Orientation of the peptide formation of N-phosphoryl amino acids in solution

The peptide formation of N-phosphoryl amino acids with amino acids proceeds in aqueous solution without any coupling reagents. After being separated in sephadex gel column, the phosphoryl dipeptides were analyzed by the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESIMS/ MS). The result demonstrates that phosphoryl dipeptides were detected in all the reaction systems. It is found that the formation of N-phosphoryl dipeptides is oriented: the N-terminal amino acid residues of the N-phosphoryl dipeptides are from N-phosphoryl amino acids, and the peptide elongation happened at the C-terminal. Only a-dipeptide, no β-dipeptide, is formed in the N-phosphoryl dipeptides, showing that a-carboxylic group is activated selectively by N-phosphorylation. Theoretical calculation shows that the peptide formation of N-phosphoryl amino acids might happen through a penta-coordinate carboxylic-phosphoric intermediate in solution. These results might give some clues to the study on the origin of proteins and protein biosynthesis.     

Mechanism of promoted dipeptide formation on hydroxyapatite crystal surfaces

The formation of dipeptides from amino acids can be driven by hydroxyapatite at a relatively low temperature in air. For example, the formation of (Ala)₂ from Ala is induced on hydroxyapatite at 110°C with considerable yield. Typically, condensing agents, high temperatures (>250°C) or high pressures (>25 MPa) are required to drive the condensation of amino acids. Similar effects are observed in the condensation of Gly, Glu and Asp. Experiments demonstrate that hydroxyapatite is an effective inorganic catalytic agent, reducing the activation barrier for the formation of dipeptides by more than 50%. HAP promotes condensation by adsorbing amino acid monomers in an organized manner, which decreases the distance between amino and carboxyl groups on neighboring molecules and extends the contact time of the reaction groups. This work provides a chemical understanding of the primitive condensation of amino acids and reveals a mechanism for enhancement of mineral catalysts. It is important that the conditions used for hydroxyapatite-assisted dipeptide formation are not harsh and can be readily achieved, revealing a possible mechanism for the chemical evolution of biomolecules over geologic ages.     

Apoptosis induced by （DIPP-L-Leu）2-L-Lys-OCH3 in K562 cells

Apoptosis as a mechanism of deleting cells from tissues plays an important role in physiological and varieties of pathological situations, especially cancer conditions. In order to search for tumor cells apoptosis inducers, the inhibition effects on K562 cells of N-phosphoryl dipeptide methyl esters were studied by MTT assays, and (DIPP-L-Leu)2-L-Lys-OCH3 was the compound which had the best activity. From the studies of the typical apoptotic morphologic changes, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, and flow cytometry analysis, it could be concluded that (DIPP-L-Leu)2-L-Lys-OCH3 could induce apoptosis of K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the IC50 was 22.66 μmol/L according to MTT assays.     

Molecular cloning of cDNA for murine interleukin-3

The cDNA sequence for murine interleukin-3, one of the colony stimulating factors that regulate haematopoiesis, codes for a polypeptide of 166 amino acids including a putative signal peptide. The predicted amino acid sequence indicates that formation of mature interleukin-3 involves proteolytic removal of not only the signal peptide but additional amino-terminal amino acids.     

尼罗罗非鱼Hepcidin基因结构与序列分析

Hepcidins是一类具有调节铁代谢功能的抗菌肽.利用RT-PCR、RACE和LA等技术,以尼罗罗非鱼[Oreochro-mis niloticus(Linnaens)]肝脏中分离和克隆到Hepcidin基因.其全长cDNA为505 bp(不包括polyA),5′端非翻译区有85 bp,3′非编码区为156 bp,阅读框为264 bp.其编码的氨基酸包括信号肽和前体肽等,前体肽进一步酶解产生22个氨基酸的活性肽,该活性肽具有Hepcidin基因家族特有8个半胱氨酸的保守序列.罗非鱼的Hepcidin基因结构包含3个外显子和2个内含子.本研究为今后阐明Hepcidin基因表达特性、表达产物理化性质、抗菌活性及其相关功能等奠定基础.     

Mechanism of intramolecular mixed anhydride formation as intermediates in the reactions of N-phosphorylamino-acids──An MNDO research

N-phosphoryl-α-amino acids can react to form esters, peptides, phosphoryl ester-exchanged products and phosphoryl group migration products under mild conditions, which are very important in researches on arohebiont. It has been proposed that intramolecular mixed carboxylic-phosphoric anhydrides (IMCPAs) might be the common intermediates of the reactions, which are difficult to be experimentally observed because of their high activity. In this note, it has been revealed, by means of MNDO, that the IMCPAs are situated at the relatively minimal points of the potential surface and can form in a non-synchronous concerted reaction pathway that passes through a transition state with a hydrogen-bond-bridge structure. The results give a successful explanation to the structure and formation of IMCPAs and their ability to promote the various reactions mentioned above.     

