A test of Snowmelt Runoff Model （SRM） for the Gongnaisi River basin in the western Tianshan Mountains, China

The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) is one of a very few models in the world today that requires remote sensing derived snow cover as model input. Owing to its simple data requirements and use of remote sensing to provide snow cover information, SRM is ideal for use in data sparse regions, particularly in remote and inaccessible high mountain watersheds. In order to verify the applicability of SRM in an environment of continental climate, a test of SRM is performed for the Gongnaisi River basin in the western Tianshan Mountains, the results show that two SRM average goodness-of-fit statistics for simulations, Nash-Sutcliff coeffident (R2) and volume difference (Dv), are 0.87 and 0.90%,respectively. As compared with the application results over 80 basins in 25 different countries around the world, SRM performs well in the Gongnaisi River basin. The results also show that SRM can be a validated snowmelt runoff model capable of being applied in the western Tianshan Mountains.On the basis of snowmelt runoff simulation, together with a set of simplified hypothetical climate scenarios, SRM is also used to simulate the effects of climate change on snow cover and the consecutive snowmelt runoff. For a given hypothetical temperature increase of 4℃, the snow coverage and snowmelt season shift towards earlier dates, and the snowmelt runoff, as a result, is changed significantly at the same time. The simulation results show that the snow cover is sensitive to changes of climate, especially to the increase of temperature, the major effect of climate change will be a time shifting of snowmelt runoff to early spring months, resulting in a redistribution of seasonally runoff throughout the whole snowmelt season.     

Synthesis and magnetic properties of one-dimensional Mn（Ⅱ） complexes linked by dithiooxalato

Three dithiooxalato (Dto) bridging one-dimensional Mn(Ⅱ) complexes [Mn(L)Dto](L=Phen (1), Bpy (2) and en (3)) were synthesized. All of the complexes have the similar one-dimensional structure through Dto bridge. The measurement of the variable temperature magnetic susceptibility of complex 1 showed that there are weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the Mn(Ⅱ) ions.     

Environmental evolution of Xingkai （Khanka） Lake since 200 ka by OSL dating of sand hills

Crossing the Sino-Russian boundary, Xingkai Lake is the largest freshwater lake in Northeast Asia. In addition to the lakeshore, there are four sand hills on the north side of the lake that accumulated during a period of sustainable and stable lacustrine trans gression and were preserved after depression. Analysis of well-dated stratigraphic sequences based on 18 OSL datings combined with multiple index analysis of six sites in the sand hills revealed that the north shoreline of Xingkai Lake retreated in a stepwise fashion since the middle Pleistocene, and that at least four transgressions (during 193-183 ka, 136-130 ka, 24-15 ka and since 3 ka) and three depressions occurred during this process. The results of this study confirmed that transgressive stages were concur- rent with epochs of climate cooling, whereas the period of regression corresponded to the climatic optima. Transgressions and regressions were primarily caused by variations in the intensity of alluvial accumulation in the Ussuri River Valley and fluctuations in regional temperature and humidity that were controlled by climatic change. Moreover, one obvious transgressive process that occurred in MIS3 may have been related to enhanced precipitation that was reportedly widespread in the west of China, while shortterm fluctuations in the lake level might well be a direct response to regional precipitation variations on the millennial scale.     

Genetic consequences of postglacial colonization by the endemic Yarkand hare （Lepus yarkandensis） of the arid Tarim Basin

Orogenesis of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,which occurred in a stepwise manner,contributed to the extreme aridity of the Tarim Basin,resulting in vulnerable and unstable ecosystems.Quaternary climatic oscillations may have affected the ecosystems and,consequently,the distributions and genetic structuring of the Tarim Basin’s biota.We used nucleotide sequence data from 2 mitochondrial (mt) DNA genes (Cyt b and the D-loop) to test hypotheses associated with the matrilineal and demographical histories of the Tarim Basin’s endemic Yarkand hare (Lepus yarkandensis).Range-wide sampling involving 20 populations and 224 individuals detected 126 haplotypes that clustered into 5 major lineages in both the phylogenetic tree and median-joining network.Populations from the northern and eastern Tarim Basin shared a similar history,as did those from the western and southern regions.Demographical analysis and genetic diversity estimations suggested that the western and southern regions might have served as glacial refugia for the Yarkand hare during Quaternary climatic oscillations.The distribution of the Yarkand hare,especially in the northern and eastern parts,probably represented 3 postglacial colonization events,dated to 0.21,0.090 and 0.054 MYA,which corresponded to known interglacial periods.Given the relatively complete geographic isolation between the eastern and southern populations,the Yarkand hare likely dispersed during postglacial periods from the southwest to the north,and then onward to the east.The absence of water likely forced the species into refugia,and this differed from other Pleistocene biogeographical drivers.The demographical and historical patterns have important implications for conservation.     

