双链RNA技术在果树病毒研究中的应用

含ＲＮＡ基因组的植物病毒在复制时会产生双链ＲＮＡ（ｄｓＲＮＡ）。本文介绍了用ＣＦ－１１纤维素粉提取ｄｓＲＮＡ的步骤,并列举了ｄｓＲＮＡ在果树病毒研究中的应用,其主要应用有：１）果树病毒病及病原鉴定;２）病毒分化株系的鉴定;３）以ｄｓＲＮＡ为中介对病毒核酸序列进行测定;４）探针制备和ｃＤＮＡ克隆的获得;５）用于检测病毒卫星ＲＮＡ和亚基因组ＲＮＡ;６）侵染性测定和制备抗血清等方面的研究。     

逆转录聚合酶链式反应中dsRNA模板的快速制备

应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术检测草鱼出血病病毒。建立了一种快速，简易而可靠的ｄｓＲＮＡ模板的制备方法。应用该方法制备模板进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增，可以有效地检测出病鱼组织及病毒感染的培养细胞裂解液中的草鱼出血病病毒，且全过程只需３－４ｈ，大大缩短了检测时间。     

中蜂囊状幼虫病病毒部分结构蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

根据小ＲＮＡ 病毒科（ Ｐｉｃｏｒｎａｖｉｒｉｄａｅ） 中病毒ＲＮＡ 所具有的结构特征, 采用ｍＲＮＡｃａｐｔｕｒｅ ｋｉｔ 提取纯化中蜂囊状幼虫病病毒（Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｓｃａｂｒｏｏｄ ｖｉｒｕｓ ＣＳＢＶ） 的ＲＮＡ, 并以之为ｃＤＮＡ合成的模板． 依据小ＲＮＡ病毒科中的脊髓灰质炎病毒结构蛋白基因序列设计了一对引物ＶＰ５和ＶＰ３ , 通过ＰＣＲ 扩增获得预期大小约为１ １００ ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ 片段, 将此片段克隆到ｐＧＥＭＴｅａｓｙ载体上并直接测序． 序列分析表明, 该片段为中蜂囊状幼虫病病毒部分结构蛋白基因, 与意蜂幼虫囊状病病毒结构蛋白基因序列的同源性为８６－８ ％ , 与之对应氨基酸序列的同源性高达９３－４ ％ ． 该病毒株为一种新型的蜜蜂囊状幼虫病病毒株     

侵染马铃薯的一种短杆状病毒的分离鉴定

从马铃薯“紫花白”叶片中分离到一种短杆状病毒,病毒粒体直径为１９±１．９ｎｍ,长度在１８０～２２０ｎｍ之间,ＯＤ２６０／２８０比值为１．２３,病毒核酸为ｓｓＲＮＡ,单一组分．用提纯的病毒免疫家兔,制备抗血清,微量沉淀法表明此病毒与ＰＬＲＶ,ＰＶＸ,ＰＶＹ,ＰＶＳ,ＴＭＶ均无血清学关系．病毒分离物可摩擦接种茄科,苋科、藜科植物,并在不同指示植物上引起不同的症状,但只在普通烟上产生系统感染．电镜观察和ＤＡＳ－ＥＬＬＳＡ检测证实此病毒可摩擦回接马铃薯“紫花白”,但不引起明显症状．病毒的稀释限点为１０－４～１０－５,体外存活期为６ｄ,致死温度为８０～８５℃．与目前已报道的侵染马铃薯的各种杆状ＲＮＡ病毒比较分析证明,此病毒是侵染马铃薯的一种新病毒,命名为马铃薯短杆状病毒（Ｐｏｔａｔｏｒｏｄ－ｓｈａｐｅｄＶｉｒｕｓ,ＰＲＶ）．     

酿酒酵母不同嗜杀菌株的比较及相互作用

以酿酒酵母两种不同类型的嗜杀菌株ＳＫ４（Ｋ１型）和ＥＲＲ１（Ｋ２型）为材料，分析了不同嗜杀酵母的嗜杀特性．证明两株菌产生的毒素蛋白的最适条件不同，最适ｐＨ和温度分别为４．８、１６℃和４．２、２２℃，但均对在对数生长期的敏感细胞作用最显著．ＳＫ４和ＥＲＲ１的嗜杀质粒的比较表明：Ｍ１－ｄｓＲＮＡ质粒和Ｍ２－ｄｓＲＮＡ质粒分子量分别为１．７ｋｂ和１．５ｋｂ，两株菌的Ｌ－ｄｓＲＮＡ质粒均为４．０ｋｂ．用高温和紫外线处理嗜杀酵母，嗜杀活性随之消失．     

