Positive feedback of winter ocean-atmosphere interaction in Northwest Pacific

Associated with East Asia Trough in the upper layer in winter, the Aleutian Low is the predominant atmos- pheric activity center in North Pacific. Previous re- searches on interannual or decadal variability of Aleu- tian Low[1―4] found that the Aleutian …     

单端反激式双输出开关电源设计

介绍了一种基于TOP246的单端反激式双输出开关电源设计,结合自制的脉冲变压器,用于交流85～265 V的宽电压输入,实现直流24 V/2 A高精度、直流12 V/1 A双输出。实验证明,设计在实际电路中表现出良好的电气特性,可以为相关设计提供较好的参考和借鉴。     

单端反激式双输出开关电源设计

介绍了一种基于TOP246的单端反激式双输出开关电源设计,结合自制的脉冲变压器,用于交流85～265 V的宽电压输入,实现直流24 V/2 A高精度、直流12 V/1 A双输出.实验证明,设计在实际电路中表现出良好的电气特性,可以为相关设计提供较好的参考和借鉴.     

Positive feedback of glutamate exocytosis by metabotropic presynaptic receptor stimulation.

Glutamate is important in several forms of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation, and in neuronal cell degeneration. Glutamate activates several types of receptors, including a metabotropic receptor that is sensitive to trans-1-amino-cyclopenthyl-1,3-dicarboxylate, coupled to G protein(s) and linked to inositol phospholipid metabolism. The activation of the metabotropic receptor in neurons generates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which causes the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and diacylglycerol, which activates protein kinase C. In nerve terminals, the activation of presynaptic protein kinase C with phorbol esters enhances glutamate release. But the presynaptic receptor involved in this protein kinase C-mediated increase in the release of glutamate has not yet been identified. Here we demonstrate the presence of a presynaptic glutamate receptor of the metabotropic type that mediates an enhancement of glutamate exocytosis in cerebrocortical nerve terminals. Interestingly, this potentiation of glutamate release is observed only in the presence of arachidonic acid, which may reflect that this positive feedback control of glutamate exocytosis operates in concert with other pre- or post-synaptic events of the glutamatergic neurotransmission that generate arachidonic acid. This presynaptic glutamate receptor may have a physiological role in the maintenance of long-term potentiation where there is an increase in glutamate release mediated by postsynaptically generated arachidonic acid.     

E2类隔离式软开关DC/DC变换器反馈电路的设计

在开关电源设计中,输出电压控制是高性能开关电源必须解决的关键问题.利用MC33262作为临界电流传导模式控制器的特性,设计了一个E2类软开关DC/DC交换器,并分析了其构成开关电源的整体电路结构和工作原理.最后根据电路稳定准则,给出了该变换器反馈环路的详细设计方法,较好地达到了预期目标.     

Balanced inhibition underlies tuning and sharpens spike timing in auditory cortex

Neurons in the primary auditory cortex are tuned to the intensity and specific frequencies of sounds, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying this tuning remain uncertain. Inhibition seems to have a functional role in the formation of cortical receptive fields, because stimuli often suppress similar or neighbouring responses, and pharmacological blockade of inhibition broadens tuning curves. Here we use whole-cell recordings in vivo to disentangle the roles of excitatory and inhibitory activity in the tone-evoked responses of single neurons in the auditory cortex. The excitatory and inhibitory receptive fields cover almost exactly the same areas, in contrast to the predictions of classical lateral inhibition models. Thus, although inhibition is typically as strong as excitation, it is not necessary to establish tuning, even in the receptive field surround. However, inhibition and excitation occurred in a precise and stereotyped temporal sequence: an initial barrage of excitatory input was rapidly quenched by inhibition, truncating the spiking response within a few (1-4) milliseconds. Balanced inhibition might thus serve to increase the temporal precision and thereby reduce the randomness of cortical operation, rather than to increase noise as has been proposed previously.     

