等压和等容条件下的化学平衡原理

根据化学势不同的定义,分别讨论了等压和等容条件下的化学平衡原理。在一定温度和反应进度下,化学反应(ΔrGm)T,p=(ΔrAm)T,V,ΔrGmθ=ΔrA mθ。当没有其它功时,在一定温度和反应进度下,继续发生等压反应和等容反应的自发方向是一致的。根据对等温等压下化学反应的(ΔrGm)T,p的分析导出的一些化学平衡基本关系,如van’t Hoff等温方程ΔrGm=ΔrGmθ+RTlnQa、ΔrGmθ=-RTlnKθ以及(dlnKθ)/(dT)=(ΔrHmθ)/(RT2),同样也适用于等容过程。     

四氯化碳+环己酮相合熔点化合物及其固液平衡的热力学计算

对四氯化碳 环己酮固液平衡体系,在223 K到233 K区间,使用四参量GE方程和G ibbs-Duhem方程,计算了8个温度的两组元活度系数和GE方程,在相合熔点233.85 K,x2=0.5,GE=1 405.25 J.mol-1,SE=-64.48 J.mol-1K-1,HE=16 483.98 J.mol-1.该体系相合熔点化合物的离解平衡ΔrGmθ=R(1.65164T-0.007 87T2)J.mol-1,ΔrHmθ=3 415.34 J.mol-1,ΔrSmθ=13.675±0.003 J.mol-1K-1.     

4-苄氧基苯酚与鲱鱼精DNA相互作用的研究

在pH=7.4的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中,采用荧光光谱法、黏度法等分析方法研究了4-苄氧基苯酚(PBP)与鲱鱼精DNA的作用方式,用摩尔比法确定了PBP与DNA的结合比为2∶1。通过热力学研究得出,在27℃时PBP与鲱鱼精DNA之间相互作用的结合常数为Kθ300.15K=2.16×105L/mol,热力学函数ΔrHθm=-6.18×104J/mol,ΔrSθm=-1.05×103J/(mol·K),ΔrGmθ300.15K=-3.04×104J/mol,结果表明该反应为焓驱动。综合实验结果确定了PBP与DNA的作用方式为部分嵌插以及静电作用。     

苯＋六氟代苯相合熔点化合物及其固液平衡的热力学计算

使用Gibbs-Duhem方程和四参量GE方程,在272.00 K到278.00 K区间,计算了10个温度的两组元活度系数和GE方程,在272.00 K,x2=0.5,GE=1 184.70 J.mol-1,SE=21.10 J.mol-1.K-1,HE=6 921.11 J.mol-1,272.00 K相合熔点化合物的离解平衡△rGmθ=487.54 J.mol-1,△rHθm=21 364.11 J.mol-1,△rSmθ=76.75±0.01 J.mol-1.K-1.体系接近于规则溶液模型,在化合物存在相区离解反应的反应焓变和熵变均可视之为常量,液相区不会存在稳定的化合物.     

偶氮胂Ⅲ-β-环糊精包合物与DNA作用方式的光谱法研究

在pH=7.40的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中,采用紫外光、荧光光谱法和粘度法研究了偶氮胂-β-环糊精包合物(β-CD-AS)与鲱鱼精DNA的作用方式.用摩尔比法确定了β-CD-AS与DNA的结合比为5:1.通过热力学研究得出结合常数为K291.15K=8.68×105 L·mol-1,K310.15K=8.43×105 L·mol-1.热力学函数为ΔrHmθ=27.04J·mol-1,ΔrGmθ291.15K=-2.78×104 J·mol-1,ΔrSmθ=95.47J·mol-1·K-1.结果显示该反应为熵驱动.实验进一步表明β-CD-AS与DNA之间的作用方式为混合模式,即部分嵌插和沟渠作用.     

