Controlling factors for large gas field formation in thrust belt of Kuqa coal derived hydrocarbon foreland basin

Kuqa depression is a foreland basin developed with Mesozoic-Triassic-Jurassic coal-bearing formation. The research results of the coal-derived hydrocarbon foreland basins in Kuqa depression indicated that the coal-bearing formation can be the rich sources for generating gas because of their thickness and rich source rocks with gas-generating predominant kerogen. Although the foreland thrust belt mainly acting in compression is very complicated, integral large structural traps can be formed. Moreover, the thrust belt can act as the passage for communication with deep source rocks. The high quality gypsolish and gypseous mudstone cap rock developed in the upper formation is the key for the formation of the large gas field. The late formation of reservoirs in the large gas fields depended on the hydrocarbon-generating history controlled by the foreland basin and the developing process of foreland thrust belt.

     

Controlling factors for large gas field formation in thrust belt of Kuqa coal derived hydrocarbon foreland basin

 Kuqa depression is a foreland basin developedwith Mesozoic-Triassic-Jurassic coal-bearing formation. Theresearch results of the coal-derived hydrocarbon forelandbasins in Kuqa depression indicated that the coal-bearingformation can be the rich sources for generating gas becauseof their thickness and rich source rocks with gas-generatingpredominant kerogen. Although the foreland thrust beltmainly acting in compression is very complicated, integrallarge structural traps can be formed. Moreover, the thrustbelt can act as the passage for communication with deepsource rocks. The high quality gypsolish and gypseous mud-stone cap rock developed in the upper formation is the keyfor the formation of the large gas field. The late formation ofreservoirs in the large gas fields depended on the hydrocar-bon-generating history controlled by the foreland basin andthe developing process of foreland thrust belt.     

Mechanisms of abnormal overpressure generation in Kuqa foreland thrust belt and their impacts on oil and gas reservoir formation

 Based on overview for mechanism of abnormaloverpressure generation in sedimentary basins, an insightdiscussion is made by the authors for the distribution, fea-tures and generation mechanisms of abnormal overpressurein the Kuqa foreland thrust belt. The abnormal overpressurein the Kelasu structure zone west to the Kuqa forelandthrust belt was primarily distributed in Eogene to lowerCretaceous formations; structural compression and struc-tural emplacement as well as the containment of Eogenegyps-salt formation constituted the main mechanisms for thegeneration of abnormal overpressure. The abnormal over-pressure zone in the eastern Yiqikelike structure zone wasdistributed primarily in lower Jurassic Ahe Group, resultingfrom hydrocarbon generation as well as structural stressother than from under-compaction. Various distributionsand generating mechanisms have different impacts upon theformation of oil and gas reservoirs. K-E reservoir in the Ke-lasu zone is an allochthonous abnormal overpressure system.One of the conditions for reservoir accumulation is the mi-gration of hydrocarbon (T-J hydrocarbon source rock) alongthe fault up to K-E reservoir and accumulated into reservoir.And this migration process was controlled by the abnormaloverpressure system in K-E reservoir. The confined abnor-mal overpressure system in the Yiqikelike structure zoneconstituted the main cause for the poor developing of dis-solved porosity in T-J reservoir, resulting in poor physicalproperty of reservoir. The poor physical property of T-J res-ervoir of Yinan 2 structure was the main cause for the ab-sence of oil accumulation, but the presence of natural gasreservoir in the structure.     

龙门山南段前陆冲断带内的古油气藏

通过对龙门山南段地表沥青发育特征及分布规律的研究,对比不同层位中流体充注特征,结合该地区构造演化史,证实了龙门山南段冲断带内曾经存在过古油(气)藏,重塑了古油(气)藏形成和破坏的过程。研究表明,沥青主要分布于观雾山组和灯影组次生溶孔、溶洞和裂缝中;以灯影组中沥青最为发育,侧向延伸稳定,垂向充填较厚,说明研究区曾存在过古油(气)藏。晚三叠世以前,来源于松潘-甘孜海盆的油藏流体,由西向东运移充注于现今前陆冲断带内的震旦系灯影组、泥盆系和二叠系储集空间中形成古油藏;晚三叠世盆山转换时期,古油藏随着前陆盆地的快速沉降而被深埋,油裂解成气而形成古气藏;随着冲断带向前陆盆地扩展,赋存于前陆盆地内的古气藏被破坏。     

