南天山新生代隆升和去顶作用过程

利用磷灰石裂变径迹技术并结合库车坳陷的沉积和变形特征，对南天山的隆升和去顶作用过程进行详细的研究。南天山在中新世早期就开始了现代天山形成的隆升事件，根据样品的磷灰石裂变径迹结果，其隆升年龄为17～25Ma；而且此隆升事件是一快速隆升事件，隆升速率达到138．8～198．8m/Ma。中新世南天山隆升的南部边界并不是前人所认为的北部古生代地层和南部中新生代地层之间的冲断层，而是在南部的中新生代地层中。在库车坳陷的阳霞地区，隆升的界线位于吐格尔明背斜核部的韧性剪切带。通过库车坳陷的新生代沉积和变形特征的分析，提出了天山中新世以来的隆升与库车坳陷的沉积和变形特征存在很好的耦合关系。     

库车坳陷西段第三系盐上层基底沉降分析

根据地震层速度资料与地层砂泥岩含量的关系,求得新生界各层砂泥岩含量,结合经验的和实测的其它必要参数,计算了库车坳陷西段第三系盐上层的总沉降和构造沉降。根据变化趋势,可将沉降曲线划分为两种类型:上凸型和下凹型,北单斜带为下凹型,其余构造带为上凸型,沉降曲线不同阶段沉降速度的变化充分反映了天山造山带与库车坳陷的盆山耦合作用。根据总沉降和构造沉降曲线的关系,上凸型沉降曲线又可进一步划分为两个亚类,第一亚类为构造沉降曲线与总沉降曲线协调变化;第二亚类为两者不协调变化,反映盐的流动特点,这种现象在克拉苏构造带的南亚带最明显。     

Paleomagnetic result of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks from the Tuoyun Basin, southwest Tien Shan of China and its tectonic implications

In the present decades, lots of Mesozoic and Ceno-zoic paleomagnetic data have been obtained from westernChina and adjacent areas[1—19], however, these results are still not enough to reconstruct a postcollisional kinematic model for each block of the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia. As a result, it is very difficult to paleomagnetically depict the postcollisional interaction within blocks of Ti- bet and Central Asia in detail. On the other hand, shal- lower inclinations have been repeat…     

四川盆地地表剥蚀量恢复及其意义

磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)热隆升史模拟能够定量恢复盆地四维动态热隆升剥蚀过程.根据四川盆地93件磷灰石裂变径迹样品定量热史模拟表明,晚白垩世以来盆地发生了广泛的阶段式抬升剥蚀作用,即晚白垩世(～65 Ma前)快速隆升剥蚀、古近纪(65～23 Ma前左右)缓慢隆升剥蚀、新近纪(23 Ma前至今)快速隆升剥蚀.晚白垩世至今盆地范围内隆升剥蚀总厚度普遍大于2.5 km,新近纪快速隆升剥蚀幅度普遍大于1 km.进一步结合31组镜质体反射率反演校正剥蚀量数据,编绘阶段性(晚白垩世以来和新近纪)四川盆地地表剥蚀量等厚图,综合表明晚白垩世以来四川盆地隆升剥蚀量等值线展布格局发生根本变化,即早期主要以NE向展布格局为主(具近NE向和E-W向特征),新近纪则主要以近E-W向展布格局、盆地南北分异(北部地区隆升剥蚀量普遍小于2 km,南部地区普遍大于2 km)为主.四川盆地大中型油气田空间分布与晚中生代-新生代低剥蚀量具有密切联系.     

The Quaternary fault in Jiamu area,the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

The Quaternary Tailan River fault has been found in the Tianshan foothills area, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is the recent boundary fault of the Tarim Basin coupling with the West Tianshan Mountains. In the light of measurement data of the slip which cuts the Quaternary deposits of different ages, the Quaternary kinematic figures of the Tailan River fault are estimated as follows: crustal shortening 3.7 km and shortening rate 1.59 mm/a, uplift of Tianshan Mountains 1.34 km and uplift rate 0.56 mm/a, and additional relief of 900 m. Considering the contribution of the Gumubiezi anticline close to the south of the Tailan River fault, the Quaternary crustal shortening and shortening rate of the Jiamu area are 4.8 km and 2 mm/a respectively. The above-mentioned data coincide with the crustal shortening rate calculated from the growth strata in the Kuqa area, as well as the GPS measurements in the Lake Issyk area and the Korla-Urumqi area, reflecting the fast thrusting period within the shortening tectonic processes of the rejuvenation foreland basin in front of the southern foothill of the West Tianshan Mountains since Neogene.     

