花粉壁发育相关基因的研究进展

花粉壁是植物花粉发育、受精及抵抗外界环境伤害所不可缺少的结构．花粉壁结构复杂,其形成过程包括初生外壁的形成、孢粉素前体的生物合成和孢粉素在花粉表面的沉积,以及花粉壁内层的形成等过程．对花粉壁形成与发育具体机制的解析,迫切需要对花粉壁初生外壁、花粉外壁、花粉壁内壁形成过程中一系列功能基因及其信号转导研究的突破．综述了近年来对花粉壁发育相关基因的克隆及其功能研究的最新进展,并对花粉壁发育的分子机制进行了有益的探讨．     

蚕豆花粉体外萌发的超微结构观察

用扫描电镜和透射电镜研究蚕豆花粉体外萌发的超微结构，绝大多数花粉具远近极双孔沟，沟中有一花粉孔．花粉外壁覆盖层呈特异的细皱网纹，外被嗜锇性物质．花粉孔口仅由花粉内壁构成．当花粉萌发时，精细胞胞质、核内可见成束微管，胞内偶见微丝样结构．生长的花粉管顶端含絮状物质小泡和顶端管外细胞壁纤维构成有密切相关．     

超声波对烟草花粉的生物学效应及其诱导外源基因向烟草花粉的转移

用超声波法处理烟草花粉的生物学效应及它诱导ＧＵＳ基因转化烟草花粉,获得了短暂表达的研究结果．单核晚期和双核早中期的烟草游离花粉,置于含０．４ｍ ｏｌ／Ｌ甘露醇的缓冲液中,随着超声强度提高或／和处理时间的延长,对烟草花粉的活力和萌发率具有显著影响．声强０．５Ｗ／ｃｍ ２、时间１０～２０ｍ ｉｎ 是比较理想的参数．将游离花粉与质粒ｐＢⅠ１２１ 混合,以声强为０．５Ｗ／ｃｍ ２ 的脉冲超声波处理１０ｍ ｉｎ, 检测ＧＵＳ基因的平均短暂表达频率（ＴＴＦ％ ）,单核晚期花粉为１８．６％ ,双核早中期花粉为３５．７％ ．对超声转化的不同发育时期的烟草花粉,分别以两条不同途径操作和筛选转基因植株：（１） 单核晚期的花粉：直接进行体外培养、植株再生和筛选,以期获得单倍体转基因植株．在卡那霉素选择培养基上,花粉细胞进行两次或多次分裂后即行停止;（２） 双核早中期的花粉,在体外培养成熟后授粉,收获种子,检测种子中外源基因是否存在．在所收３４１ 粒种子中,没能筛选到卡那霉素抗性植株．就如何筛选超声波转化花粉、获得转基因植株的技术途径进行了讨论．     

拟南芥花粉表面蛋白质数据的整合

花粉表面蛋白质参与花粉与柱头的识别,在植物繁殖生长过程中起着重要的作用．以拟南芥为研究对象,通过文献和网络资源的查阅收集其他植物的花粉表面蛋白质的信息,并利用同源性分析,将其转化为拟南芥的花粉表面蛋白相关信息;并将这些数据和拟南芥中已知及可能的花粉表面蛋白质数据整合在一起．然后,对整合的所有蛋白质进行了功能分类和表达分析,并建立了拟南芥花粉表面蛋白质数据库．这对深入研究花粉与柱头识别的分子机理将有重要的促进作用．     

内蒙古野豌豆属(Vicia L.)植物的花粉形态研究

利用扫描电子显微镜观察了内蒙古境内１３种野豌豆属植物的花粉形态,系统报道了１２种植物的花粉形态．观察结果表明,野豌豆属植物花粉的形状、萌发孔及外壁饰纹等特征在种内是稳定的．此外,利用花粉形态特征,对复合种的分类进行了进一步的探讨．     

中国荚Mi属植物的孢粉学研究（Ⅱ）

对荚Ｍｉ属５１种、３变种植物花粉的分析表明：①较原始的组或种具较大的花粉，较特化的组或种具较小的花粉；②花粉大小在Ｓｅｃｔ．Ｍｅｇａｌｏｔｉｎｕｓ中具分亚组的意义；③Ｓｅｃｔ．Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｔｉｎｕｓ中的Ｖ．ｎｅｒｖｏｓｕｍ具大型花粉，而春他种基本具小型花粉，因此建议将它们分为两个亚组。     

中国蓼科花粉萌发孔的平行进化

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对蓼科１２ 属１１１ 种的花粉进行了观察和研究,划分出２８ 个花粉类型,对每个类型做了精确的描述和评价;提供了每个花粉类型的重要鉴别特征．根据花粉的萌发孔、外壁结构、外壁纹饰、形状及大小的演化趋势,讨论了各类型花粉的亲缘关系,构建了它们的系统演化路线图谱．该项研究不仅为化石花粉的研究提供了鉴定依据,而且为中国蓼科孢粉地理学的研究提供了理论基础．     

