以及广东新纪录的睑虎属未定种Goniurosaurus indet.的有效性, 我们对睑虎属10个种的线粒体DNA基因片段进行比较和遗传变异分析. 获得12S rRNA (385 bp)和16S rRNA (477 bp)总长度为862 bp的联合序列, 共有核苷酸变异位点388个, 简约信息位点269个. 选取大壁虎Gekko gecko为外类群, 采用贝叶斯演绎法(BI)、最大似然法(ML)、最大简约法(MP)、邻接法(NJ)对两个基因联合序列的分析均显示相同结果, 即广东睑虎属未定种Goniurosaurus indet.与英德睑虎G. yingdeensis以及凭祥睑虎G .luii与蛛纹睑虎G. araneus两两种间的亲缘关系分别较近; 且分布区相邻的Goniurosaurus indet.与G. yingdeensis之间的遗传分化(遗传距离=0.044-0.046)相似于分类地位已经明确的G .luii与G. araneus种间的遗传差异(遗传距离=0.051). 结合前人的形态学研究结果, 我们认为Goniurosaurus indet.和G. yingdeensis之间已发生显著的遗传差异, 前者可能为睑虎属新种. 同时, 系统发育分析表明海南睑虎G. hainanensis与睑虎属其它物种之间的遗传分化较大, 系统发育地位最为特殊. 系统发育分析进一步表明具4条背部横纹是祖征, 具5条背部横纹为衍征. 我们的研究补充了睑虎科的基础资料, 为该属的系统发育研究和物种保护提供了一定的理论依据. 本文首次提出宽阔的河流可能是造成睑虎种群分化和新种形成的重要地理屏障. 这一“河流隔离”观点对全球睑虎属物种的亲缘地理分布格局的解释具有重要的理论意义.     

基于trnL-F基因序列的铁兰属植物亲缘关系分析

以莺哥凤梨(Vriesea carinata)为外类群,利用Clustal X1.81和MEGA3.1软件对31种铁兰属植物的基因序列进行比对和分析,并构建分子系统树。结果表明:31种铁兰属植物供试材料的trnL-F序列长度在806～835 bp之间,变异位点22个,信息位点14个,平均遗传距离0.007,且在301～322 bp和826～830 bp处分别出现了插入和polyT序列。利用ML法建立的系统树显示,31个铁兰属植物分为3组。序列分析结果与形态学结果基本一致,表明trnL-F序列可用于铁兰属植物的亲缘关系分析,并可作为某些特定种的鉴定依据。     

基于线粒体ND4基因探讨水龟组系统发生关系

水龟组由旧大陆潮龟科的拟水龟属、眼斑龟属和新大陆龟科的水龟属组成,这三个属以前一直被认为是同属的,但没有得到形态学和染色体等方面的认同.本文测定了四眼斑水龟和黄喉拟水龟线粒体基因组的ND4基因,用部分ND4基因及相邻tRNA基因共985bp的序列(包含简约信息位点235bp)讨论了它们的系统进化关系.MP树和ML树显示:在水龟属中,牟氏水龟和木雕水龟亲缘关系最近,与星点水龟亲缘关系次之,石纹水龟位于水龟属的基部,与水龟属其它物种的亲缘关系较远.拟水龟属与眼斑龟属在潮龟科是姐妹群关系,但与龟科水电属亲缘关系较远.本文结果支持潮龟科和龟科的单系起源,二者为非姐妹群.     