川鄂湘边区沉降史定量分析

运用回剥分析技术对川鄂湘边区沉降史作了定量研究 .研究表明 :川鄂湘边区的沉降作用受构造作用、海平面变化及沉积负载控制 ,共经历了 4个快速沉降期、4个缓慢沉降期、2个隆升期和1个块断差异沉降期 .快速沉降期对应于构造的强烈活动和海平面的快速上升 ,缓慢沉降期对应于构造活动的减弱 ,而隆升期往往对应于挤压上升和海平面的快速下降 .震旦纪 -早古生代沉降作用明显受构造作用控制 ,晚古生代的低沉降幅度可能是同期海平面变化引起的 ,三叠 -侏罗纪的沉降作用受控于同期的构造活动 ,同时海平面变化也对此时期的沉降作用有一定影响     

Geothermal field and thermotectonic evolution in Southern South Yellow Sea Basin

Based on the available borehole temperature data and measurements of thermal conductivities on 10 core samples in the Southern South Yellow Sea Basin, 8 heat flow values are obtained. The results show that the mean values of temperature gradient and heat flow are 28.6“C/km and 69 mW/m^2, respectivdy. The thermal history reconstruction from the inversion of vitrinite reflectance data, using the temperature-gradient method, indicates that the highest paleo-heat flow occurred at the end of the Mesozoic, and then the barn began to cool to present day. Tectonic subsidence analysis shows that the basin experienced at least four episodes of quick subsidence since the late Paleozoic and that the tectonic evolution was quite strong and complex.     

Crustal structure of the southeastern margin of the Ordos Block

We use a profile made up of teleseismic receiver functions to study the crustal thickness and structure of the southeastern margin of the Ordos Block.The Mohorovii discontinuity(Moho) has been identified beneath all stations.Its depth gradually decreases towards the southeast,from about 43 km in the Ordos Block to ~30 km near the northern margin of the Qinling Orogen.Our results show clear lateral variations in the structure of the crust and the features of the Moho.Accordingly,the study region can be divided into four parts:(1) Beneath the Ordos Block,the Moho is visible and flat at a depth of ~40 km.The crustal structure is best characterized by stable cratonic crust.(2) In the Weihe-Shanxi Graben,the Moho is uplifted by about 3 km,which may be the result of upwelling of upper mantle materials.(3) Under the Xionger-Funiu Mountains,the Moho is flat at a depth between 36 and 33 km,but becomes shallower towards the southeast.(4) In the Hehuai Basin,adjacent to the northern margin of the Qinling Orogen,the Moho shows strong lateral variations with a mean depth of ~31 km.The crustal structure here is complex,which may indicate a complicated tectonic environment.Additionally,the Moho is clearly interrupted at two locations(beneath stations st11 and st18) near major tectonic boundaries.These results suggest that the structure of the deep crust along the southeastern margin of the Ordos Block has great lateral variability,which strongly affects the complex geological features on the surface.Furthermore,these results can help us understand the interrelationships of different parts of the southeastern margin of the Ordos Block.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中、新生代沉降特征探讨

应用回剥分析方法(Backstripping analalysis)选取有代表性的四条剖面地层,计算了库车盆地中、新生代地层的沉降速率和沉积速率,其中构造沉降在早三叠世、早白垩世、上新世分别达到32.45 m/Ma、37.35 m/Ma和59.82 m/Ma的高峰,沉积速率曲线也清楚的揭示了库车盆地在演化过程中沉降速率起伏变化的特点.结合地震剖面上的构造证据以及岩相古地理、古生物化石证据,分析了库车盆地在中生代以来的构造演化过程,认为库车盆地自中生代以来的构造活动经历了挤压,应力松弛,构造伸展,挤压,应力松弛,再挤压等六个构造活动阶段,说明了盆地演化过程中构造活动的阶段性.由盆地的沉降特点、构造的活动性质,分析认为库车盆地是由三叠纪早期的前陆盆地经历了中生代应力松弛、盆地伸展以及晚白垩世的挤压隆升和剥蚀,经过早第三世的海侵,在新生代再次复活,是再生的前陆盆地.     

Space geodesy: subsidence and flooding in New Orleans

It has long been recognized that New Orleans is subsiding and is therefore susceptible to catastrophic flooding. Here we present a new subsidence map for the city, generated from space-based synthetic-aperture radar measurements, which reveals that parts of New Orleans underwent rapid subsidence in the three years before Hurricane Katrina struck in August 2005. One such area is next to the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet (MRGO) canal, where levees failed during the peak storm surge: the map indicates that this weakness could be explained by subsidence of a metre or more since their construction.     