宁夏枸杞花粉形态的扫描电镜观察

首次报道了宁夏枸杞３个品种、一个变种的花粉在扫描电镜下的形态特征．结果表明：供试花粉均为小花粉类型，椭圆形，或近球形，三孔沟，等极，表面有夹带二岐分叉的条状纹饰作纵向排列．具不同条状纹饰和条纹表面的不规则细横纹是供试花粉的区别点．花粉的大小和形状，在供试各品种之间也有不同程度的差异     

国槐及其变种、变型花粉形态的比较研究

利用扫描电镜对国槐（Sophova japonica L．）及其变种、变型的花粉形态进行了观察,描述了其花粉形态特征．通过比较研究表明花粉具有种内一致性,均为长球形,具3条萌发沟;花粉大小和表面纹饰的形态结构特征表现出种、变种和变异之间存在差异,可以作为分类依据．     

锦鸡儿属(Caragana Farb.)花粉形态研究及其分类学意义

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对锦鸡儿属4种植物花粉形态进行了观察．花粉粒在赤道面观呈长球形或超长球形，极面观呈三裂圆形，具三孔沟；花粉的表面纹饰为网状；花粉极轴长18．9—25．8μm，赤道轴宽11．7—14．4μm．研究结果表明，锦鸡儿属花粉形态特征支持传统分类的属及属以下各级水平的分类．     

疏花疏果剂对苹果花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响

以华美苹果为材料,采集铃铛花的花粉,采用固体培养法研究了TMN-6和6-BA+ NAA对苹果花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响.结果表明,TMN-6对花粉的萌发及花粉管生长有抑制作用,且抑制程度随TMN-6的浓度增加而增强,浓度为1 mg/L的处理花粉的萌发几乎完全被抑制.NAA+BA各浓度处理对花粉的萌发抑制作用显著,对花粉...     

石羊河流域空气传播孢粉的初步研究

为了确定风长距离搬运的孢粉对干旱区尾闾型湖泊沉积物孢粉谱的贡献率，对干旱区典型的小流域--石羊河流域空气中的孢粉进行了分析．石羊河流域云杉树盛花期时，3个样点8个空气样孢粉分析显示，空气样孢粉组合与取样点植被状况大致相当，孢粉组合的空间变化基本上受现代植被分布状况控制，影响空气样孢粉谱和孢粉浓度的因素主要是取样时间和地点．在一定的范围内，干旱区风搬运孢粉的能力很强，可大量地搬运孢粉；但风长距离搬运孢粉的能力有限，超过一定距离，风搬运的孢粉数量还是很小的，风搬运的流域上游森林带的孢粉对中下游地区空气样孢粉谱的贡献率很小．     

Pollen transport in the Shiyang River drainage,arid China

In order to assess the contribution of the pollen transported by wind and fluvial flows to the pollen spectra in Shiyang River drainage,a typical small endorheic drainage in arid lands of northwest China, preliminary studies on modern pollen rain along two transects with 91 surface soil samples, 8 atmospheric samples, 30 modern fluvial flow samples and 50 riverbed mud samples, were carried out.Results show that dispersal agents (air, flowing water) have dissimilar effects on transport of pollen and the structure of pollen spectra. Fluvial flow has a stronger capacity thanwind to transport large quantities of pollen over long dis-tances. Pollen transported by fluvial flow makes a large con-tribution to the pollen spectra of riverbed alluvial sediments.Paleoenvironmental reconstructions undertaken using pollen spectra from fluvial sediments in arid lands are strongly influenced by pollen transport. Therefore, the sources, the transportation agents and the depositional condition of pol-len should be systematically investigated before pollen as-semblages are used to derive the environmental significance in such settings.     

Surface pollen distribution patterns in Beibu Gulf and corresponding sediment dynamics environment

The Beibu Gulf is a semi-enclosed gulf in the northwest of the South China Sea.We palynologically analyzed 306 surface sediment samples from the eastern Beibu Gulf to improve bioclimatic interpretation of fossil pollen records there.Surface pollen assemblages could be classified into five pollen regions based on the distributions of total,arboreal,herbaceous and fern pollen concentrations.Four high-concentration and three low-concentration subregions could be distinguished within these regions.The distribution patterns of surface pollen assemblages were consistent with those of grain sizes of surface sediments.Sediments from regions with high pollen concentrations were very fine and fine silts (>7.0,<0.008 mm),whereas those with low pollen concentrations were fine sand (<3.5,>0.088 mm).Sedimentary heterogeneity of surface pollen assemblages was closely related to pollen source,transportation and sedimentation controlled by ocean currents,tides and waves,and oceanic bottom topography.Fern spores exhibited higher percentages along the east margins of the region,while arboreal types like Pinus increased in concentration towards the center.Herbaceous pollen appeared in high percentages around seacoasts near their source areas.Dacrydium and mangrove pollen were distributed near their source regions at low percentages.We discuss the sediment dynamic environments in the eastern Beibu Gulf based on surface pollen distributions.The estuary region is an important access to the sea basin and a depositional site for terrestrial pollen grains.Coastal regions can accumulate pollen due to the back-and-forth movements of tides there.Although ocean currents on a gulf scale tend to spread pollen grains,the interaction of multiple currents could lead to pollen accumulation and deposition.Low surface pollen concentrations in the northeast shallow-water regions of the eastern Beibu Gulf could be attributed to repeated washing and sediment floatation caused by severe wave activities during the summer.Strong tides in Qiongzhou Strait frequently wash the seabed and disadvantage pollen deposition,leading to low surface pollen concentrations there.     