中国南方大地构造演化及其对油气的控制

按照板块构造理论及活动论、阶段论的思想，大致以中晚三叠世为界，将中国南方自震旦纪以来大地构造演化历史划分成海相盆地演化阶段（Z－T2）及陆相盆地演化阶级（T3－Q）两大阶段；又可进一步细分为扬子克拉通及其周缘裂谷盆地（Z－1q)、裂谷－克拉通－被动大陆边缘盆地（1c-O1）、被动陆缘－克拉通－前陆盆地（O2－S）、加里东运动（S末）、裂谷－克拉通盆地（D－T1）、克拉通残留海盆－弧后（浊积）盆地（T2）、印支运动（T2－T3）、华北－华南板块焊合、古特提斯封闭与前陆盆地的形成（T3－J2）、压扭背景下的改造作用及拉分盆地的形成（J3－K1）、伸展－裂陷盆地的形成（K2－E）、喜马拉雅运动（E末－N初）及披盖性构造层的形成（N－Q）12个阶段。特别是对南方自中晚三叠世以来的大地构造演化及其对现存油气的控制作用进行了系统研究，提出了晚侏罗世－早白垩世燕山运动对南方中生界、古生界原生油气藏的保存与破坏起到了决定性作用及燕山、喜马拉雅运动控制了现今南方原生、次生及再生烃（二次生烃）油气藏分布的新观点。     

西湖凹陷平湖构造带地层压力特征及与油气分布的关系

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷平湖构造带古近纪平湖组普遍发育异常压力,探讨地层高压发育的特征及其与油气分布的关系,旨在为油气勘探提供地质依据。以声波时差资料为基础,结合测井、地质、地化及油气测试资料,利用Bowers法计算单井地层压力,恢复平湖构造带单井压力剖面,以实测地层压力结果为约束,分析地层压力的分布特征。认为该构造带异常高压主要分布在埋藏较深的平湖组,随深度增加,高压幅度呈阶梯状增大;平湖构造带不同构造单元高压顶界面的深度具有明显差异,从平中区向平北区高压异常顶界面有变深的趋势,其中平中区为3.3km,平北区为3.7km。压力场的纵向叠置决定了油气的分布,高压发育与油气层分布的耦合关系分为4种类型:双封闭高压型、双封闭压力过渡型、单封闭压力过渡型、单封闭常压型,其中以双封闭压力过渡型和单封闭常压型为主。单封闭常压带、双封闭压力过渡带和双封闭高压带的顶部为油气的有利聚集区。     

致密砂岩气藏地层孔隙压力预测方法

 收集新场构造须二气藏的地质、测井、钻井和压裂等相关资料,尝试运用包括等效深度法、Eaton法、有效应力法在内的多种方法对研究区地层孔隙压力剖面进行了预测。根据前人对川西地区异常高压的产生机制的研究分析,认为川西前陆盆地上三叠统地层异常高压的形成主要受欠压实、生烃增压、黏土矿物脱水增压及构造抬升多种机制影响。最终选用Eaton法建立工区的地层孔隙压力剖面。对地层孔隙压力预测模型进行验证与单井评价,结果表明,模型的预测结果精度较高,能够满足工程要求。根据各单井地层深度划分,新场构造地压梯度情况可大致划分为正常压力带、过渡压力带、高压异常带和压力相对平稳带4个压力区间。该成果对指导后续钻井施工作业和区域地应力场等相关研究具有重要的现实意义。     

塔里木盆地库车地区早第三纪伸展盆地的证据

库车坳陷早第三纪伸展构造的证据有三，一是盆地在早第三纪时虽然沉陷范围较大，但沉陷速率较低。其沉降速率与处于伸展构造环境的侏罗、白垩纪盆地相似，而与处于挤压构造环境的三叠纪前陆盆地和晚第三纪前陆盆地相去甚远；二是在盆地东部吐格尔明背斜的北冀与南面塔北隆起的下第三系砾岩中发育有高角度的同生正断层；三是在盆地下第三系地层中发现的灰质砾岩、含砾灰岩等海相沉积和海相腹足类化石及膏盐层均运离古南天山造山带分布，剖面上也不具有前陆盆地沉积典型的楔状沉积的特征，由此不仅说明本区早第三纪海侵的存在，而且还说明在早第三纪发生过伸展作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北段沉降史与沉积响应