血友病B基因治疗临床试验的安全性研究

报道了血友病Ｂ基因治疗临床Ｉ期试验的安全性研究，包括反转录病毒基因的ＤＮＡ聚合酶反应（ＰＣＲ）、反转录ＰＣＲ（ＲＴ／ＰＣＲ）、Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ杂交以及ｎｅｏ基因和ｌａｃＺ基因的补求分析（ｒｅｓｏｕｅａｓｓａｙ）．从ＤＮＡ水平，ＲＮＡ水平和病毒活性体水平对野生型病毒进行了检测，没有检测到反转录病毒，并对兔和人转基因细胞进行形态学观察，染色体核型分析，软琼脂实验，裸鼠接种实验，兔和裸鼠的病理检测及电镜分     

逆转录聚合酶链式反应快速检测水稻条叶枯病毒

逆转录聚合酶链式反应（Ｒｅｖｅｒｓｅ Ｔｒａｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅ Ｃｈａｉｎ Ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ,ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）具有灵敏度高,准确性好的特点,因而被广泛应用于植物病毒检测。在ＲＴ反应中,ＲＮＡ样品的快速制备尤为重要用异丙醇二步沉淀法获得ＲＮＡ,快速检测水地片中ＲＳｔＶ伯ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法,可使测定时间缩短至６ｈ,并可从０．０７８ｍｇ感病叶片中检测出ＲＳｔＶ。     

钠盐胁迫对小麦叶片中过氧化氢和核酸含量的影响

分别用５０、１００、１５０和２００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的氯化钠、硫酸钠和碳酸钠的Ｈｏａｇｌａｎｄ溶液培养小麦６ｄ。结果表明：在盐胁迫下过氧化氢含量上升,叶绿素含量下降,ＤＮＡ、ＲＮＡ含量随着胁迫浓度的增加而降低,ＲＮＡ含量降低较快。ＲＮａｓｅ比ＤＮａｓｅ对盐胁迫敏感,ＤＮａｓｅ在弱胁迫下活性略增大,强胁迫下活性减小,而ＲＮａｓｅ活性在胁迫下随盐浓度的增加而减小,且氯化钠对其影响最小,碳酸钠的影响最大,硫酸     

电镜原位杂交对淡水三角头涡虫中期染色体RNA的研究

本文用ＲＮａｓｅ－ｇｏｌｄ标记法定位了淡水三角头涡虫中期染色体内ＲＮＡ，发现ＲＮＡ在染色单体切面内部及边缘均有分布。此外，以玉米１８ｓｒＲＮＡ的ｃＤＮＡ和水稻５ｓｒＲＮＡ的ＤＮＡ为探针，经电镜原位杂交后观察了涡虫１８ｓｒＲＮＡ（也包括４５ｓｐｒｅ－ｒＲＮＡ）及５ｓｒＲＮＡ在中期染色单体切面上的分布特点，证明涡虫染色单体边缘及内部ＲＮＡ的两个来源是核仁核糖体ＲＮＡ和核基质内的５ｓｒＲＮＡ。     

DNA与抗癌药物道诺霉素相互作用的研究

该文采用荧光光谱法并用溴化乙锭（ＥＢ）作为荧光探针研究了道诺霉素（ＤＲＮ）与ＤＮＡ相互作用的方式。结果表明：ＤＲＮ的生色团能够嵌入ｄｓＤＮＡ双螺旋结构的碱基对之间,ＤＲＮ与ＤＮＡ的主要作用位点是碱基Ｇ、Ｃ;ＤＲＮ插入ｄｓＤＮＡ碱其对中,不会破坏碱基对中氢键,不会影响ＤＮＡ的复性;ＤＮＡ与ｓｓＤＮＡ仅仅存在弱的相互作用。     

Short interfering RNA confers intracellular antiviral immunity in human cells

Gene silencing mediated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a sequence-specific, highly conserved mechanism in eukaryotes. In plants, it serves as an antiviral defence mechanism. Animal cells also possess this machinery but its specific function is unclear. Here we demonstrate that dsRNA can effectively protect human cells against infection by a rapidly replicating and highly cytolytic RNA virus. Pre-treatment of human and mouse cells with double-stranded, short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to the poliovirus genome markedly reduces the titre of virus progeny and promotes clearance of the virus from most of the infected cells. The antiviral effect is sequence-specific and is not attributable to either classical antisense mechanisms or to interferon and the interferon response effectors protein kinase R (PKR) and RNaseL. Protection is the result of direct targeting of the viral genome by siRNA, as sequence analysis of escape virus (resistant to siRNAs) reveals one nucleotide substitution in the middle of the targeted sequence. Thus, siRNAs elicit specific intracellular antiviral resistance that may provide a therapeutic strategy against human viruses.     