4种天然花粉的生命动力元素的群子统计参数与其食疗功效关系的研究

采用微机控制氨基酸自动分析仪测定了4种天然花粉（苹果花粉、茶花粉、乌桕花粉和油菜花粉）中氨基酸的种类和含量,由氨基酸含量分析了花粉具有的功效及对人体的作用;通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测量了花粉中的元素含量,并根据第四统计力学群子统计参数理论进行数据处理和分析。结果表明,理论分析与临床试验结果一致,4种花粉具有很高的抗癌功效及良好的清热凉血、降血脂的等功效;4种花粉的阴阳性均属为(-)(-)(+)(-)中药类。     

Role of Ubisch bodies secreted by tapetum in Ca2+ transprot

The distribution of Ca2+ in the anthers of wheat was observed using cytochemical method of potassium antimonite. At the later tetrad stage, Ubisch bodies carrying Ca2+ were observed on the inner surface of tapetum, in anther locule and on pollen surface. The Ubisch bodies contacted with pollen, and Ca2+ began to accumulate on pollen surface. At the uninucleate pollen stage, abundant Ubisch bodies were distributed in anther locule, and the amount of Ca2+ on pollen surface increased. At the mature pollen stage a large amount of Ca2+ ions were localized on the inner surface of tapetum, the surface of pollen and Ubisch bodies. In the pollen wall, Ca2+ precipitates arranged in radial lines. These results demonstrated that Ubisch bodies were involved in Ca2+ transport from anther wall to pollen surface at some developmental stages of anther.     

Deep-water Oligocene pollen record from South China Sea

Leg 184 of ODP recovered a record of deepwater sediments spanning the past 32.8 Ma from the South China Sea (SCS). The sediments of the Ofigocene (32.8-23.8 Ma) at Site 1148 contain relatively abundant fossil pollen. The pollen analysis at Site 1148 has established the first pollen assemblage sequence of deep-water Oligocene in the China Sea. The pollen assemblages of the Ofigocene are dominated by montane conifer tree pollen. The abundances of broad-leaved tree pollen are lower in the assemblages.Both of the montane conifer and broad-leaved tree pollen groups include mainly tropical-subtropical components. The pollen of cold and drought-enduring plants is present in lower content. The distinct change in pollen assemblage sequence of deep-water Oligocene of the SCS occurred at 32.0 Ma, indicative of an important shift of the Oligocene climate in the SCS region. The characteristics of the pollen flora of the deep-water Oligocene indicate the tropical montane ralnforest and lowland ralnforest developed on the areas around the SCS before 32.0 Ma, reflecting the warm and wet climatic condition. In the pollen flora of the Oligocene after 32.0 Ma, the temperate montane conifer and cool and drought-en- during deciduous tree taxa remarkably increased, indicating that the climate in the SCS region became comparatively cool and dry.     

红花罂粟花粉萌发的研究

以新鲜红花罂粟花粉为试材,比较研究了培养基中蔗糖浓度及硼酸和Ca^2＋、赤霉素浓度对红花罂粟花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果表明：过高过低的蔗糖、硼酸浓度抑制红花罂粟花粉萌发。低浓度Ca^2＋和赤霉素促进了花粉萌发和花粉管的生长,高浓度Ca、赤霉素抑制了花粉萌发和花粉管的生长。红花罂粟花粉萌发的最佳培养基是琼脂20g＋蔗糖110g＋硼酸110mg／L＋200mg／LCa^2＋＋80mg／LGA3。     

试论花粉形态在种内变异的意义

本文论述了被子植物9科13属27种植物花粉形态在种内的变异.指出花粉形态种内变异在被子植物某些类群内客观存在,尽管变异的程度和方式因种而异,并认为染色体在种内的变异是花粉形态变异的细胞学基础,在同一个植物复合体中染色体数目和倍性的差异都导致其花粉形态不同程度的相应变化.花粉形态的种内变异不仅对认识变异本身有一定的意义,而且对植物分类学和系统进化的研究也十分重要.