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北段沉降史的分析可知,晚三叠世—白垩纪,由于中三叠世巴颜喀拉地体、晚三叠世羌塘地体、中—晚侏罗世拉萨地块、白垩纪冈底斯地体连续向北增生、碰撞以及燕山期伊佐奈岐板块的俯冲,盆地西缘北段的响应显示为陆内前陆盆地的特征。受地体碰撞的影响,盆地西缘造山带发生幕式构造运动,从而导致盆地沉降也发生幕式变化。造山带每次挤压逆冲均导致相应的前陆盆地沉降和沉积物充填,并直接控制前陆盆地的沉积充填特征。     

库车盆地北部冲断带气源的构造地质学证据

从盆地构造史研究的角度认为库车盆地的天然气主要来源于北部山前冲断带：（1） 受原型盆地构造格局的制约,三叠系、侏罗系烃源岩发育的最有利位置不是在拜城凹陷,而是在克依构造带及其以北的北部山前冲断带;（2）晚第三纪以来的逆冲推覆作用使得烃源岩提早进入高—过成熟阶段,并以产气和凝析油为主;（3）逆冲推覆作用所产生的北倾逆断层控制天然气自下而上、自北而南运移,位于运移路线上的克依构造带和秋里塔格构造带的东段与烃源岩的排气期匹配较好,从而使这些地区最富集天然气。     

下扬子地区盆地的"四层楼"结构及其动力学机制

下扬子地区震旦纪以来经历了不同的大地构造与地球动力学背景 ,盆地演化相应地经历了震旦纪—中三叠世海盆→晚三叠世—中侏罗世沿江前陆盆地→晚侏罗世—早白垩世火山岩盆地→晚白垩世—早第三纪陆相伸展盆地。下扬子地区震旦纪—中三叠世海盆发育于伸展性被动大陆边缘。沿江前陆盆地形成于扬子与华北板块碰撞活动中的前陆变形带上。火山岩盆地出现于区域性走滑剪切和环太平洋岩浆弧背景下。库拉—太平洋板块高角度、高速正面向东亚大陆下的俯冲 ,造成了岩石圈上拱拉张 ,从而产生了晚白垩世—早第三纪的陆相伸展盆地。随着西太平洋边缘弧后盆地的出现及印度与欧亚板块的碰撞 ,中国东部遭受近东西向挤压 ,从而结束了下扬子地区的盆地演化历史。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡带三叠系延长组和侏罗系油气成藏期研究

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地烃源岩的生烃史、构造运动特征、包裹体均一温度和伊利石K-Ar同位素定年的研究,结合研究区的裂缝发育特征,综合分析了三叠系延长组和侏罗系油气成藏期.鄂尔多斯盆地形成演化过程中经历了多期构造运动,其中影响最大的是早白垩世末期的构造运动.长7段泥质烃源岩在早白垩世初期开始大量生烃,对侏罗系延9段裂缝储层和三叠系延长组伊利石K-Ar同位素定年以及对储层流体包裹体均一温度分析显示,陕北斜坡带三叠系延长组油藏形成于早白垩世的早中期,而侏罗系延安组的油藏则形成于早白垩世末的构造抬升期,对应时间为晚白垩世早—中期.     

博格达山西缘三葛庄凸起多期构造变形及其对博格达山隆升的响应

三葛庄凸起位于准噶尔盆地东南缘柴窝堡盆地,夹持于博格达构造带与伊连哈比尔尕构造带之间,因其地理位置特殊,三葛庄凸起的构造演化对区域构造的研究有积极作用。通过二维地震资料解释、演化剖面制作,结合前人研究成果,揭示了三葛庄凸起构造特征及演化过程。认为三葛庄凸起的形成经历了多期构造抬升,与前人对博格达山的多期隆升研究有较高的匹配。结果表明:三葛庄凸起经历三期构造运动,受构造运动控制,三葛庄凸起形成三个明显的角度不整合,包括三叠系底部不整合,侏罗系底部不整合以及古近系底部不整合。三葛庄凸起是博格达山向西的延伸段,其演化受到博格达山的控制。晚二叠世博格达山初次隆升,三葛庄凸起随之抬升,造成三叠系底部不整合。受到印支运动的影响,博格达地区晚三叠世又遭受了强烈的挤压运动,在三葛庄凸起表现为三叠系与侏罗系之间的角度不整合。新生代时期博格达山及北天山的持续隆升导致三葛庄凸起南部发生挤压沉降,沉积新生界将博格达山的西段掩盖。     