Erosion of the prismatic layer by the organic matrix during the formation of the nacre-prism transition layer in the shell of Pinctada fucata （Bivalvia, Mollusca）

Three variants of the sequence of formation of the nacre-prism transition layer were observed in Pinctada fucata (Bivalvia, Mollusca) shells. In each case, the layer was formed by the organic matrix secreted by the mantle, together with the interprismatic organic envelope. The continuity of the organic phase throughout the shell was maintained as the new nacreous layer was formed on the nacre-prism transition layer. Changes in the interprismatic organic envelopes on either side of the nacre-prism transition...     

Evidences of rapid erosion driven by climate in the Yarlung Zangbo （Tsangpo） Great Canyon, the eastern Himalayan syntaxis

Climate and tectonism are both particularly intense in the Yarlung Zangbo (Tsangpo) Great Canyon in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis,which is characterized by the most rapid landscape evolution of anywhere in the world.Thus,the eastern Himalayan syntaxis is one of the best locations to study the interactions between climate and tectonics.This paper investigates the cooling ages of the Doxong La-Baibung profile using apatite fission track (AFT) dating on 11 bedrock samples at elevations ranging from 4210 to 710 m.There are topographic,climatic,metamorphic,and thermochronological gradients in the profile,providing good conditions to study interactions between climate and tectonics.AFT ages ranged from 4.6±0.6 Ma to 1.7±0.3 Ma,and the mean fission track lengths ranged from 11.0 to 12.4 μm.It was found that the cooling rates revealed by AFT ages increased with decreasing elevation.However,the tendency of the cooling rates revealed by the 40 Ar-39 Ar ages was different from that indicated by the AFT ages.Moreover,for most districts of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis,the compiled AFT age distribution correlates well with the annual average precipitation,indicating the coupling of the cooling and erosion rates of the near-surface rock and precipitation.The geothermal history modeling results indicate an obvious increase in the cooling and erosion rate between 1.0 and 0.5 Ma.This age is consistent with other research findings for this time,when the vapor channel of the Yarlung Zangbo Great Canyon began to take effect.These evidences suggest that climate,especially precipitation,has acting as a key factor influencing the rapid cooling and erosion in the Yarlung Zangbo Great Canyon since 1-0.5 Ma.     

Application of principal component-radial basis function neural networks （PC-RBFNN） for the detection of water-adulterated bayberry juice by near-infrared spectroscopy

Near-infrared （NIR） spectroscopy combined with chemometrics techniques was used to classify the pure bayberry juice and the one adulterated with 10% （w/w） and 20% （w/w） water. Principal component analysis （PCA） was applied to reduce the dimensions of spectral data, give information regarding a potential capability of separation of objects, and provide principal component （PC） scores for radial basis function neural networks （RBFNN）. RBFNN was used to detect bayberry juice adulterant. Multiplicative scatter correction （MSC） and standard normal variate （SNV） transformation were used to preprocess spectra. The results demonstrate that PC-RBFNN with optimum parameters can separate pure bayberry juice samples from water-adulterated bayberry at a recognition rate of 97.62%, but cannot clearly detect water levels in the adulterated bayberry juice. We conclude that NIR technology can be successfully applied to detect water-adulterated bayberry juice.     

Three new zinc（Ⅱ） coordination polymers： Modulation of extended structures driven by assistant ligands

Three new complexes, [Zn（dtb）（4,4′-bipy）]·5H2O （1）, [Zn（dtb）（bpp）]·H2O （2） and [Zn（dtb）（phen）2]·CH3- CH2OH·H2O （3） （dtb = 5,5′-dithiobis（2-nitrobenzoic acid）, 4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine, bpp = 1,3-bi（4-pyridyl） propane, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline）, have been constructed by dtb ligand and zinc salt in the presence of different assistant N-containing ligands under hydrothermal conditions. The structures of the complexes were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Although compounds 1 and 2 are both 2D networks, the cavities＇ forms and pitch of helix are different. The structure of compound 3 shows a 1D helical chain, and is extended by the supermolecule interactions into a 2D framework. These neutral polymeric complexes exhibit structural and dimensional diversity due to the different coordination modes of the flexible dtb ligand and the effect of assistant ligands.     

Effects of cultivation conditions on the optical purity of L（＋）-lactic acid produced from corncob hydrolysate by Rhizopus oryzae

The effect ofcultivation conditionson the opticalpurity ofL(+)-lactic acid produced by Rhizopusoryzae HZS6 from corncob hydrolysate was investigated. The isomeric composition of lactic acid was influenced by the supplementation of L(+)-lactic acid to fermentation medium. L(+)-Isomer increased with the dosage,no(-)-lactic acid was observed when the concentration of supplemented L(+)-lactic acid in matrix was≥1.5g l-1. However,the L(+)-lactic acid yield decreased with the dosage. Under suitable conditions,100...     

