金属团簇化学研究进展

<正>金属纳米团簇作为一种凝聚态物质的初始形态,在金属原子向金属纳米颗粒形成的过程中起着桥梁作用.由于其具有独特的物理化学性质,近年来受到了广泛关注,对其的研究已成为纳米领域的一个热点课题.相比于传统的金属纳米颗粒,金属纳米团簇由于具有单一分布的尺寸以及精确的结构等特点,在对凝聚态物质物理化学性质(如光学、催化性质)的机制阐述方面有着不可取代的理论研究价值.不仅如     

有机分子笼封装金属纳米团簇的合成策略与催化应用

金属纳米团簇是由若干金属原子组成的纳米材料，尺寸介于单个金属原子和纳米颗粒之间，具有独特的几何和电子结构，在催化反应中展现出良好的性能.然而裸露的金属纳米团簇由于表面能较高，在催化过程中容易聚集失活.近年来，有机分子笼(organic molecular cages,OMCs)作为一种新兴的多孔材料受到了广泛关注.将金属纳米团簇封装在有机分子笼的限域空间内不仅可以提高其粒径均一性，还可以提高稳定性.有机分子笼的孔道结构完全开放，封装在其内部的金属纳米团簇在氧化、还原、偶联、产氢等反应中仍保持较高的催化活性.本文简要总结了有机分子笼封装金属纳米团簇的合成策略以及这类材料在催化领域的应用.     

金属纳米团簇在电化学领域的应用研究进展

尺寸小于2nm的金属纳米团簇是由几个到几百个原子组成的纳米结构材料.对于金属纳米团簇,由于其大部分甚至所有金属原子可能暴露于表面而具有高的表面原子比例,该独特的原子堆积结构使其具有高的表面活性,因此其在催化反应中具有重要应用价值.同时,其明确的原子排列和堆积结构使其可作为模型催化剂,用于研究纳米结构-性能之间的关系.笔者简要总结了近年来金属纳米团簇的研究进展和现状,重点总结了其在电化学领域的应用,包括电催化和电化学传感,最后对其未来在电催化和电分析领域的应用前景进行了展望.     

金属纳米团簇在生物医学领域的研究进展

金属纳米团簇具有独特的超小尺寸和光、磁、催化等性能,以及优异的生物相容性等特征,在生物医学研究中备受关注.但其存在发光效率偏低、活体代谢速度较快等问题.为此介绍近几年通过合成优化和发光调控等方法提高金属纳米团簇的检测与成像灵敏度和肿瘤诊疗能力的研究进展.探究金属纳米团簇的肾代谢和生物酶催化性能;开发具有精确原子数、高效生物相容性和肿瘤靶向性的金属纳米团簇;突破其近红外发光量子产率限制,提高光声-磁共振造影等性能,将是未来该领域研究的重要方向.     

基于金纳米簇构建荧光传感方法在生化分析中的应用研究

近几年来,基于配体保护的金纳米簇的合成工艺迅速发展,采用各种生物和有机化合物合成配体,多种结构性质和功能迥异的金纳米簇被成功制备.并且相较于其他金属纳米簇,金纳米簇在表现出良好生物相容性和物化性质的同时还具有较高的稳定性和合成效率,受到了各个领域的广泛关注,尤其是在化学和生物物质的传感领域.本文综述了采用荧光传感方法,...     

MSn10(M=Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni)团簇的稳定性和磁性研究

采用密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)中的广义梯度近似(generalized gradient approximation,GGA)对Sn11团簇的4种同分异构体(对称性分别为D5h,D5d,D4h,D4d)的几何结构、电子结构计算研究,得出对称性为D5d的团簇最稳定.将Sn11团簇的中心原子替换成过渡金属原子成为MSn10(M=Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni)团簇,对其稳定性和磁性进行了分析.在Sn11团簇中将中心原子替换成过渡金属原子后,束缚能都变小了,说明过渡金属原子的替换提高了原锡团簇的稳定性,其中NiSn10团簇的束缚能最小,稳定性最强.过渡金属原子都具有一定的磁性,当把这些原子掺入锡团簇后,过渡金属原子的磁性都有所减弱,其中MSn10(M=Sc,Ti,V,Ni)团簇的磁性完全消失,其原因在于掺杂后,团簇中各原子的电荷分布发生了变化.     

