Local adjuvants: The influence of sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate on immunization with aerosolized antigen

Summary Guinea-pig respiratory and serum antibody responses were enhanced following exposure to aerosols of bovine IgG₂ dissolved in solutions of sodium dodecylbenzene sulphate (SDBS). Enhanced response was seen in both primary and secondary immunization. Cell-mediated immune response (indirect macrophage migration influencing test) was not altered by SDBS. Results are discussed with a view to the possible utility of SDBS as adjuvant for prophylactic immunization.Acknowledgment. This research was supported by a grant from the Ontario Ministry of Health. The technical assistance of Ms Judy Little is gratefully acknowledged.     

泛昔洛韦与十二烷基苯磺酸钠对盐水中黄铜的协同缓蚀效应研究

采用失重法、极化曲线法、交流阻抗法研究泛昔洛韦与十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）对黄铜在3．0％NaCl介质中的缓蚀作用。结果表明：当泛昔洛韦浓度为0．40g／L、SDBS浓度为0．35g／L时,其复配缓蚀效率达到93．5％。泛昔洛韦和SDBS对黄铜的缓蚀机理分析表明,泛昔洛韦在铜舍金表面通过物理与化学吸附共同作用形成保护膜,与SDBS发挥了极好的协同作用,阻碍Cl^-对铜的侵蚀,实现了对铜的高效保护。     

Mécanisme d'action du chloramphénicol dans l'inhibition de la production d'anticorps induite par de différents types d'antigènes

Summary Chloramphenicol (CAF) administered to rabbits during the whole period of immunization, is able to suppress almost completely the antibody response against horse serum albumin and globulins (HSA, HSG) andEscherichia coli: on the other hand, it does not inhibit antibody response to heterologous RBC. The possible mechanism of the inhibiting action of the CAF in antibody response to HSA, HSG andE. coli is discussed, and some hypotheses are put forward on the possible reasons for the different behaviour of CAF on the immune response induced by heterologous RBC.     

Necessity of adjuvants for inducing effective antibody response to zona pellucida antigens

Rhesus monkeys evoked a vigorous antibody response to a single heteroimmunization dose of zona pellucida antigens, when these were administered along with complete Freund's adjuvant. The antisera recognized all the three major porcine zona glycoprotein families and the animals were rendered amenorrheic after such immunization. Monkeys immunized with zona without adjuvant, however, failed to show any anti-zona antibody response and had normal menstrual cycles. Zona pellucida glycoproteins are thus not effective immunogens unless administered along with a powerful adjuvant.     

Necessity of adjuvants for inducing effective antibody response to zona pellucida antigens

Summary Rhesus monkeys evoked a vigorous antibody response to a single heteroimmunization dose of zona pellucida antigens, when these were administered along with complete Freud's adjuvant. The antisera recognized all the three major porcine zona glycoprotein families and the animals were rendered amenorrheic after such immunization. Monkeys immunized with zona without adjuvant, however, failed to show any anti-zona antibody response and had normal menstrual cycles. Zona pellucida glycoproteins are thus not effective immunogens unless administered along with a powerful adjuvant.     

Étude de la compétition antigénique chez des souris thymectomisées à la naissance

Summary The injection of horse red blood cells into the mouse 4 days before immunization with sheep red blood cells produces an inhibition of the primary response against sheep red blood cells. If the animal is thymectomized at birth, this antigenic competition does not occur. These findings do not permit a choice between the two hypotheses about antigenic competition.     

Modulation of antibody synthesis by an anti-tumour alga

Summary An unicellular alga,Chlorella pyrenoidosa, which had been reported to protect C₃H mice against sarcoma BP8, is shown, when injected in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, to modulate the antibody synthesis induced by immunization with a hapten-carrier complex.C. pyrenoidosa appeared to be able to initiate an antigenic competition between hapten and carrier determinants of the antigen molecule during antibody synthesis, and thus it could be speculated thatC. pyrenoidosa modulates the immune response at the macrophage level.Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the Secrétariat d'Etat aux Universités and by the DGRST, grant No. 77.71347.     