Urban structure and the risk of influenza A （H1N1） outbreaks in municipal districts

Changsha was one of the most affected areas during the 2009 A （H 1N 1） influenza pandemic in China. Here, we analyze the spatial-temporal dynamics of the 2009 pan- demic across Changsha municipal districts, evaluate the relationship between case incidence and the local urban spatial structure and predict high-risk areas of influenza A （H1NI）. We obtained epidemiological data on all cases of influenza A （H1NI） reported across municipal districts in Changsha dur- ing period May 2009-December 2010 and data on population density and basic geographic characteristics for 239 primary schools, 97 middle schools, 347 universities, 96 mails and markets, 674 business districts and 121 hospitals. Spatial- temporal K functions, proximity models and logistic regres- sion were used to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of influenza A （H1N1） incidence and the association between influenza A （HINI） cases and spatial risk factors and predict the infection risks. We found that the 2009 influenza A （H 1N 1 ） was driven by a transmission wave from the center of the study area to surrounding areas and reported cases increased significantly after September 2009. We also found that the distribution of influenza A （H 1N1） cases was associ- ated with population density and the presence of nearest public places, especially universities （OR = 10.166）. The final pre- dictive risk map based on the multivariate logistic analysis showed high-risk areas concentrated in the center areas of the study area associated with high population density. Our find- ings support the identification of spatial risk factors and high- risk areas to guide the prioritization of preventive and miti- gation efforts against future influenza pandemics.     

东天山照壁山金矿床地质特征及成矿机制

照壁山金矿床位于东天山地区的红柳河构造带中，为产于华力西早期的照壁山黑云母花岗岩体中的浅成、中低温石英脉型金矿，成矿时期为新生代（喜马拉雅期）。     

祁连山西段旱峡—金佛寺一带新生代构造应力场特征

位于青藏高原北缘的祁连山、自晚第三纪以来随着青藏高原的隆起而强烈上升，同时沿着边界主断层向北逆冲，在其西段形成规模较大的北祁连北缘逆冲推覆构造，使山前盆地中的上第三系发生较强烈的构造变形。     

生长褶皱发育模式

根据褶皱形成的运动学特征,对膝折带迁移、翼部旋转和混合生长3种模式的沉积与抬升关系进行探讨,并针对3种褶皱发育模式提出利用生长地层厚度推测褶皱抬升速率与褶皱过程的方法.研究表明:以膝折带迁移为变形机制的褶皱,发育过程中翼部倾角不变,褶皱顶部与翼部的抬升速率相同,形成翼部平行状生长地层;以翼部旋转为变形机制的褶皱,发育过程中翼部长度不变,沿翼部各点的抬升速率呈线性变化,形成翼部楔状的生长地层;以混合生长为变形机制的褶皱,发育过程中翼长和翼部倾角都发生变化,部分生长地层呈平行状,反映了膝折带迁移的特征,部分生长地层呈楔状,各点的抬升速率仍呈线性变化,反映了翼部旋转的特征.     

新疆南天山中志留世生物群及其意义

南天山伊契克巴什组生物群含有腕足、珊瑚、头足和苔藓虫动物化石,通过鉴定,其中有腕足动物Eospirifer tingia,Eospirifer sp．,Tuvaella gigantean,Nalivkinia grunewaldtiaeformis;珊瑚动物Palaeo favosites sp．,头足动物Sichuanoceras sp,和遗迹化石线形迹的Gordia属,根据化石生物群和沉积特征．作者认为该组地层时代大致应归属中志留世。从生物群生态特征来看,反映了稳定低能的正常浅海环境,说明南天山中志留世沉积海域与中国南、北海域是广泛相通的。     

河南汉族儿童四肢发育情况调查

作者调查了河南新乡地区７９７名４￣１３岁汉族儿童的上臂长、前臂长、大腿长、小腿长等１１项体质指标，并计算了１２项指数。测量数据无显著性差异；各指标均值随年龄而递增，不同年龄组增长速度不同；多数指标在生长发育中出现两次交叉现象。     

北天山东段一次暴雨过程的数值模拟研究：动力与微物理机制

利用WRF中尺度数值模式对2010年6月22日~23日发生在新疆北天山东段的一次暴雨过程进行数值模拟研究,重点探讨了暴雨过程形成演变的动力与微物理机制。结果表明,控制北疆的西北气流遇到博格达山脉,在迎风坡的强迫抬升作用下,形成对流单体并维持加强。降水蒸发冷却与摩擦拖曳产生的下沉气流紧贴迎风坡地表下泄,与环境西北气流对冲辐合引起对流区域由山坡向山前扩展。霰通过收集云水增长是降水形成的主要微物理机制。当云水被上升气流输送至-20℃以上时,能有效促进霰的增长过程,霰碰并雨滴(低层)及冰雪晶(高层)为霰增长的次要机制。     

青藏高原东南部地貌边界带晚新生代构造运动

青藏高原是中国大陆最高一级地貌阶梯,其东南部地貌边界大致沿龙门山—大相岭—锦屏山—玉龙山—碧罗雪山一线分布。该文主要从青藏高原东南部地貌边界两侧的晚新生代地层记录来探讨晚新生代构造运动以及高原隆升。青藏高原东南部地貌边界带雏形出现于距今２．５Ｍａ左右,定型于１．２Ｍａ前的构造运动中,之后又在构造运动进程中不断得到加强,并最终形成今日之构造地貌格局。青藏高原从海变陆,并上升至平均海拔４５００ｍ以上,成为地球上最高的大高原,这是发生在晚新生代且主要是在第四纪最重大的地质事件。