岩石冻融循环及抗拉特性试验研究

通过开放饱水状态下的冻融循环试验研究了红砂岩和页岩2种岩石的冻融损伤劣化及破坏行为,将经历不同冻融次数后的岩样进行抗拉试验,分析了冻融循环作用对岩石损伤及抗拉特性的影响。研究表明:由于岩性及初始损伤状态不同,红砂岩的冻融损伤劣化模式为剥落模式和断裂模式,而页岩为裂纹模式;岩石抗拉压特性的冻融效应具有相同的规律性,2种岩石的劈裂抗拉强度均随冻融循环次数的增大而减小,但其抗拉特性对冻融循环反映更敏感,损伤劣化更显著;红砂岩受冻融循环次数影响引起的损伤较页岩大;寒区岩体工程稳定性评价中必须考虑应力状态对岩石冻融损伤的影响。     

冻融循环条件下红砂岩物理力学特性试验研究

对采自陕西的红砂岩进行冻融循环压缩试验,以模拟红砂岩的冻融风化过程。试验共进行40次冻融循环,在冻融0,5,10,20,40次时分别测量岩样的质量、体积及其纵波波速,并对岩样进行单轴抗压试验;分析了岩石强度与应力-应变曲线及损伤扩展力学特性随冻融循环次数的变化规律。研究结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样的质量、密度、波速及冻融系数减小;岩样的弹性模量及强度逐渐减小,应力-应变曲线压缩性增大,弹性增长段减小,塑性增强;冻融与荷载的共同作用使岩石总损伤加剧,并最终导致岩石破坏。最后,利用陕西红砂岩物理力学特性随冻融循环的变化规律,为寒区岩土工程的建设提供相应的参考数据。     

岩石圆环试件拉张破裂结构演化有限元模拟

岩石具有低抗拉特性,抗拉强度控制着岩体工程的整体稳定性．利用有限元方法,对岩石圆环试件拉张破裂过程的结构演化过程进行了研究．模拟结果显示：圆环结构受拉应力作用发生破裂,形成不连续面;圆环在拉应力作用下不断形成破裂面,结构形式相应发生演化,并导致应力状态改变,最终圆环结构内壁上下、外壁左右全部开裂,系统不稳定、丧失承载能力,完全破坏．将有限元模拟结果与实验结果对比二者相吻合,可为研究岩石的破裂规律及裂纹扩展提供新的研究方法．     

岩石圆环试件拉张破裂结构演化有限元模拟

岩石具有低抗拉特性,抗拉强度控制着岩体工程的整体稳定性.利用有限元方法,对岩石圆环试件拉张破裂过程的结构演化过程进行了研究.模拟结果显示:圆环结构受拉应力作用发生破裂.形成不连续面;圆环在拉应力作用下不断形成破裂面,结构形式相应发生演化,并导致应力状态改变,最终圆环结构内壁上下、外壁左右全部开裂,系统不稳定、丧失承载能力,完全破坏.将有限元模拟结果与实验结果对比二者相吻合,可为研究岩石的破裂规律及裂纹扩展提供新的研究方法.     

酸性环境对岩石力学特性影响的试验研究*

为研究酸性环境对不同岩石力学特性的影响,分别对大理岩及红砂岩进行酸性溶液作用下的腐蚀试验,获得岩样酸性腐蚀过程中相对质量变化规律;同时测量记录酸性溶液p H的变化,并对岩样进行抗压抗拉试验,探讨不同岩石在酸性溶液作用下的力学特性及腐蚀效应。试验结果表明:经酸性溶液浸泡,大理岩表面出现不同程度的斜截面裂纹,红砂岩外表面的薄膜保护层被逐渐融化,无明显的裂纹产生,岩样外体积变化不明显;岩样刚开始浸泡在酸性溶液中时,岩样与酸性溶液发生激烈的化学反应,溶液的pH大幅提升并接近中性;随着浸泡时间的增加,pH改变逐渐减少并趋于稳定;经酸性溶液浸泡后,岩石的质量均呈现不同程度的下降,且大理岩较红砂岩的质量下降更为明显,岩石的单轴抗压强度及抗拉强度均显著下降,单轴抗压强度较抗拉强度下降更为明显,且大理岩的力学性能比红砂岩变化的更为明显。     