Stabilization of microtubule dynamics at anaphase onset promotes chromosome segregation

Microtubules of the mitotic spindle form the structural basis for chromosome segregation. In metaphase, microtubules show high dynamic instability, which is thought to aid the 'search and capture' of chromosomes for bipolar alignment on the spindle. Microtubules suddenly become more stable at the onset of anaphase, but how this change in microtubule behaviour is regulated and how important it is for the ensuing chromosome segregation are unknown. Here we show that in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, activation of the phosphatase Cdc14 at anaphase onset is both necessary and sufficient for silencing microtubule dynamics. Cdc14 is activated by separase, the protease that triggers sister chromatid separation, linking the onset of anaphase to microtubule stabilization. If sister chromatids separate in the absence of Cdc14 activity, microtubules maintain high dynamic instability; this correlates with defects in both the movement of chromosomes to the spindle poles (anaphase A) and the elongation of the anaphase spindle (anaphase B). Cdc14 promotes localization of microtubule-stabilizing proteins to the anaphase spindle, and dephosphorylation of the kinetochore component Ask1 contributes to both the silencing of microtubule turnover and successful anaphase A.     

反馈网络的反馈系数与负载效应的函数性

给出了四种负反馈电路反馈系数F的精确计算公式和近似计算公式。证明了电压负反馈电路的反馈系数和反馈网络的负载效应,都是负载RL的函数。     

In vitro reactivation of anaphase spindle elongation using isolated diatom spindles

A key step for analysing the mechanochemistry of mitosis would be the isolation of a functional spindle capable of anaphase chromosome movement in vitro. Although Mazia and Dan first isolated spindles in 1952, with one or two possible exceptions, isolated spindles are non-functional. An alternative approach has used permeabilized cells to study anaphase chromosome movement, but these preparations are biochemically and morphologically complex, and hence difficult to analyse. We describe here a simple procedure for isolating diatom spindles which are capable of anaphase spindle elongation in vitro. With addition of ATP, the two half-spindles slide completely apart, with concomitant decrease in the zone of overlap. Electron microscopy reveals decreased numbers of microtubules throughout the spindle after ATP addition and confirms the complete absence of structures beyond the spindle poles. These results are inconsistent with theoretical models of mitosis which suggest that spindle poles are pushed apart by microtubule growth, are pulled apart by external forces applied to the poles, or are released from tension generated during spindle formation. The results are consitent with models that postulate mechanical interactions in the zone of microtubule overlap as a factor in spindle elongation.     

关于全局吸引子与全局弱吸引子

对Ｌｉéｎａｒｄ系统的全局半稳定、全局吸引子和全局弱吸引子给出若干充要条件和充分条件。     

Two mitotic kinesins cooperate to drive sister chromatid separation during anaphase

During anaphase identical sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the mitotic spindle. In the spindle, kinetochore microtubules have their plus ends embedded in the kinetochore and their minus ends at the spindle pole. Two models have been proposed to account for the movement of chromatids during anaphase. In the 'Pac-Man' model, kinetochores induce the depolymerization of kinetochore microtubules at their plus ends, which allows chromatids to move towards the pole by 'chewing up' microtubule tracks. In the 'poleward flux' model, kinetochores anchor kinetochore microtubules and chromatids are pulled towards the poles through the depolymerization of kinetochore microtubules at the minus ends. Here, we show that two functionally distinct microtubule-destabilizing KinI kinesin enzymes (so named because they possess a kinesin-like ATPase domain positioned internally within the polypeptide) are responsible for normal chromatid-to-pole motion in Drosophila. One of them, KLP59C, is required to depolymerize kinetochore microtubules at their kinetochore-associated plus ends, thereby contributing to chromatid motility through a Pac-Man-based mechanism. The other, KLP10A, is required to depolymerize microtubules at their pole-associated minus ends, thereby moving chromatids by means of poleward flux.     

基于脑电信号控制的机电开关装置设计

本文介绍一种基于脑电α波信号控制的电器开关装置．该装置通过操作者睁、闭眼调整脑电α波幅值来控制外接机电装置开关．文中给出了装置的设计原理、构成部件和控制功能．经受试者初步实验结果证明该装置具有无需繁复学习与生物反馈训练的易操作性，为进一步研究开发能实时操作使用的脑-机接口系统提供了技术基础．