基于18S rDNA序列研究腺介虫亚目系统发育关系

基于1 720 bp的18S rRNA基因序列以Darwinula sp.和Cytherelloidea. munechikai为外群,采用最大简约法（MP法）和邻接法（NJ法）对腺介虫亚目（Cypridocopina）3总科5科9种动物的系统发育关系进行了分析.结果表明：1） 现生腺介虫亚目动物为单系群;2） 两种营海水生活的介形类—海介虫总科（Pontocypridoidea）和大介虫总科（Macrocypridoidea）间的亲缘关系较近;3） 现生腺介虫总科（Cypridoidea）也为单系群,但该总科内各科间关系较复杂,主要分为两支,其中腺介虫科的Dolerocypris sp.与萤光介虫科的Candona holzkanpfi聚成一支;而萤光介虫科的Cypria crenulata和泥介虫科的Ilyocypris. angulata同时与腺介虫科其它动物聚为一支.     

Phylogenetic position of Ephedra rhytidosperma, a species endemic to China： Evidence from chloroplast and ribosomal DNA sequences

The chloroplast genes matK and rbcL, ribosomal gene 18S and ITS regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA from Ephedra rhytidosperma, a species endemic to China, were sequenced and its phylogenetic position was investigated. Independent and combined phylogenetic analyses for the DNA sequences from 16 taxa representing 15 species of the genus Ephedra were performed using the maximum parsimony （MP）, neighbor-joining （N J）, minimum evolution （ME） and maximum likelihood （ML） methods. The results indicate that E. rhytidosperma is closely related to E. equisetina. The divergence time between them is estimated to be 10.85±2.44 Ma based on the results of the relative-rate tests and the evolutionary rate of rbcL gene.     

基于18S rDNA序列研究腺介虫亚目系统5发育关系

基于1720 bp 的18S rRNA 基因序列以 Darwinula sp．和 Cytherelloidea．munechikai 为外群,采用最大简约法(MP 法)和邻接法(NJ 法)对腺介虫亚目(Cypridocopina)3总科5科9种动物的系统发育关系进行了分析．结果表明：1)现生腺介虫亚目动物为单系群；2)两种营海水生活的介形类—海介虫总科(Pontocypridoidea)和大介虫总科(Macrocypridoidea)间的亲缘关系较近；3)现生腺介虫总科(Cypridoidea)也为单系群,但该总科内各科间关系较复杂,主要分为两支,其中腺介虫科的 Dolerocypris sp．与萤光介虫科的 Candona holzkanpfi 聚成一支；而萤光介虫科的 Cypria crenulata 和泥介虫科的 Ilyocypris．angulata 同时与腺介虫科其它动物聚为一支．     

中国四个小型猪品种生长激素基因克隆测序及分子进化研究

研究对中国四个小型猪五指山猪、贵州香猪、滇南小耳猪和藏猪的生长激素基因(pGH,porcine growth hormone)进行了克隆测序及构建分子进化树,考察该激素对小型猪体型的影响。通过筛选合适的引物,采用PCR技术,扩增了四个小型猪品种的pGH基因全序列,并对其进行了克隆测序分析。4个小型猪品种pGH基因全长为2006bp,包括5个外显子和4个内含子,CDS全长为648bp。将4个品种小型猪和长白猪、雅南猪、内江猪进行了核苷酸序列比对,共有63处发生了变异,变异率为2.9%,其中外显子有12处变异,全部为转换;内含子有51处发生了变异,包括转换、颠换和缺失。聚类结果基本符合其地方猪种的地理位置分布原则。     

五倍子蚜与寄主植物DNA序列系统发育关系及其协同进化

五倍子蚜特指寄生在漆树科盐肤木属几种植物上形成五倍子虫瘿的一类蚜虫.本研究采用PCR直接测序方法测定了五倍子蚜10个种共19个样本的mtDNA COI基因部分DNA序列(660 bp),从GenBank下载瘿绵蚜科Pemphigidae瘿绵蚜属Pemphigus、卷叶绵蚜属Prociphilus和棉蚜属Eriosoma及纩蚜科Mindaridae纩蚜属Min-darus种相应基因序列为外类群,构建五倍子蚜种之间的MP和ML分子系统发育关系,两种方法得到一致的结果.五倍子蚜10个种共形成3个大的聚类簇,圆角倍蚜属的红倍花蚜和倍花蚜、铁倍蚜属的4个种(亚种)分别以很高的置信度聚为一支,铁倍花蚜属的铁倍花蚜、小铁枣蚜属的红小铁枣蚜与倍蚜属的角倍蚜和倍蛋蚜聚为一支,但是其置信度较低.同时,采用生物信息学方法从GenBank下载五倍子蚜第一寄主盐肤木属Rhus植物cpDNATrnL-F区序列(980 bp),建立寄主植物种之间的MP和ML系统发育关系,与角倍蚜系统发育关系进行比较分析,结果显示二者之间明显的协同进化关系,但是五倍子蚜的聚类并没有完全和寄主植物之间形成一对一的平行对应关系.     