CT尺度下冻融岩石细观损伤特性分析

为研究冻融环境下岩石细观损伤演化规律,以红砂岩为研究对象,首先进行冻融循环试验,再对经历0次,5次,10次,20次和40次冻融循环的试样进行CT扫描.采用K均值聚类算法实现了扫描图像的二维孔隙识别;通过三维重构再现了红砂岩的冻融破坏模式,确定了试样的有效承载区,在细观层面实现了对岩石冻融损伤的定量分析.结果表明:通过K均值聚类算法确定阈值,可以有效实现CT图像的二值化;三维重构后的模型可以再现红砂岩试样在冻融过程中的损伤模式以及内部孔隙的发育特征;随冻融循环次数的增加,基于有效承载区定义的损伤变量逐渐增大,并与孔隙的发育趋势一致,能有效地反映冻融循环作用下岩石的损伤演化规律,为冻融岩石细观损伤研究提供了一种切实可行的方法.     

水-动力耦合作用下红砂岩动态强度及破坏机理

为探究水化学损伤下红砂岩的动态强度和破坏机理,通过自然、干燥和饱水红砂岩试样的静态单轴压缩和动态单轴冲击试验,结合岩石碎块的电镜扫描(SEM)图像,分析了不同含水状态和应变率荷载等级下岩石的强度特性,并基于损伤断裂理论分析了含水岩石微裂纹起裂和扩展机理.试验结果表明:红砂岩试样动态抗压强度随含水率的增加而降低,随应变率的增加而增大,饱水试样具有显著的应变率效应;冲击荷载下,饱水试样应力-应变曲线具有显著的体积压缩现象,峰值应变最大,塑性变形明显,而干燥试样弹性变形最大,峰前塑性变形最小;受孔隙水影响,饱水试样颗粒结构疏松多孔,胶结物质被溶蚀而使胶结作用弱化.根据最大周向正应力理论,对含水岩石的微裂纹起裂条件和扩展方向进行了讨论,并对裂尖的动态应力强度因子进行了修正.     

岩石变形全过程冻融损伤模型及其参数

寒区岩石受到荷载及冻融循环的作用,考虑岩石微元破坏的特点,将其简化为冻融损伤、受荷损伤及未损伤3部分组成。基于损伤力学理论,通过探讨冻融损伤变量、受荷损伤变量以及总损伤变量之间的关系,假定岩石微元破坏符合D-P准则,建立冻融与荷载作用下考虑残余强度的岩石损伤本构模型,并由冻融砂岩力学特性试验验证其合理性;在此基础上探讨了模型参数对岩石损伤本构关系的影响。结果表明:不同冻融次数及围压作用下的模型理论曲线与试验曲线较为吻合,较好地描述了岩石变形的全过程;模型参数对岩石损伤前及破坏后残余段的应力应变曲线几乎没有影响,但对损伤阶段的影响较大。研究成果将会对寒区岩石损伤演化认知具有较好的参考价值。     

红砂岩边坡稳定性能分析

红砂岩具有极强的风化崩解与遇水软化的性质。在一定应力状态下浸水后,在水膜的润滑作用下,颗粒发生相互滑移、破碎和重组,使得岩体软化;当水沿着孔隙、裂隙进入红砂岩内部时,吸附水膜增厚,一些胶结物便会软化甚至溶解,从而引起岩石颗粒的崩解解体,产生岩土体变形失稳,使得控制地表沉降及边坡稳定性防治困难。因此,研究红砂岩软化和崩解性对工程建设尤为重要。     

冻融循环作用下混凝土的受拉本构特征

为了得出冻融循环作用下混凝土受拉应力-应变关系曲线上升段方程,对经过0,25,50,75,100,125次冻融循环的4个不同强度等级的普通混凝土抗拉试块进行了试验研究,结合现有普通混凝土受拉本构关系,建立了冻融循环次数、混凝土等级与混凝土受拉本构特征的关系.试验结果表明:随着冻融循环次数增加,混凝土的受拉应力-应变关系...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.