高地温隧道衬砌结构设计探讨及施工技术

现场测试结果显示,拉林铁路桑珠岭隧道地温最高达86.7℃,高地温对衬砌结构的力学特性和耐久性的影响不容忽视.依托拉林铁路桑珠岭隧道工程,采用现场实测和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了温度和隔热层对衬砌受力特性的影响,并对桑珠岭隧道高地温段施工技术进行介绍.研究结果表明:不考虑温度影响时,隧道支护结构衬砌内力偏小,衬砌安全系数偏大;隔热层的设置改善了衬砌结构的受力,二次衬砌轴力和弯矩显著减小,但其分布特征相似;工程现场所采取的超前地质预报、爆破控制和环境温度控制是确保高地温隧道施工安全的有效措施,确保了桑珠岭隧道准时开通.     

寒区长大隧道温度实测与仿真

基于现场实测数据对寒区长大隧道内温度的变化规律进行了分析,基于数值仿真分析对不同环境气温、围岩原始地温、自然风速、列车运行速度和频率条件下隧道洞内温度场和冻结深度的变化规律及保温层的适用范围进行了研究.研究结果表明:若环境气温或围岩原始地温低,自然风速大,或列车运行速度大和运行频率高,则洞内可能出现负温分布,所以寒区长大隧道结构防寒不应仅在洞口段;保温层法不能完全解决寒区长大隧道洞口保温问题,当环境气温低于15℃,持续冻结时间超过45d时,需要采取主动保温措施.     

高寒地区浅埋公路隧道围岩温度变化研究

为研究高寒地区浅埋公路隧道在环境温度影响下围岩温度变化规律,依托共和至玉树公路鄂拉山隧道工程,以隧道进口段为研究模型,应用ABAQUS软件对围岩温度场特征进行分析研究。结果表明:在高寒低温条件下,隧道周围围岩受环境温度影响范围随隧道纵深的增加而减小;对于隧道围岩横断面,环境温度影响深度,随纵深增加,无论纵向还是横向都逐渐减小;温度变化较快的区域集中在隧道进洞口的前40 m部分。基于此,建议施工过程中,在进出洞口段一定距离内,注意对围岩的保温防护,以提高围岩的稳定性并且增强施工的安全性。     

高海拔严寒地区特长公路隧道温度场计算分析

寒区隧道修建的技术问题比一般地区要复杂得多,其中一个关键问题是这些地区一般要受到冻融、冻胀状态的影响。这两种状态周期性的交替变化将造成隧道结构的破坏。隧道处在何种状态可由隧道衬砌与围岩温度场的变化情况得出。通过对寒区隧道温度场的计算分析,确定隧道开挖前后围岩温度场的变化情况,为隧道采取相应的防冻技术措施提供依据。考虑相变潜热情况下对雀儿山隧道围岩瞬态温度场进行数值计算分析,确定隧道开挖前初始地温场。计算和预测隧道围岩在正常运营通风条件下的温度场变化,得出不同情况下保持隧道衬砌与围岩100年不冻的隔热层敷设厚度。     

环境参数对公路隧道火灾蔓延的实验研究

以象山隧道为研究对象,利用缩尺温度模型进行实验。研究环境温度、通风速度对隧道内的温度以及烟气蔓延的影响规律：隧道内汽车着火后,火源上方隧道顶部的温度上升幅度大,上、下游人眼特征高度处温度的上升幅度较小;通风对隧道内温度的影响很大,但不是风速越大,温度下降的越多,离火源距离越远,通风对温度影响越小;环境温度越低,烟气蔓延时间越短;火灾发生后,未开启风机时,烟气蔓延降至人眼特征高度处时间需350～415s,开启风机后,风速为2.4m/s和4.8m/s时,烟气达到人眼特征高度处的时间分别为25～40s和20～30s。在实验结果基础上给出建议,以便给监督管理部门对风速的调节和灭火救援及人员疏散提供参考。     

