化学驱产出污水回注技术在渤海石油能源开发中的研究与意义

针对渤海化学驱油田产出水特点,开展产出含聚污水配制聚合物并回注地层的再利用技术研究,研究结果表明:污水中的残留聚合物、悬浮物和乳化油对储层的渗透率具有一定的影响;在污水水质的控制指标为残留聚合物≤600 mg/L、乳化油≤50 mg/L、悬浮物≤25 mg/L时,污水配成的2,000 mg/L聚合物溶液的阻力系数值为5.61,残余阻力系数为2.27,说明聚合物溶液发挥了扩大波体积的作用,对于减轻产出化学驱液处理压力,突破海上油田化学驱的产出液处理技术瓶颈,最大限度减少含油污水的危害性,实现废弃资源的再利用,具有重要意义。     

含聚污水配制稀释聚合物体系性能研究

为研究大庆油田聚合物驱油过程中含聚污水配制聚合物体系对聚合物性能的影响,通过配制等浓度的驱油体系,对体系的黏度和抗剪切性能、黏弹性、稳定性、分子线团尺寸的测定,确定了含聚污水对聚合物性能的影响。结果表明:在配制浓度相同的条件下,聚合物溶液体系储能模量、损耗模量、黏度稳定性、分子线团尺寸和抗剪切性随污水含聚浓度增加而增加,清水体系性能优于污水体系性能,物化污水体系性能优于生化污水体系性能,污水中的残余聚合物具有良好的增黏性。因此含聚污水对聚合物体系性能具有一定的提升,可以作为配制聚合物的用水。     

聚合物驱采油污水增黏稳黏剂SC的研制

针对影响污水聚合物溶液初始黏度和稳定性的主要因素,从消除或降低其对聚合物溶液影响的角度,研制开发出了既能较大幅度提高聚合物溶液初始黏度又能使黏度保持相对稳定的采油污水增黏稳黏剂SC.孤东油田采油污水经SC处理后配成1500mg/L聚合物溶液,初始黏度提高38%以上,略高于清水配母液污水稀释聚合物溶液,40d后的黏度比污水、清水聚合物溶液分别高出85.9%和61.2%.SC处理采油污水后可以代替清水配制聚合物溶液.     

电渗析处理含聚合物污水研究

首次用电渗析对油田含聚合物污水进行脱盐处理 .研究了电压和流量对离子去除率的影响 :电压升高 ,去除率增大 ;流量增大 ,去除率减小 .研究了电压和流量对能耗的影响 :流量对能耗的影响很小 ,电压越高 ,能耗越大 .用降矿化度后的淡水配制的 1 0 0 0 mg/L聚合物溶液的黏度比用清水配制的高 1 1 .9m Pa· s,抗剪切性能也优于清水配制的聚合物溶液 ,因此完全可以代替清水进行聚合物驱油 .该技术能减少含聚污水外排对环境造成的污染 ,实现含聚污水的闭路循环     

电渗析回用聚驱污水为配聚用水的试验研究

由于大庆油田聚驱污水的矿化度较高(约4 000 mg/L),其中大量的K 、Na 、Ca2 、Mg2 等阳离子能引起聚合物较大的黏度损失,所以聚合物只能用低矿化度清水配制.选用电渗析来降低聚驱污水的矿化度,通过小型电渗析的现场试验,证明电渗析对矿化度的去除率可达90%以上,能显著改善聚驱污水的配聚性能,并且处理后的低矿化度聚驱污水能够达到或超过清水的配聚效果,从而可以代替清水用于现场配制聚合物溶液驱油;此外要使聚驱污水达到和清水一样的配聚效果,电渗析的脱盐能耗只为0.95 kW.h/m3,低于购买清水的价格,是一种经济有效的降矿化度技术,适用于处理聚驱污水.     