MSn_（10）（M=Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni）团簇的稳定性和磁性研究

采用密度泛函理论（density functional theory,DFT）中的广义梯度近似（generalized gradient approximation,GGA）对Sn11团簇的4种同分异构体（对称性分别为D5h,D5d,D4h,D4d）的几何结构、电子结构计算研究,得出对称性为D5d的团簇最稳定.将Sn11团簇的中心原子替换成过渡金属原子成为MSn10（M=Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni）团簇,对其稳定性和磁性进行了分析.在Sn11团簇中将中心原子替换成过渡金属原子后,束缚能都变小了,说明过渡金属原子的替换提高了原锡团簇的稳定性,其中NiSn10团簇的束缚能最小,稳定性最强.过渡金属原子都具有一定的磁性,当把这些原子掺入锡团簇后,过渡金属原子的磁性都有所减弱,其中MSn10（M=Sc,Ti,V,Ni）团簇的磁性完全消失,其原因在于掺杂后,团簇中各原子的电荷分布发生了变化.     

纳米团簇二维人造晶格研究取得重要进展

纳米团簇由几个到几十个原子组成,原子尺度上的尺寸涨落或局域的排列非周期性都将导致其性质的戏剧性变化.制备大小均匀且具有严格空间周期分布的纳米团簇阵列是许多科技人员多少年来努力的方向,过去的研究发现,包含特殊个数(幻数)原子的团簇具有显著的稳定性。中国科学院物理研究所表面物理实验室薛其坤和贾金锋领导的研究小组巧妙地把这种稳定性和周期纳米模板相结合而使制备首次获得成功。     

Cu纳米团簇发光性能的调控研究

报道了通过硫醇配体实现Cu纳米团簇发光特性的调控.光致发光谱(PL)显示,在初始合成的2-巯基-5-正丙烷基嘧啶(MPP)包覆的Cu纳米团簇溶液中逐渐增加十二硫醇(C12SH)的浓度,Cu纳米团簇主发光峰的波长从623 nm逐渐蓝移到584 nm.质谱结果显示,在配体交换过程前后,Cu纳米团簇中Cu原子数目保持不变,但随加入的C12SH的浓度增加,C12SH逐渐取代原有的MPP配体.通过X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)技术进一步研究了溶液中发生配体交换过程的Cu纳米团簇的原子结构变化.结果表明,随着C12SH浓度的增加,金属特征的Cu—Cu配位消失,Cu—S键长从0.228 nm缩短到0.224 nm,同时Cu—S之间的电荷转移增多,C12SH的刻蚀使得Cu纳米团簇的原子构型由初始的四面体排布展开为"—S—Cu—S—"一维链状结构,导致团簇整体发生金属性到共价性的转变,从而引起光致发光和吸收波长的显著蓝移.     

纳米团簇淀积过程的分形聚集特征

采用惰性气体凝聚法获得非金属团簇淀积体。透射电子显微分析及动力学模拟结果表明：纳米团簇淀积体的生长、聚集过程对构成团簇的原子的热力学性质、团簇制备中的蒸发率和惰性气体气压及淀积温度等参数极为敏感。在团簇的淀积体中，随生长条件不同，将会出现不同的聚集结构。因此可在一定程度上定量控制团簇淀积体的聚集状态，获得特定的纳米结构图案。     

Copper nanoclusters: Synthesis,characterization and properties

Metal nanoclusters with a core size smaller than 2 nm have attracted much attention because of their unique physical and chemical properties.Among the studied metal nanoclusters,gold and silver have been studied extensively by size-controlled synthesis, structural characterization and properties investigations.Recently,considerable research effort has been devoted to the investiga- tion of copper nanoclusters.In this review,we highlight recent progress in the study of copper nanoclusters in terms of synthesis methods,characterization techniques and their novel optical and catalytic properties.     

DNA调控的银纳米簇的合成及应用进展

荧光银纳米簇具有独特的光电学及化学性质,凭借合成简便、荧光强度大、量子产率高、抗光漂白能力强、荧光发射波长可调及生物相容性好等优势,近年来在生物检测、成像分析等领域受到了越来越广泛的关注。前期研究人员进行了大量的DNA调控荧光银纳米簇的合成方法研究,本工作以此为基础,总结目前已取得的关于DNA序列、长度、二级结构等对银纳米簇荧光性质的影响规律,并详细介绍荧光银纳米簇在分析检测和生物成像应用方面的最新进展。相信随着荧光纳米簇材料的应用优势逐步凸显,该领域的研究将吸引更广泛的关注,并推动相关交叉学科的进展。     

Structural effects on the magnetic hyperthermia properties of iron oxide nanoparticles

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs) are heavily explored as diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to their low cost, tunable properties, and biocompatibility. In particular, upon excitation with an alternating current(AC) magnetic field, the NPs generate localized heat that can be exploited for therapeutic hyperthermia treatment of diseased cells or pathogenic microbes. In this review, we focus on how structural changes and inter-particle interactions affect the heating efficiency of iron oxide-based magnetic NPs. Moreover, we present an overview of the different approaches to evaluate the heating performance of IONPs and introduce a new theranostic modality based on magnetic imaging guided–hyperthermia.     