黄骅盆地孔西构造带的构造演化特征

通过平衡剖面技术复原古构造演化 ,并结合区域构造分析 ,可将孔西构造带的发育过程大致分为三个构造变形阶段 :晚三叠世末期为挤压褶皱变形期 ;晚三叠世沉积后至侏罗系沉积前为逆冲构造变形期 ;早—中侏罗世为逆冲构造“轻度”渐进变形期。晚侏罗世以后 ,区域构造作用发生反转。随着晚侏罗—早白垩世、早第三纪裂陷盆地的发育 ,孔西构造带作为潜山构造被掩埋。裂陷盆地时期的伸展构造对孔西构造带前第三系的逆冲构造基本上没有大的改造     

断弯褶皱和断展褶皱中的油气运移聚集行为

断弯褶皱和断展褶皱是前陆冲断带中的两种典型构造形式.运用有关断层中流体运移和封堵理论及方法,结合塔里木盆地库车前陆冲断带的油气勘探实例,对断弯褶皱和断展褶皱中油气运移和聚集行为进行分析讨论.初步认为断展褶皱中的油气运移与聚集能力优于断弯褶皱。具体特征表现在断弯褶皱中是:1)台阶状逆断层具有较强的封堵能力,使得其上、下盘构造被隔离为两个不同的油气运移与聚集体系;2)上盘背斜圈闭中的油气主要来自于褶皱后翼的向斜凹陷;3)背斜圈闭中的储层有可能被轴面变形条带分隔为3个隔离油气舱;在断展褶皱中其特征是1)断层端点的扩展作用过程,就是在断层阀机制作用下,油气沿断层带从下部地层向上部背斜核部运移输送的过程.2)断层上、下盘及背斜两翼可以构成一个统一的油气运移聚集体系.3)背斜储层中的油气往往处于异常流体压力状态.     

浙西北地区二叠系和三叠系的构造变形样式及其大地构造意义初步研究

浙西下三叠系统政棠组(T_1zh)发育有典型的鲍马序列,是一套深水相浊积岩建造;区域构造环境初步分析表明浙西北地区具被动大陆边缘沉积楔特征。下三叠系统政棠组(T_1zh)与二叠系协调变形,其构造变形样式总体上以向西北逆冲的冲褶席(duplex)~ 为特征,变形强度自南东向北西呈递减趋势。上三叠统乌灶组(T_3w)为含煤陆相磨拉石盆地建造,变形样式以宽缓褶皱和逆断层组合为主。该区大地构造相主要为前陆褶皱冲断带相,而土三叠统乌灶组(T_3w)为前陆磨拉石盆地相,二者对浙西北地区早中生代造山作用的研究具重要意义。     

印尼宾都尼盆地侏罗系油气成藏特征及勘探潜力

宾都尼盆地是印尼东部重要的中生界含油气盆地之一,经历了克拉通内坳陷、裂谷期、被动陆缘和挤压反转期4期构造演化,形成现今弧后前陆盆地的构造格局。盆地的主要烃源岩和储盖组合多发育于中古生界,晚二叠世与早中侏罗世煤系地层是主力烃源岩,排烃高峰期始晚中新世,以生气为主。侏罗系三角洲-滨岸砂体为优质储层,原生粒间孔发育,平均孔隙度15%,平均渗透率18mD,属于中孔-中高渗透储层;盆地中北部前渊斜坡带发育一系列背斜、断背斜圈闭,且发现了大量气田群;天然气多以“下生上储”,即从前渊坳陷气源灶沿着砂体和断层运移至侏罗系砂岩圈闭聚集成藏。综合分析认为,储层质量和有效圈闭是侏罗系油气成藏的主控因素,东部逆冲褶皱带与海湾南部斜坡带是未来勘探的两个有利区带。     