Viral infection switches non-plasmacytoid dendritic cells into high interferon producers

Type I interferons (IFN-I) are important cytokines linking innate and adaptive immunity. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells make high levels of IFN-I in response to viral infection and are thought to be the major source of the cytokines in vivo. Here, we show that conventional non-plasmacytoid dendritic cells taken from mice infected with a dendritic-cell-tropic strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus make similarly high levels of IFN-I on subsequent culture. Similarly, non-plasmacytoid dendritic cells secrete high levels of IFN-I in response to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a major viral signature, when the latter is introduced into the cytoplasm to mimic direct viral infection. This response is partially dependent on the cytosolic dsRNA-binding enzyme protein kinase R and does not require signalling through toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, a surface receptor for dsRNA. Furthermore, we show that sequestration of dsRNA by viral NS1 (refs 6, 7) explains the inability of conventional dendritic cells to produce IFN-I on infection with influenza. Our results suggest that multiple dendritic cell types, not just plasmacytoid cells, can act as specialized interferon-producing cells in certain viral infections, and reveal the existence of a TLR-independent pathway for dendritic cell activation that can be the target of viral interference.     

Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses

The innate immune system senses viral infection by recognizing a variety of viral components (including double-stranded (ds)RNA) and triggers antiviral responses. The cytoplasmic helicase proteins RIG-I (retinoic-acid-inducible protein I, also known as Ddx58) and MDA5 (melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5, also known as Ifih1 or Helicard) have been implicated in viral dsRNA recognition. In vitro studies suggest that both RIG-I and MDA5 detect RNA viruses and polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a synthetic dsRNA analogue. Although a critical role for RIG-I in the recognition of several RNA viruses has been clarified, the functional role of MDA5 and the relationship between these dsRNA detectors in vivo are yet to be determined. Here we use mice deficient in MDA5 (MDA5-/-) to show that MDA5 and RIG-I recognize different types of dsRNAs: MDA5 recognizes poly(I:C), and RIG-I detects in vitro transcribed dsRNAs. RNA viruses are also differentially recognized by RIG-I and MDA5. We find that RIG-I is essential for the production of interferons in response to RNA viruses including paramyxoviruses, influenza virus and Japanese encephalitis virus, whereas MDA5 is critical for picornavirus detection. Furthermore, RIG-I-/- and MDA5-/- mice are highly susceptible to infection with these respective RNA viruses compared to control mice. Together, our data show that RIG-I and MDA5 distinguish different RNA viruses and are critical for host antiviral responses.     

Symmetrical directional cloning: An efficient method to prepare hairpin RNA interference constructs

RNA interference (RNAi) is a loss-of-function approach by which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) initiates degradation of homologous mRNAs in a sequence specific manner. The dsRNA molecules can be produced in vitro or in vivo, and can be introduced to cells in a number of ways. Here we report a more efficient method for the cloning of inverted repeat DNA fragments into expression vectors that can be transcribed into effective dsRNA molecules in vivo or in vitro. This method, named Symmetrical Directional Cloning (SDC), takes the advantage of compatible non-palindromic restriction enezyme sites, which allow one to directionally clone a single PCR product in both the sense and antisense orientations together into a vector. SDC allows for the directional cloning of inverted repeats using a single PCR product; it requires only one cut site on each side of the loop. Hence this method is more cost effective and less time-consuming. At least 21 commercially available restriction endonucleases can be used as cloning sites for the SDC method. The efficacy of dsRNA expression vectors prepared by SDC has been demonstrated by targeting a negative regulator of the signaling pathway mediating the response of cells to phytohormone, gibberellins (GA), in the aleurone cells.     

非线性电路故障诊断的理论和算法

本文研究非线性模拟电路的故障诊断理论和方法。在作者提出的故障诊断方程的基础上，基于一种新的雅可比矩阵计算方法和迭代算法，文中把一般性的故障诊断理论引伸到非线性模拟电路的领域。     

动态电路故障诊断的理论和算法

本文研究具有动态元件的模拟电路的故障诊断理论和方法，在作用提出的故障诊断方程的基础上，基于一种新的雅可比矩阵计算方法和迭代算法，把一般性的故障诊断理论引伸到动态模拟电路的领域。     

线性电路故障诊断的通用性理论及其算法

本文研究线性模拟电路故障诊断的理论和方法，在作者提出的故障诊断方程的基础上，基于一种新的雅可比矩阵计算方法和迭代算法，给出了能求解所有线性模拟电路故障诊断问题的一般性方法。     

猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征的RT-PCR诊断

根据猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒（Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）的全基因组序列,设计合成一对特异性引物,建立检测PRRSV的RT-PCR方法。对两份疑似病料进行检测,结果两份均为猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒阳性。结合流行病学,临床症状以及病理解剖变化,诊断为猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒感染。     

Nimda.e蠕虫病毒的诊治方法

指出了Nimda蠕虫病毒是一种通过网络传播、危害较大的计算机病毒，而Nimda．e蠕虫病毒是其中的一种变种，介绍了此病毒的特征，给出了一种比较好的诊断和清除该病毒的方法．