污水配制聚合物对提高采收率影响研究

利用纵向非均质人造岩心,进行了聚合物驱提高采收率的物理模拟实验。研究污水配制聚合物溶液对提高采收率的影响。实验结果表明,同浓度下,用污水配制或稀释聚合物溶液,其黏度比清水配制的低,相应的采收率也低。在水型和聚合物浓度相同的条件下,抗盐聚合物驱采收率增幅比普通聚合物高1.3%—2.5%;而且水质越差,差别越明显。说明抗盐聚合物更适用于污水配制聚合物进行驱油。黏度相同而水型不同的聚合物溶液,其注入压力也不同。清水配制并稀释的聚合物溶液具有最低注入压力。     

采出污水配制聚合物溶液的影响因素研究

研究了聚合物驱采出污水中Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Fe3+六种离子对聚合物溶液初始黏度的影响和溶解氧、阳离子、粘土矿物以及细菌对其稳定性的影响程度,提出了采出污水配注聚合物的参考控制指标和限度。研究结果表明,高价金属阳离子是影响聚合物水溶液初始黏度的主要因素,其由大到小的顺序为Fe2+＞Fe3+＞Mg2+＞Ca2+＞Na+＞K+。配制用水的基本要求是不含铁离子,Ca2+离子含量控制在200mg/L以下,最好控制在50mg/L以下;Mg2+离子含量控制在100mg/L以下,最好控制在30mg/L以下;Na+、K+离子含量应该控制在2000mg/L以下,最好控制在500mg/L以下。高价金属离子和溶解氧是影响聚合物溶液黏度稳定性的主要因素,其由大到小的顺序为：Fe2+>Mg2+(Ca2+)>Fe3+>Na+(K+),一价阳离子和悬浮物对聚合物溶液黏度稳定性也有一定影响,细菌对其影响相对较小。     

含聚污水深度过滤过程模拟及技术界限优化

针对油田清水资源宝贵、深度处理后的污水水源不足背景下地面系统注采水量失衡的问题，开展了含聚污水在普通处理后进行“双层级配滤料+三层级配滤料”两级过滤的深度处理技术研究，考虑水质含聚浓度的变化及其与过滤工艺参数的关联性，利用数值模拟方法描述了深度过滤流场中油珠及悬浮物粒子的聚集分布特征，确定了深度过滤出水水质中含油与悬浮物含量的变化。结果表明，对含聚污水进行深度过滤而实现油含量、悬浮物含量均控制在5.00 mg/L以内的水质指标是可行的，优化建立的含聚污水深度过滤技术界限关系图版可为提升含聚污水处理指标和效率、保障含聚污水处理工艺运行的负荷与平稳性提供有益指导。     

阳离子聚合物处理油田采油污水研究

为了使油田含油污水处理后能达到回用标准,通过阳离子聚合物与聚合铝复配对油田采油污水处理进行了研究.结果表明聚合物分子量为120万,加入浓度为0.5~1.0mg/L时,与聚合铝复配后,对采油污水中的悬浮物、含油量及CODcr的去除率分别达到99.7%,97.7%及92.0%,并使处理后水中悬浮物及含油量分别降低到1.2mg/L及5.0mg/L,达到了油田回用水水质标准.复配体系对含油污水的处理效果受污水pH值及温度的影响,但影响比单独使用聚合铝时小.     

聚驱高矿化度采出污水配制聚合物溶液方法研究

针对大庆油田采油四厂的污水矿化度高等问题,通过模拟污水中各种离子和矿化度来研究聚合物溶液黏度的影响因素,得出水的矿化度越高,聚合溶液的黏度越低;Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+含量越高聚合物溶液的黏度越低.破乳剂、防垢剂、防蜡剂对聚合物溶液黏度无影响,絮凝剂和杀菌剂使聚合物溶液黏度降低.对于采油四厂的高矿化度污水应用电渗析法研究矿化度降低的情况.研究表明,电渗析方法可以大幅度地降低水的矿化度,并且可以有效地去除所有离子.电渗析方法处理后的淡水所配制的聚合物溶液的黏度远高于处理前的污水所配制的聚合物溶液的黏度,故处理后的淡水可以用于配制聚合物溶液.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that