Relative helix-forming tendencies of nonpolar amino acids

An important issue in understanding the relationship between protein sequence and structure is the degree to which different amino acids favour the formation of particular types of secondary structure. Estimates of the 'helix-forming tendency' of amino acids have been made based on 'host-guest' experiments, in which copolymers are made of the amino acid of interest (the 'guest') and a host residue (typically hydroxypropyl- or hydroxybutyl-L-glutamine). Recently, however, short alanine-based peptides were found to form stable monomeric helices in water, contrary to the result predicted from host-guest experiments. We have now measured the helix-forming tendency of five different nonpolar amino acids (Ala, Ile, Leu, Phe, Val) by substituting each in turn for alanine in a 17-residue alanine-based peptide and determining the extent of alpha-helix formation. Our results differ from those of host-guest experiments both in the degree of variation in helix-forming tendency of different amino acids, and in the rank order of the helix-forming tendency. We conclude that the helix-forming tendency of a particular amino acid depends on the sequence context in which it occurs; and the restriction of side-chain rotamer conformations is important in determining the helix-forming tendency.     

草鱼多肽功能性质及营养价值

研究草鱼多肽的溶解性、起泡性、乳化性、吸湿保湿性和稳定性等功能性质,以及草鱼多肽的氨基酸组成,并评价其营养价值。结果表明草鱼多肽具有良好的功能特性。草鱼多肽粉18种氨基酸总质量分数为90.94%,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸质量分数的41.33%;草鱼多肽的生物价、必需氨基酸指数、营养指数和氨基酸比值系数分别为71.51,76.34,74.81和77.19。草鱼多肽的氨基酸组成平衡、合理,是一种优质的蛋白质资源。     

电渗析法处理氨基酸废水

对文题进行了研究。结果表明:用电渗析法净化酸性氨基酸(AA)废水,净化后的水质COD约为20mg/L,处理每吨废水的电耗约为1kW·h/m~3;电渗析法可把废水净化和AA浓缩相结合,在操作电压30V,终点电流0.23A,隔室内流速4cm/s,温度21.2℃的条件下,浓缩水和净化水的浓度比达500,浓缩水中AA的浓度为0.1mol。     

海水中氨基酸对Cu(Ⅱ)-粘土粒子相互作用的影响

对天然海水中氨基酸－ 金属铜离子Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）－ 粘土三元体系中三元表面配合物形成及影响因素进行了研究⒀采用交换吸附百分率ＥＣｕ（Ⅱ）～ｐＨ关系曲线法研究表明,一定浓度范围内氨基酸对铜离子Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）在高岭石上的交换吸附百分率ＥＣｕ（Ⅱ）～ｐＨ关系曲线（Ｓ型曲线） 的影响有“左右摆动”规律, 认为体系中形成了三元表面配合物 ＳＯＨＬＭ （新型（Ⅱ）类）; 实验比较了三种氨基酸的影响⒀三元表面配合物的形成主要受固体粒子表面结构、氨基酸存在形式以及它们的络合能力等的影响     

利用噬菌体肽库筛选小肽免疫抑制剂

利用MT-2细胞系特异性表达白细胞介素2受体α(IL-2R α)在细胞表面,作为靶蛋白在噬菌体六肽库中筛选,经过4轮筛选得到能特异性结合IL-2R α的配体,挑选出与IL-2R α亲和性高的21个噬菌体克隆,经过DNA测序,得到3组肽序列,其中2组序列分别与白细胞介素2(IL-2)的N端17-24(LLLDLQMI)序列和C端114-121(IVEFLNRW)序列相似,另外一组与IL-2R β和γ有共同的保守序列(WSXWS)相似.因此推测这些筛选到的序列可能模拟IL-2与受体α相互作用的位点和IL-2R β,γ与α结合的位点.根据筛选结果,进一步合成了一个九肽AIVEFLNRW,以ConA诱导的淋巴细胞转化实验为模型,观察到这个肽在终浓度≥31.3μg/mL时抑制效果明显.     

斑马鱼3种胰蛋白酶原基因的克隆、序列分析及组织表达

 胰蛋白酶是丝氨酸蛋白酶类超家族成员之一,在动物蛋白消化中起着重要作用。为深入研究胰蛋白酶在鱼类中的蛋白结构和生理功能,利用RT-PCR和RACE方法,成功获得了斑马鱼3种胰蛋白酶原cDNA序列(zftry1a、zftry1b和zftry2)。结果表明,zftry1a和zftry1b均有242个氨基酸残基组成,其中包括15个氨基酸的信号肽和5个氨基酸(LDDDK)的激活肽。zftry2由247个氨基酸残基组成,其中包括15个氨基酸的信号肽和9个氨基酸(APLGDDDDK)的激活肽。氨基酸序列比对结果显示,三者具备胰蛋白酶原的保守结构特征,如含有催化三联体氨基酸(His-57、Asp-102和Ser-195),12个半胱氨酸,位于底物结合口袋底部Asp-189和口袋开口处的Gly-216、Gly-226等。进化树结果显示,斑马鱼zftry1a和zftry1b属于group I,为阴离子胰蛋白酶原;斑马鱼zftry2属于group II,为阳离子型胰蛋白酶原。RT-PCR结果显示,三者组织分布模式类似,且在肠中有最高表达量。这些结果为研究鱼类胰蛋白酶原的基因进化和功能以及进一步探讨鱼类消化生理的分子机制奠定了基础。     