寒区隧道沿径向温度场变化规律及影响因素分析

为揭示寒区隧道衬砌结构和围岩沿径向温度场变化规律,采用控制变量法设置了21组计算工况,以年温度振幅等于0.05℃作为围岩温度影响边界确定标准,通过数值模拟计算,研究隧道衬砌结构和围岩年平均温度、年温度振幅沿径向深度变化规律,分析空气年平均温度、空气年温度振幅、围岩初始温度、围岩导热系数和导温系数5个因素对其影响。研究结果表明：隧道衬砌结构年平均温度和年温度振幅沿径向深度近似呈线性变化,围岩则分别呈对数函数升高和指数函数降低;衬砌结构、围岩年平均温度和空气年平均温度、围岩初始温度之间呈正线性相关,年温度振幅和空气年温度振幅也呈正线性相关,但不受围岩初始温度影响;空气年温度振幅降低,围岩温度影响边界深度减小,衬砌结构和围岩年平均温度整体上升;围岩导热系数增大,衬砌结构和围岩年平均温度整体略有升高,但空气至围岩表面年温度振幅衰减倍数明显升高,围岩年温度振幅整体减小,相应冬季围岩冻结深度减小;围岩导温系数增大,空气至围岩表面年温度振幅衰减倍数降低,围岩年温度振幅沿径向深度衰减减缓,衬砌结构和围岩年温度振幅整体较高,同时围岩温度影响边界深度增大,衬砌结构和围岩年平均温度整体减小,相应冬季围岩冻结...     

高岩温铁路隧道隔热效果研究

由于西部山区地质复杂,隧道在修建时都会不同程度地受到地质灾害的影响,其中高岩温便是比较显著的一种地质灾害.高岩温不仅对衬砌结构存在安全隐患,而且恶化隧道施工环境,甚至严重影响隧道施工人员和机具的正常作业.本论述以拉日线上的吉沃希嘎隧道工程为依托,通过现场实测、结合传热学理论,采用ANSYS有限元软件进行数值计算,通过在隧道初支和二次衬砌之间设置隔热层,研究了隔热层对二次衬砌温度场分布的影响.由ANSYS有限元软件数值模拟计算结果可知,无隔热层时,衬砌施做5d后的最大温度为45.976℃,分布在衬砌外边缘,最小温度分布在仰拱处,为28.342℃.在初支和二次衬砌之间设置了10 cm厚的隔热层,加载5d后,衬砌的最大温度为30.226℃,同样分布在衬砌外边缘,最小温度为28.024℃,分布在仰拱处.由此可见,隔热材料在很大程度上可以抑制围岩的高温向隧道内传递.     

环境参数对公路隧道烟气蔓延影响的实验研究

以象山隧道为研究对象,利用缩尺温度模型进行实验,讨论环境温度、通风速度对隧道内的温度以及烟气蔓延的影响规律.研究表明:隧道内汽车着火后,火源上方隧道顶部的温度上升幅度大,上、下游人眼特征高度处温度的上升幅度较小;通风对隧道内温度的影响很大;环境温度越低,烟气蔓延时间越短.火灾发生后,未开启风机时,烟气蔓延降至人眼特征高度处时间需350~415 s;开启风机后,风速为2.4和4.8 m·s-1时,烟气达到人眼特征高度处的时间分别为25~40 s和20~30 s.     

基于正交试验的寒区隧道温度场影响因素敏感度研究

影响寒区隧道温度场的因素众多,建立基于有限差分的隧道非稳态传热计算模型,以实际寒区铁路隧道南山隧道为例,采用正交试验法分别以隧道衬砌内部节点平均温度、隧道某断面衬砌温度和隧道洞口纵向冻结长度为指标对影响隧道温度场的各因素进行敏感度研究.结果表明:不同指标下各因素敏感度排列有局部差异;总体来讲,隧道埋深、洞内风向、隧道断面大小、洞内风速、入口风温、围岩导热系数、隧道埋深是影响隧道温度场的主要因素,围岩比热容、围岩密度是影响隧道温度场的次要因素.在寒区隧道抗防冻设计中,除去围岩比热容、围岩密度、围岩导热系数、入口风温等不可更改因素,对隧道温度场影响较大的隧道埋深、洞内风向、洞内风速、隧道断面大小、隧道埋深等隧道设计参数必须合理设置.     

冻土隧道的保温隔热层参数设计新方法

目前几乎所有冻土隧道设计都会采用保温隔热层避免冻融作用发生,但是在保温隔热层的参数选取时,保温隔热效果是主要考虑的因素,而对其成本考虑较少。为了使保温隔热层既能防止冻融作用的破坏,又能节约成本,以优化理论为基础,结合扩展内点罚函数及冻土隧道特点,建立了保温隔热层的数学优化模型,期望该模型能够达到此目的。以大坂山K0+785断面和风火山隧道K0+835断面为例,验证了该数学模型不仅能用于季节性冻土隧道,而且也能用于多年冻土隧道。优化结果不但能够防止冻害发生,而且还能产生较大的经济效益。由此可见该数学优化模型及求解方法可以为冻土隧道工程中的保温隔热层参数的合理选取提供指导。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the