Towards progress on DNA vaccines for cancer

Cancer immunotherapy faces many obstacles that include eliciting immune reactions to self antigens as well as overcoming tumor-derived immunosuppressive networks and evasion tactics. Within the vaccine arsenal for inhibiting cancer proliferation, plasmid DNA represents a novel immunization strategy that is capable of eliciting both humoral and cellular arms of the immune response in addition to being safely administered and easily engineered and manufactured. Unfortunately, while DNA vaccines have performed well in preventing and treating malignancies in animal models, their overall application in human clinical trials has not impacted cancer regression to date. Since the establishment of these early trials, progress has been made in terms of increasing DNA vaccine immunogenicity and subverting the suppressive properties of tumor cells. Therefore, the success of future plasmid DNA use in cancer patients will depend on combinatorial strategies that enhance and direct the DNA vaccine immune response while also targeting tumor evasion mechanisms. Received 2 April 2007; received after revision 14 May 2007; accepted 21 May 2007     

Immunotherapy against antigenic tumors: a game with a lot of players

Our understanding of how immune responses are generated and regulated drives the design of possible immunotherapies for cancer patients. For that reason, we first describe briefly the actual immunological theories and their common perspectives about cancer vaccine development. Second, we describe cancer vaccines that are able to induce tumor-specific immune responses in cancer patients. However, these responses are not always followed by tumor rejection. At the end of the review, we discuss two possible reasons that might explain this dichotomy of cancer immunology. First, the immune response generated, although detectable, may not be quantitatively sufficient to reject the tumor. Second, the tumor microenvironment may modulate tumor cell susceptibility to the systemic immune response induced by the immunization. Finally, we discuss what, in our opinion, might be the best way to improve cancer vaccine strategies and how the relationship between the tumor and its surroundings might be studied in more details. Received 21 June 2001; received after revision 15 August 2001; accepted 15 August 2001     

IgG purification to measure the level of an iodinated thyroglobulin peptide, the 3,5,3',5' tetraiodo-l-tyrosyl-l-tyrosine in human serum

Antibodies reacting with 3,5,3',5' tetraiodo-l-tyrosyl-l-tyrosine (I2Tyr-I2Tyr) were elicited in rabbits by immunization with an oxidized yeast conjugate coupled with I2Tyr-I2Tyr. Ion-exchange chromatography was used to purify immunoglobulins, in order to improve the specificity in measurement of I2Tyr-I2Tyr level in patient serum. IgG binding capacity versus I2Tyr-I2Tyr was considerably increased after immunoglobulin purification.     

Rabbit immunization to xenogeneic red blood cells following anterior eye chamber inoculation

Summary Inoculation of human red blood cells (HRBC) into the anterior chamber of the eye (AC) of rabbits effectively stimulazed systemic antibody production. Intraocular (i.o.) inoculation was observed to be more effective a route of immunization than i.v. or i.m. inoculation of antigen. These results contradict the accepted belief that the AC is an immunologically privileged site in the body.     

Activation of cytotoxic T cells by solid tumours?

Tumour-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) are among the best-defined biological anticancer weapons. Nevertheless, they often fail to control tumour growth in vivo. Many reasons for this have been evoked tumours may actively inhibit CTLs, or may protect them selves from CTL recognition by various means. However, one does not necessarily need to postulate such active immune evasion mechanisms specifically acquired by tumour cells. In this review we argue that the failure of immune protection is due to the intrinsic inability of tumours to activate an effective immune response, and that many tumours are similar to normal issues in this respect. It is striking to see that the majority of the so-called immune escape mechanisms are not specifically acquired by selected tumour cells, but are common mechanisms shared between solid tumours and normal, healthy tissues. Immune responses are poor because tumour antigens do not efficiently localize to lymph follicles in lymphoid tissues, and are not efficiently presented to CTLs in an immunogenic context. The fact that tumours do not induce CTLs but are often susceptible to lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity indicates that more intensified immunization protocols should result in improved clinical outcome.     