新疆东部三塘湖盆地构造演化及其石油地质意义

三塘湖盆地形成于晚古生代以后,是一个构造演化复杂的中小型含油气盆地,经历了石炭纪到早二叠世盆地基底形成阶段、晚二叠世到白垩纪盆地发育阶段和第三纪以来的后期盆地改造阶段。在基底形成阶段,早石炭世为古准噶尔洋盆俯冲的活动大陆边缘时期,晚石炭世进入哈萨克斯坦板块和西伯利亚板块碰撞造山时期,早二叠世为碰撞后伸展转换时期。从晚二叠世以后,盆地进入发育阶段。晚二叠世为造山后伸展断陷时期,三叠纪末为挤压隆升时期,侏罗纪-早白垩世盆地进入拗陷时期,早白垩世末期为挤压逆冲时期。从第三纪以来,盆地进入了后期的改造阶段。在整个盆地演化过程中,晚二叠世盆地处于张性成盆环境,并沉积发育了上二叠统芦草沟组泥灰岩、上三叠统小泉沟群和下-中侏罗统水西沟群以暗色泥岩为主的三套烃源岩。受其区域性挤压构造背景影响,早白垩世末期和晚始新世是盆地两个油气成藏关键时刻,特别是新生代晚期盆地的改造对油气能否进入成熟生油阶段具有重要意义。     

Mesozoic basin development and its indication of collisional orogeny in the Dabie orogen

The Dabie orogen underwent deep continental subduction, rapid exhumation, and the huge amount of erosion during the Mesozoic. Its tectonic evolution, especially how its evolution was recorded by sedimentary basins at the flanks of the Dabie orogen is one of the most important issues of the world’s attention. These years, newly studies of basin sedimentology, combined with structural geology, have shown a fundamental progress. The overall distribution of different basin types in the orogen indicates that shortening and thrusting at the margins of the orogen from the Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous controlled the foreland basins, and extension, doming and rifting were initiated in the core of the orogen from the Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous and were expanded to the whole orogen after the Late Cretaceous. Therefore, The Dabie orogen records gradual transition from overall shortening and thrusting to dominantly extension and rift basin formation expanded from its core to its margins, although these shortening and extension overlapped in time from the Jurassic through Early Cretaceous at crustal levels. The unroofing ages of the ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks in the Dabie orogen change from Early Jurassic to Late Jurassic westward. The depth of exhumation increases eastwards. The sediment sources for the Hefei basin are mostly composed of the deeply exhumed, axial Dabie metamorphic complex, and the sediment sources for the Middle Yangtze basin are mostly from cover strata in the southern orogen and related strata with subjacent (i.e. subsequently overthrusted) Mianlue suture belt. Geodynamic analysis represents that continental collision between the North China Block and the South China Block along the Shangdan and Mianlue sutures, subsequently northwestward progradation of the Jiangnan fold and thrust belt, and the underthrusting of the North China Block along the Northern Boundary Fault of Qinling Range led to crustal thickening, gravitational spreading and balanced rebound of the resultant thick crustal welt, and multi-episodic exhumation of the HP/UHP metamorphic rocks. The future studies by the methods of tracing the Dabie orogeny through deposition in the marginal basins should focus on eastward extension of the Mianlue suture, thrust and overlap of the Dabie HP/UHP metamorphic block on different lithotectonic zones and basins along the northern South China Block, the structural framework of the source area of the basins in the syn-depositional stage, the basin lateral extension, huge amount of erosion and sediment transportation from the Dabie blanket and basement rocks, and recovery of subducted and re- moved structural units within the Dabie orogen, etc.     

Tectonic evolution of Tethyan tectonic field, formation of Northern Margin basin and explorative perspective of natural gas in Tarim Basin

 Analyzing the characteristics of the Tethyantectonic field, the authors think that the Tethyan tectonicfield underwent three evolutional stages: closing of Pa-leo-Tethys and rifting of Neo-Tethys from early Permian tolate Triassic, subduction of Neo-Tethys and collision betweenthe Indian plate and the Eurasia plate from Jurassic to earlyof low Tertiary, and collision between the Arab plate and theEurasia plate and the A-type subduction of Indian plate fromlate of low Tertiary to the present. Combining the evolutionof the Tethyan orogenic belt with the characteristics of theNorthern Margin basin, it is suggested that the sedimentaryand tectonic characteristics and types of the Northern Mar-gin basin are controlled by the formation and evolution ofthe Tethyan orogenic belt and the ingression of Tethys. Theevolution of Northern Margin basin can be divided into threedevelopment stages: back-arc foreland basin from late Per-mian to Triassic, the back-arc fault subsidence and depres-sion from Jurassic to the early of low Tertiary, and the reac-tive foreland basin from the late of low Tertiary to the pre-sent. The Northern Margin basin in the Tethyan tectonicfield is an important region for natural gas accumulation,and the Tarim Basin is a part of this region.