基于Cyt b基因序列变异探讨鲱形目系统发育关系

鲱形目内科间分类关系一直以来存在较多争议,为探讨鲱形目系统发育关系,对黄鲫、凤鲚的线粒体Cyt b基因全序列进行扩增、克隆及测序,得到1 141 bp序列。结合Genbank中已发布的鲱形目鱼类Cyt b基因全长序列利用生物信息学软件进行比较分析后,共检测到553个变异位点,总变异为48.5%,其中含504个简约信息位点,未见序列插入或缺失。碱基的替换多在密码子第三位,序列中转换多于颠换,Ts/Tv为2.448,基因突变未达到饱和。基于K2P模型计算的遗传距离表明,宝刀鱼科同鲱科及鳀科的科间遗传距离(0.042~0.072)小于鲱科内属间遗传距离(0.065~0.106)。在以南美肺鱼为外群构建的NJ分子系统树中,齿头鲱科最先分化,是鲱形目中原始类群;鳓属、多齿鳓属独立聚为一支,且具较高的自举检验值,支持将其归入锯腹鳓科;宝刀鱼科并入到鲱科一支中去,与鲱科亲缘关系更近。     

黑腹果蝇种组组蛋白基因间内含子区的分子进化

通过分析黑腹果蝇种组(Drosophila melanogasterspecies group)9个种亚组代表种和D.pseudoobscura的组蛋白基因H2A和H2B的内含子的碱基组成、替换速率、转换/颠换比、二级结构和系统发育关系等发现:整个序列长度变异范围在201 bp(ficusphila)到232 bp(takahashii)之间,替换速率为0.82,转换明显高于颠换,内含子和外显子结合区不遵循“GT-AG”和“AT-AC”模式,而是“TT-AG”模式,二级结构与系统分化关系具有相关性.我们认为组蛋白基因H2A和H2B的内含子是先起源的,在进化过程中由于承受的选择压力不同而发生了变异.     

3种色型仿刺参线粒体和核糖体序列片段遗传结构比较研究

仿刺参作为我国重要的海水养殖物种,良种选育是目前研究的重点,其中体色是重要的考虑因素之一。为了比较3种不同体色仿刺参的遗传结构,采用PCR扩增与测序技术对我国3种体色(青色、白色和紫色)仿刺参线粒体16S rRNA和COⅠ与核糖体18S rRNA-ITS-28S rRNA序列片段进行分析,揭示其遗传结构差异及系统发育关系。结果表明, 16S rRNA、COⅠ和18S rRNA-ITS-28S rRNA序列长度分别为812~830 bp、877~915 bp、1 536~1 572 bp。16S rRNA、COⅠ和18S rRNA-ITS-28S rRNA序列在青色、紫色和白色仿刺参中分别检测到单倍型个数分别为4/5/5、5/3/4和4/4/3, COⅠ序列多态性位点数目所比例最大, 16S rRNA序列最小。3种色型仿刺参16S rRNA、COⅠ和18S rRNA-ITS-28S rRNA序列遗传距离数值均比较小,范围分别为0~0.014 7、0~0.021 2和0~0.010 3,没有达到种的分化水平。以紫海胆为外群,基于COⅠ序列构建系统发育树,结果表明白刺参单独聚为一支,但是紫色和青色仿刺参不同个体间相互交叉聚集,无法通过发育树区分。     