Immunization of female rabbits against testosterone stimulates testosterone accumulation by isolated ovarian follicles

Summary Ovarian follicles isolated from female rabbits after active immunization against testosterone-3-oxime bovine serum albumin produced more testosterone than similar follicles from controls.This work was supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada MT 4192.     

Effect of immunization of male rabbits against androstenedione

Summary After active immunization of male rabbits against androstenedione and with increasing antibody titre the concentration of androstenedione and testosterone in peripheral blood increased more than 1000-fold resp. 20-fold above values of control animals. On histological examination of the testes a marked Leydig's cell hyperplasia was found, though there was no difference in testis weight.     

反向疫苗学及其筛选保护性抗原应用进展

近年发展起来的反向疫苗学,是现代疫苗学研究的一种新策略,使疫苗学研究进入了一个新时期。这种以“序列-结构-功能”思想为依据,以免疫信息学、计算机预测设计以及高通量的各种组学（包括基因组学、转录本组学、蛋白质组学等）综合集成技术为核心的策略,能为各种病原体保护性抗原候选分子的发现提供一条新途径,可以提高疫苗筛选效率。     

Immunochemical studies on Rhodotorula gracilis D-amino acid oxidase.

Polyclonal antibodies were prepared from rabbit sera after immunization with holo- and apo-D-amino acid oxidase purified from R. gracilis. Both anti-holo- and anti-apoenzyme IgG fractions (as well as affinity-purified IgG) were highly specific: in blot-transfer analyses after SDS-PAGE only a 39 kDa band, corresponding to enzyme monomer, was recognized even in the partially purified yeast extract. No cross-reaction was detected with pig kidney D-amino acid oxidase. As a difference from the mammalian enzyme, yeast D-amino acid oxidase anti-holo- and anti-apoenzyme IgGs had different properties in inactivation and precipitation experiments, indicating the existence of different antigenicity sites related to the FAD-binding domain in the enzyme.     

Serum activity inhibiting specific simian virus 40-induced transplantation resistance and its correlation with primary SV40 tumors appearance in hamsters.

Using the modified technique of transplantation test, ITR serum activity was found in most (14 out of 21) individual hamster sera obtained during the latent period of primary SV40 carcinogenesis (60 days after virus infection when newborn). On the other hand, as a rule, no ITR activity was observed in the sera of the same hamsters after tumor appearance and during their growth. ITR activity rapidly disappeared from sera of hamsters neonatally infected with SV40 after their successful immunization with the same virus during the latent period. There appears to be a correlation between the presence of ITR serum factor during the latent period and the subsequent primary SV40 tumor appearance in hamsters.     

Variation in delayed hypersensitivity to methylated bovine serum albumin as as function of the dose and time of administration of cyclophosphamide]

The injection of Cy before immunization provokes an intensification of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to methylated bovine serum albumin (M-BSA) and a diminution of about 90% of the cell number in various lymphoid tissues. The relationship between these observations, the time of administration, the dose of injected Cy and the intensity of DTH reactions, allows us to formulate hypotheses concerning the physiological modulation of DTH.     

Immunochemical studies onRhodotorula gracilis D-amino acid oxidase

Summary Polyclonal antibodies were prepared from rabbit sera after immunization with holo- and apo-D-amino acid oxidase purified fromR. gracilis. Both anti-holo- and anti-apoenzyme IgG fractions (as well as affinity-purified IgG) were highly specific: in blot-transfer analyses after SDS-PAGE only a 39 kDa band, corresponding to enzyme monomer, was recognized even in the partially purified yeast extract. No cross-reaction was detected with pig kidney D-amino acid oxidase. As a difference from the mammalian enzyme, yeast D-amino acid oxidase anti-holo- and anti-apoenzyme IgGs had different properties in inactivation and precipitation experiments, indicating the existence of different antigenicity sites related to the FAD-binding domain in the enzyme.     

Immunogenicity of agarose-immobilized immune complexes

Summary A novel method is described for production of heterologous antisera to a specific tumor-associated murine antigen by immunization with agarose-trapped immune complexes.