Discussion on marine source rocks thermal evolvement patterns in the Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin,west China

Taking marine source rocks of lower Paleozoic in the Tarim Basin and Paleozoic ones in the Sichuan Basin as examples, their sedimentation process could be classified into four styles: continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in early stage, continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in later stage, that deeply buried-uplift-shallowly buried, and that shallowly buried-uplift-deeply buried. Unlike that in East China, the marine source rocks evolvement patterns did not accord with sedimentation styles one by one in superimposed basins in west China. Taking local geothermal field into account, four types of source rock evolvement patterns were built: that evolved fast in early stage, evolved fast in middle stage, evolved continuously and evolved in multistage. Among them, the 1st pattern contributed little to the present industrial oil pools directly, but paleo-oil reservoirs and gases cracked from crude oils were main exploration targets. Although some gases were found in the 2nd pattern, the scale was not big enough. For the 3rd and 4th patterns, the hydrocarbon potential depended on organic matters maturity in early stage. For relatively low mature rocks, it was possible to generate some oils in later stage; otherwise the main products were gases. Paleo-oil reservoirs remained fairly well in the Sichuan Basin, and most source rocks underwent kerogen-oil-gas processes, which was useful reference to gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

塔里木盆地库车地区早第三纪伸展盆地的证据

库车坳陷早第三纪伸展构造的证据有三，一是盆地在早第三纪时虽然沉陷范围较大，但沉陷速率较低。其沉降速率与处于伸展构造环境的侏罗、白垩纪盆地相似，而与处于挤压构造环境的三叠纪前陆盆地和晚第三纪前陆盆地相去甚远；二是在盆地东部吐格尔明背斜的北冀与南面塔北隆起的下第三系砾岩中发育有高角度的同生正断层；三是在盆地下第三系地层中发现的灰质砾岩、含砾灰岩等海相沉积和海相腹足类化石及膏盐层均运离古南天山造山带分布，剖面上也不具有前陆盆地沉积典型的楔状沉积的特征，由此不仅说明本区早第三纪海侵的存在，而且还说明在早第三纪发生过伸展作用。     

Abnormal overpressure distribution and natural gas accumulation in foreland basins, Western China

Abnormal overpressure occurs in the forelandbasins of Kuqa, South Junggar and West Sichuan in China.The pressure coefficients are high. Overpressure exists inwide areas and various strata. The layers of overpressurehave a very close relationship with lithology, and the area ofoverpressure is controlled by the piedmont depression. Themechanisms of overpressure formation in the Kuqa andSouth Junggar Depression include disequilibrium compac-tion and tectonic compression; the importance of these twofactors varies in different basins and in different stages of thesame basin. Different models of gas accumulation are estab-lished to explain the relationship between overpressure dis-tribution and gas pool formation, and the influence of over-pressure on the gas pools. These models include: (i) theviolent tectonic movement leads to the pool formation inoverpressure belt (Kela-2 gas field in Kuqa); (ii) the pres-sure releases at shallow part and the gas pool forms in latetime (Hutubi gas field in southern Junggar Basin); (iii)through the pressure transfer the gas migrates and accumu-lates (Xinchang gas field in Western Sichuan Basin).     

黄土丘陵区中小煤矿土地塌陷规律的探讨

通过对阳城县煤矿区中小煤矿土地塌陷数量、类型、程度以及塌陷破坏特征的调查,分析了造成土地塌陷的原因,探讨了黄土丘陵区中小煤矿在采煤过程中造成土地塌陷与上覆岩性、地层构造、地形地貌、煤层开采条件、采煤与顶板管理方法的关系,以及土地塌陷规律,为今后综合治理土地塌陷提供依据。     

台西南盆地岩石圈伸展及裂后沉降特征分析

计算有效弹性厚度和不同尺度的拉张因子,并结合裂后的沉积记录可以反映一个伸展性盆地的形成演化特征.运用基于弹性梁模型和挠曲均衡原理的二维构造模拟软件重点对横穿台西南盆地的一条地震地质剖面进行模拟.分析结果表明:1.5km为台西南盆地最合适的有效弹性厚度;岩石圈尺度的拉张因子在1.2～4.8之间,上地壳尺度的拉张因子在1.0～1.2之间,全地壳尺度的拉张因子在1.1～3.0之间,岩石圈伸展具有横向的非均质性和深度的依赖性;台西南盆地裂后阶段受陆架坡折形成、东沙运动两期构造运动影响较大,不同于典型伸展性盆地裂后沉降模式,沉降特征无明显规律性.     