偶氮胂III-β环糊精包合物与DNA作用方式的光谱法研究

在pH=7.40的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中,采用紫外光、荧光光谱法和粘度法研究了偶氮胂-β-环糊精包合物(β-CD-AS)与鲱鱼精DNA的作用方式.用摩尔比法确定了β-CD-AS与DNA的结合比为5:1.通过热力学研究得出结合常数为K291.15K=8.68×105 L·mol-1,K310.15K=8.43×105 L·mol-1.热力学函数为ΔrHmθ=27.04J·mol-1,ΔrGmθ291.15K=-2.78×104 J·mol-1,ΔrSmθ=95.47J·mol-1·K-1.结果显示该反应为熵驱动.实验进一步表明β-CD-AS与DNA之间的作用方式为混合模式,即部分嵌插和沟渠作用.     

量热法研究氯化钆与甘氨酸配位反应的热化学性质

应用具有恒温环境的反应量热计,分别测定了[GdCl3·6H2O(s)+3Gly(s)](Gly代表甘氨酸)和配合物Gd(Gly)3Cl3·3H2O(s)在2mol·L-1HCl溶液中的溶解焓.根据盖斯定律设计一个热化学循环,可计算得到六水氯化钆和甘氨酸配位反应的反应焓ΔrHmθ(298.15K)=-9.471kJ·mol-1,并估算出配合物Gd(Gly)3Cl3·3H2O(s)在298.15K时的标准生成焓ΔfHmθ(298.15K)=-3629.67kJ·mol-1.     

反应条件对Pd/Ce-Ti催化剂CO低温氧化性能的影响

对溶胶-凝胶法制备的CeO2 TiO2复合氧化物载体负载Pd催化剂进行了表观动力学研究,在pCO==1×10-3～4×10-3MPa,CO和O2的反应级数分别为-1.0和1.0级.在温度范5×10-4～3×10-3MPa,pO2/pCO接近化学计量比的条件下,CO氧化反应的平均表观活化能为67.2kJ·mol-1.考察了气围303～343K,pO2体组成对CO低温氧化反应的影响和催化剂的稳定性.x(O2)/x(CO)=0.5时,CO氧化反应的起燃温度为345K,提高x(O2)/x(CO),可以降低起燃温度,在较低的CO浓度(0.5%)和较高的x(O2)/x(CO)(6.3)下,催化剂在室温下就有氧化活性,起燃温度仅为308K.在φ(CO)=1.0%的空气中,空速39000mL·h-1·g-1的条件下,CO反应在室温(293～303K)就可以实现完全转化,其反应稳定性与反应温度相关,313K下催化剂寿命可达15.5h.     

量热法测定氯化镱与甘氨酸配合物的标准生成焓

应用具恒温环境的反应热量计 ,分别测定了 [Yb Cl3· 6H2 O(s) +3 Gly(s) (Gly代表甘氨酸 ) ]和配合物 Yb(Gly) 3Cl3· 3 H2 O(s)在 2 mol· L- 1 HCl溶液中的溶解焓 .通过盖斯定律所设计的一个热化学循环 ,可计算得到六水氯化镱与甘氨酸配位反应的反应焓Δr Hmθ(2 98.1 5 K) =1 .0 73 k J· mol- 1 ,并估算出配合物 Yb(Gly) 3Cl3· 3 H2 O的标准生成焓Δf Hmθ(2 98.1 5 K) =-3 5 99.1 3 k J· mol- 1 .     

水溶液中氯仿的热力学性质的测定

本文把化学平衡的原理应用于相平衡,利用对氯仿的亨利常数及温度对亨利常数的影响的测定可以算出平衡常数Kθ,用Kθ算出ΔagqGθm,用ΔagqGθm算出ΔfGθm(CHCl3,aq,298K),用[(ΔTagqGθm]p=-ΔagqSθm算出ΔagqSθm(298K),最后算出Smθ(CHCl3,aq,298K)、ΔfHθm(CHCl3,aq,298K)。亨利常数是利用顶空色谱法测定的,是利用顶空色谱峰面积的倒数与气液比之间的线性关系测定了不同温度下氯仿的亨利常数值。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that