Chiral ligand-protected gold nanoclusters: Considering the optical activity from a viewpoint of ligand dissymmetric field

Chirality is a geometric property of a physical, chemical, or biological object, which is not superimposable on its mirror image. Its significant presence has led to a strong demand in the development of chiral drugs, sensors, catalysts, and photofunctional materials. In recent years, chirality of nanoscale organic/inorganic hybrids has received tremendous attention owing to potential applications in chiral nanotechnology. In particular, with the recent progress in the syntheses and characterizations of atomically precise gold nanoclusters protected by achiral thiolates, atomic level origins of their chirality have been unveiled. On the other hand, chirality or optical activity in metal nanoclusters can also be introduced via the surface chiral ligands, which should be universal for the nanosystems. This tutorial review presents some optically-active metal (gold) nanoclusters protected by chiral thiolates or phosphines, and their chiroptical (or circular dichroism; CD) properties are discussed mostly from a viewpoint of the ligand dissymmetric field scheme. The examples are the gold nanoclusters protected by (R)-/(S)-2-phenylpropane-1-thiol, (R)-/(S)-mercaptosuccinic acid, phenylboronate-D/L-fructose complexes, phosphine sulfonate-ephedrinium ion pairs, or glutathione. Some methodologies for versatile asymmetric transformation and chiroptical controls of the nanocluster compounds are also described. In the dissymmetric field model as the origin of optical activity, the chiroptical responses of the gold nanoclusters are strongly associated with coupled oscillator and/or CD stealing mechanisms based on the concept of induced CD (ICD) derived from a perturbation theory, so on this basis, some characteristic features of the observed CD responses of chiral ligand-protected gold nanoclusters are presented in detail. We believe that various kinds of origins of chirality found in ligand-protected gold nanoclusters may provide models for understanding those of many related nanomaterials.     

Three-dimensional atomic-scale structure of size-selected gold nanoclusters

An unambiguous determination of the three-dimensional structure of nanoparticles is challenging. Electron tomography requires a series of images taken for many different specimen orientations. This approach is ideal for stable and stationary structures. But ultrasmall nanoparticles are intrinsically structurally unstable and may interact with the incident electron beam, constraining the electron beam density that can be used and the duration of the observation. Here we use aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, coupled with simple imaging simulation, to determine with atomic resolution the size, three-dimensional shape, orientation and atomic arrangement of size-selected gold nanoclusters that are preformed in the gas phase and soft-landed on an amorphous carbon substrate. The structures of gold nanoclusters containing 3096 atoms can be identified with either Ino-decahedral, cuboctahedral or icosahedral geometries. Comparison with theoretical modelling of the system suggests that the structures are consistent with energetic considerations. The discovery that nanoscale gold particles function as active and selective catalysts for a variety of important chemical reactions has provoked much research interest in recent years. We believe that the detailed structure information we provide will help to unravel the role of these nanoclusters in size- and structure-specific catalytic reactions. We note that the technique will be of use in investigations of other supported ultrasmall metal cluster systems.     

发光铜纳米粒子的制备及其在生化传感、环境监测中的应用综述

发光铜纳米簇具有与金、银贵金属纳米簇相媲美的荧光性质,还具有原料储量丰富、制备经济、合成过程简便等优点,具有广阔的应用前景。系统地介绍了铜纳米簇的主要性质、制备方法及应用现状,重点总结了近年来荧光铜纳米簇在生化传感器、生物探针、细胞成像、环境标志物检测等领域的应用进展。     

水溶性荧光金银纳米簇的生物效应研究进展

荧光金属纳米簇是一种具有独特物理化学特性的新型纳米材料,在生物医学的许多应用中显示出巨大的潜力.阐明它们在复杂的生物环境中的行为对于设计基于金属纳米簇的高效、安全的纳米医药至为关键.在这篇综述中,概述了水溶性的金属纳米簇与生物体系相互作用的最新研究进展,讨论了影响这些生物相互作用过程中的关键参数,并对未来金属纳米簇的生物效应的研究做了展望.     

金原子簇催化应用的研究进展

在最近的10年里,原子精确的金原子簇(AunLm,L为有机配体)已经被证明是一种新型的纳米金催化剂.不同尺寸的AunLm催化剂表现出独特的电子和晶体结构,为关联催化性能和催化剂结构的内在关系及研究纳米金催化的化学反应机制提供了新的研究平台.在这篇综述中,主要介绍金原子簇催化剂在催化反应中的应用,如选择性氧化和加氢,及C—C偶联反应等,同时,也讨论金原子簇催化剂的尺寸效应、配体效应(例如,芳香族vs脂肪族)、杂金属掺杂(如铜、银、钯、铂)等.最后,在原子尺度上研究了金原子簇催化的反应机制以及结构-活性的构建关系.