Discussion on marine source rocks thermal evolvement patterns in the Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin, west China

Taking marine source rocks of lower Paleozoic in the Tarim Basin and Paleozoic ones in the Sichuan Basin as examples, their sedimentation process could be classified into four styles continuous subsldence with deep sedimentation in early stage, continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in later stage, that deeply buried-uplift-shallowly buried, and that shallowly buried-uplift-deeply buried.Unlike that in East China, the marine source rocks evolvement patterns did not accord with sedimentation styles one by one in superimposed basins in west China. Taking local geothermal field into account, four types of source rock evolvement patterns were built that evolved fast in early stage,evolved fast in middle stage, evolved continuously and evolved in multistage. Among them, the 1st pattern contributed little to the present industrial oil pools directly, but paleo-oil reservoirs and gases cracked from crude oils were main exploration targets. Although some gases were found in the 2nd pattern, the scale was not big enough. For the 3rd and 4th patterns, the hydrocarbon potential depended on organic matters maturity in early stage. For relatively low mature rocks, it was possible to generate some oils in later stage; otherwise the main products were gases. Paleo-oil reservoirs remained fairly well in the Sichuan Basin, and most source rocks underwent kerogen-oil-gas processes,which was useful reference to gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

苏州市地面沉降过程的模拟与预测

利用数理统计模型处理苏州市地面沉降观测数据,研究苏州市地面沉降在时空上的变化特征,并预测未来发展趋势。结果表明,苏州市地面沉降在空间上具有区域性特征,沉降幅度由北向南减小;在时间上有阶段性特征,沉降幅度逐渐变小。未来苏州市地面沉降将进一步趋缓。     

Characterization of individual fly ash particles in surface snow at Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Eastern Tianshan

This research aimed to identify and characterize individual spherical fly ash particles extracted from surface snow at Urumqi Glacier No.1 (UG1), Eastern Tien Shan, central Asia. Characterization of the spherical particles (i.e. morphology, chemical composition and genesis) was obtained by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX). This method enabled the characterization of submicroscopic spherical particles, which were present in very small quantities. Spherical particles and agglomerates were identified according to their morphology in five snow samples. Prevalent particle types in all samples were granular spherical particles, hollow spherical particles, irregularly shaped carbonaceous particles and agglomerates. The vast majority of spherical particles in our samples had mostly smooth and glossy surfaces, although these particles varied in diameter and elemental composition. The diameter of fly ash particles ranged from 0.76 to 16.7 m, with an average of 3.79 m (median: 3.21 m). Individual particle analyses of elemental composition showed that particles formed in combustion were mainly composed of carbon, silicon, aluminum and trace elements (e.g. Na, K, Ca, Fe). Some spherical fly ash particles contained toxic heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Cr, As, Zn), and indicated that fly ash particles acted as the main possible carriers of toxic heavy metals deposited in snow and ice of glaciers in high altitudes of central Asia. On the basis of chemical information obtained from EDX, the fly ash particles deposited in the snow could be classified into four types. Namely, Si-dominant particles, with average diameters of 3.24 m were formed by industrial coal combustion via high temperature processes in typical coal-fired heating stations and thermal power plants. Moreover, Fe-dominant particles, with average diameters of 3.82 m, and Ti-dominant spherical particles formed by lower temperature processes in foundry and iron or steel plants. In addition, C-dominant particles, with average diameters of 8.43 m, formed from unburned coal. Fe-dominant particles had larger average diameters than Sidominant particles, indicating that the former were easier to form and developed earlier in the furnace because of their differential melting points of compositional oxide. Backward air mass trajectory analysis suggests that the developed urban regions of central Asia contributed the primary fly ash particles from industrial combustion to the study site through the high-level westerlies jet steam.     

逆冲活动对准南前陆盆地层序构成的影响及意义

新近纪准噶尔盆地南缘是在北天山强烈逆冲构造背景下发育的前陆盆地.其新近系沙湾组-塔西河组可划分为1个二级层序,2个三级层序,均由角度不整合、平行不整合或沉积环境转换面所分隔.整个二级层序的沉积构成反映了从前陆逆冲挠曲沉降到回弹隆升的演化过程,层序1沉积构成明显受逆冲构造活动控制,而回弹隆起影响了构造相对宁静期的层序2内部沉积构成.新近纪逆冲构造活动阶段的内部演化,制约了同期的冲积扇-扇三角洲沉积体系.受逆冲构造活动影响,层序1(沙湾组)扇三角洲砂体不断向盆地推进,侧向连片,垂向上相互叠置形成厚度可观的储集体,其下伏前期深湖相烃源岩,离生烃中心近,上覆层序2(塔西河组)发育的大量细粒沉积物作为良好的盖层,易形成大型油气田.     

川西北若尔盖高原第四纪环境演变概要

若尔盖高原夷平面的塑造过程经历了 个相当长的时期 研究表明:1 新第三纪是主要塑造期 第四纪是高原边缘夷平面的破坏解体期 又是高原腹地继续夷平 熟的时期 高原腹地夷平面的构造解体为侵蚀—堆积所补偿2 第四纪高原湖泊历经兴衰.目前则处于衰亡时期3 气侯经过四次旋回波动 目前气温可能处于颤动下隆的晚期阶段.4 生态环境从多方面显示了它脆弱性