以硅胶为模板制备二氧化锡纳米粒子

用硅胶、二氯化锡为原料，经浸渍、焙烧后在硅胶里形成二氧化锡纳米粒子，在室温下，用40％HF酸将硅胶溶解，可获得尺寸为10nm的二氧化锡纳米粒子。     

硅胶与乙二醇酯化反应条件的研究

文章就硅胶和乙二醇反应的一些条件进行了初步探讨．在实验中，得到不同条件下的产品，对其做红外光谱图，并通过对谱图的分析，确定出硅胶与乙二醇反应的最佳条件．     

硅胶的孔径结构对脱附活化能的影响

该文为研究硅胶孔结构对水蒸气吸附速率／脱附活化能的影响，在吸附水蒸气动力学实验中采用了间歇式吸附方法，用程序升温脱附技术测定了水在硅胶上的程序升温脱附（TPD）曲线并估算了水的脱附活化能。结果表明：A型、B型和C型硅胶的平均孔径分别为2nm、5．28nm和10．65nm。在10％～45％低湿范围内，硅胶的平均孔径越大，其吸附初始阶段的吸附速率越快，平衡吸湿量越小；高湿度条件下，硅胶的平均孔径和孔容越大，其吸附初始阶段的吸附速率越慢，平衡吸湿量越大。水分子在A型、B型和C型硅胶上的脱附活化能分别为35．54kJ／mol、31．41kJ／mol和26．16kJ/mol，说明水分子在硅胶上的脱附活化能随着硅胶的孔径增加而明显减小。与微孔硅胶相比．在中高湿度下中孔硅胶有较大的平衡吸附量和较低的脱附活化能。     

热处理对多微孔活性硅胶吸附特性的影响

本文采用溶胶－凝胶法在陶瓷薄片上制备多微孔活性硅胶膜。研究了热处理对活性硅胶表面结构和吸附性能的影响；测定了硅胶膜的比表面积，等温吸附曲线；并进行了热分析及红外光谱分析。结果表明：焙烧温度低于５５０℃时，热处理对硅胶膜的比表面积无影响；８５０℃时开始有熔结现象，随着焙烧温度的继续升高，比表面减少较快；硅胶膜的吸附量随焙烧温度的升高而减少。     

CaCl2/LiCl改性中孔硅胶的吸附/脱附性能

使用不同的金属盐溶液对中孔硅胶进行改性，并采用间歇式吸附方法研究了水蒸气在硅胶上的吸附动力学实验，利用程序升温脱附技术测定了水在改性硅胶上的程序升温脱附（TPD）曲线并估算了水的脱附活化能，讨论了表面改性对硅胶吸湿性能以及水的脱附活化能的影响．实验结果表明：与C型中孔硅胶相比，经CaCl2或LiCl改性的中孔硅胶，孔容变小而平均孔径变大，在相对湿度（RH）小于80％的范围内，其吸湿性能明显增加，水的脱附活化能也增大；由于Ca^2＋的极化势大于Li^＋的极化势，水分子在经CaCl2改性的硅胶上的脱附活化能要大于其在经LiCl改性硅胶上的脱附活化能．     

手性固定相合成中原料YWG—NH2与Spher—NH2性能的比较

利用液相色谱手性固定相进行手性分离的研究越来越多，因此手性固定相的合成也就成了该项研究中必不可少的关键问题。在手性固定相的合成中氨丙基硅胶作为手性固定相的键合基体，其性质的好坏直接影响手性固定相的手性分离能力。分别利用国产和进口分装的氨丙基硅胶作基体，合成结构完全相同的手性相，结果表明进口的氨丙基硅胶合成的手性固定相的性能优于用国产氨丙基硅胶合成的手性固定相，并论述了可能产生这种差别的原因。     

手性固定相合成中原料YWG-NH_2与Spher-NH_2性能的比较

利用液相色谱手性固定相进行手性分离的研究越来越多，因此手性固定相的合成也就成了该项研究中必不可少的关键问题．在手性固定相的合成中氨丙基硅胶作为手性固定相的键合基体，其性质的好坏直接影响手性固定相的手性分离能力．分别利用国产和进口分装的氨丙基硅胶作基体，合成结构完全相同的手性固定相，结果表明进口的氨丙基硅胶合成的手性固定相的性能优于用国产氨丙基硅胶合成的手性固定相，并论述了可能产生这种差别的原因．     

环氧基硅烷化硅胶的制备及评价方法比较

详述了环氧基硅烷化试剂键合硅胶的３种方法：ｐＨ＝３．５水介质中的键合；非水介质中的键合；先开环后键合。比较了评价键合效果的３种鉴定方法：红外光谱法；化学滴定法，重量法，确定采用重量法评价键合效果，得出在非水介质中进行的键合可获最佳的结果。     

以K[Al（OH）4]铝化硅胶的研究

以Ｋ〔Ａｌ（ＯＨ）４〕对硅胶进行铝化。用ＸＰＳ（光电子能谱）、ＩＲ（红外）、ＭＡＳＮＭＲ（魔角核磁共振）以及异戊醇脱水反应表征了铝化胶样品。结果表明，硅胶经后可以产生Ｂｒｏｎｓｔｅｄ和Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸性。Ｂｒｏｎｓｔｅｄ酸性的产生不排除Ｋ〔Ａｌ（ＯＨ）４）〕与硅胶表面羟基综合并在以后的热处理中转化为六配位的铝氧化物，从而显示ｌｅｗｉｓ酸性。铝化硅胶由于具备了酸性，产生了醇脱水的催化活性。     

反应器对3-羟基丁酸合成的影响

为了确定3-羟基丁醛液相氯化制备3-羟基丁酸工艺合适的反应器类型和结构形式，在其他工艺条件不变的情况下，考察了反应器的类型和结构对3-羟基丁酸收率的影响；确定了最佳的反应器结构，为反应器的放大提供了实验依据．采用内外管的高度比为0．4：1，内外管的管径比为1：√2的环流反应器可增强传质，加快反应过程，与釜式反应器相比，可将反应时间从30h缩短到5h．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the