New ancient DNA sequences suggest high genetic diversity for the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)

Partial DNA sequences of cytochrome b gene (mtDNA) were successfully retrieved from Late Pleistocene fossil bone of Mammuthus primigenius collected from the Xiguitu County ( Yakeshi), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and from Zhaodong, Harbin of Heilongjiang Province in northern China. Two ancient DNA fragments (109 bp and 124 bp) were authenticated by reproducible experiments in two different laboratories and by phylogenetic analysis with other Elephantidae taxa. Phylogenetic analysis using these sequences and published data in either separate or combined datasets indicate unstable relationship among the woolly mammoth and the two living elephants, Elephas and Loxodonta . In addition to the short sequences used to attempt the long independent evolution of Elephantidae terminal taxa, we suggest that a high intra-specific diversity existed in Mammuthus primigenius crossing both spatial and temporal ranges, resulting in a complex and divergent genetic background for DNA sequences so far recovered. The high genetic diversity in the extinct woolly mammoth can explain the apparent instability of Elephantidae taxa on the molecular phylogenetic trees and can reconcile the apparent paradox regarding the unresolved Elephantidae trichotomy.     

9个地方鸡种MHC B-G座位多态性及其分子系统进化分析

以我国9个地方鸡为研究对象,对其MHC B-G座位全基因序列进行测序,以揭示这9个地方鸡种MHC B-G基因的遗传多样性,并构建其系统进化树.结果表明,9个地方鸡种MHC B-G基因序列具有较高的遗传多样性,在9个地方鸡种中共存在666个突变位点,其中单一位点突变554个,简约信息112个,共缺失782 bp.核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.030 79±0.004 39,平均核苷酸差异(K)为182.639.9个地方鸡品种为9个单倍型,单倍型多样度为1.00±0.052.9个鸡种MHC B-G基因Kiumura双参数遗传距离范围为0.010～0.070,鹿苑鸡与新狼山鸡的遗传距离最小,为0.010;茶花鸡与东乡绿壳蛋鸡遗传距离最大,为0.070.根据9个鸡品种MHC B-G基因全序列构建的NJ树和ME树,茶花鸡单独聚为1类,其他8个品种被聚为2大类.Tajima's D值为-1.554 6,且差异不显著(0.10>P>0.05),说明MHC B-G基因为负向选择,不遵循中性进化理论,MHC B-G基因多态性不是遗传漂变的结果,而是自然选择和人工选择的结果.     

高良姜与混淆品rDNA ITS序列的分析与鉴别

用PCR直接测序法测定和分析不同产地野生和种植品种的高良姜(Alpinia officinarum Hance),以及山姜（A. japonica（Thunb.） Miq.）、华山姜（A. chinensis (Retz.) Rosc.）和大高良姜(A. galanga (L.) Willd )等三种混淆品的rDNA ITS区序列,为高良姜种质资源研究和真伪鉴别提供分子数据。经测序、比对和排序得到812bp序列,包括18S3’端部分序列,ITS1、5.8S、ITS2全部序列和26S5’端部分序列。序列分析结果显示,高良姜种内序列高度一致,同源性达100%,测序结果中发现杂合位点,而广西样品杂合位点的两个碱基各占的比例与其它地方样品的不同,显示了高良姜种内rDNA ITS序列的细微差异。高良姜和混淆品的812bp序列中共有61个变异位点,60个是信息位点,同源性达96.32%,其中ITS1和ITS2中的11个位点在高良姜和混淆品中差别明显,可以鉴别高良姜和混淆品,因此rDNA ITS序列是高良姜真伪辨别的有效标记。基于DNA序列的高良姜和混淆品的系统分类结果与形态学的分类结果不完全一致,有待进一步的研究探讨。