Large differences in the helix propensities of alanine and glycine

The standard view of alpha helix formation in water, based on helix propensities determined by the host-guest method, is that differences in helix propensity among the amino acids are small, except for proline, and that the average value of the helix propagation parameter s is near 1. A contradictory view of alpha helix formation in water is emerging from substitution experiments with short, unique-sequence peptides that contain only naturally occurring amino acids. Short peptides that contain only alanine and lysine, or alanine and glutamate, form surprisingly stable monomeric helices in water and substitution of a single alanine residue by another amino acid in these or related peptides produces a wide range of changes in helix content, depending on which amino acid is substituted for alanine. We show here that the ratio of the helix propensities of alanine to glycine is large, about 100, in substitution experiments with a 17-residue reference peptide containing alanine and lysine. The helix propensity is identified with s, the helix propagation parameter of the statistical mechanics model for alpha helix formation, and the results are interpreted by the Lifson-Roig theory. Single alanine----glycine substitutions have been made at a series of positions in individual peptides. The helix-destabilizing effect of an Ala----Gly substitution depends strongly on its position in the helix, as predicted by the Lifson-Roig theory if the ratio of s values for Ala:Gly is large.     

酶解牛肉多肽粉的营养评价

牛肉经酶解后喷雾干燥,得到酶解牛肉多肽粉,对其进行营养成分分析结果显示:其蛋白质含量87.5%,总脂肪含4.54%,氨基酸种类齐全,构成比例符合WHO/FAO标准,其人体需要量最大的赖氨酸和亮氨酸含量高,对人体有益元素含量由高到低分别为Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe、Cu.富含维生素E、B1、B2.酶解牛肉多肽粉是一种高蛋白、低脂肪的功能性保健品,具有很高的开发潜力.     

Sequence of cDNA encoding human insulin-like growth factor I precursor

Somatomedins (SM) or insulin-like growth factors (IGF) constitute a heterogeneous group of peptides with important growth-promoting effects in vitro as well as in vivo. Amino acid sequences have been determined for only two of them, IGF-I and IGF-II, which are highly homologous. IGF-I, which is identical with SM-C, is composed of 70 amino acid residues and IGF-II contains 73 amino acids and may be identical with SM-A. Other peptides with different charge properties but with similar SM-like or insulin-like behaviour in biological and receptor assays, have been described but have not yet been fully characterized. The liver is known to be a major site of production of these peptides, but many other tissues--especially in the fetus--may synthesize them as well. We report here the nucleotide sequence of a human liver cDNA encoding the complete amino acid sequence of IGF-I. The IGF-I coding region is flanked by sequences encoding an amino-terminal peptide of at least 25 amino acid residues and a carboxyl-terminal peptide of 35 amino acids. This provides evidence that IGF-I is synthesized as a precursor protein and that formation of IGF-I from this precursor requires proteolytic processing at both ends.     

斑马鱼cGnRH-Ⅱ的基因克隆与序列分析

从斑马鱼脑组织提取总RNA,应用RT--PCR方法克隆eGnRH cDNA,其长度为646bp,包括一个258bp开放阅读框;编码的cGnRH-Ⅱ前体为86个氨基酸残基,由一个信号肽、GnRH十肽和一个由蛋白水解位点（Gly—Lys—Arg）连接的促性腺激素释放激素相关肽（GAP）组成;其中信号肽和联接肽的长度分别为24和49个氨基酸．该eDNA编码的cGnRH-Ⅱ的前体氨基酸序列与其他物种的cGnRH-Ⅱ前体一致．表明物种问cGnRH—Ⅱ cDNA的蛋白编码区高度保守,而非编码区的保守性程度很低．进化分析表明,斑马鱼与鲤鱼、鲫鱼、拟鲤、黑头软口鲦等淡水的鲤科鱼类的同源性较高．     

薄层层析—光度法对蜂集花粉中氨基酸的定性定量分析

本文以党参、油菜、水烛及罂粟等4种植物的蜂集花粉进行醇—水提取,经离子交换柱后得到游离氨基酸样品,提取后的花粉残渣以6ml/l盐酸封管水解制得结合氨基酸样品。两种样品经硅胶薄层双向展开鉴定了上述花粉中游离、结合氨基酸的种类,并进行色斑提取,经光度分析测定出相应的含量。本法简便可靠,特别适合于含未知结构氨基酸样品的制备分离及分析。     

脯氨酸顺式肽键与氨基酸序列关联的统计分析

通过对蛋白质空间结构样板库SLCTBASE中包含顺式脯氨酸的序列进行统计分析,发现了顺式肽键脯氨酸与其序列周围氨基酸存在较强的关联。根据单个氨基酸与构象的关联信息,构造了含脯氨酸序列的顺式构象势函数,利用这个构象势可将顺式脯氨酸信噪比由5．4％提高至30％以上。     

超滤分离对马氏珍珠贝肉蛋白酶解液特性的影响

研究了马氏珍珠贝肉蛋白酶解液在超滤过程中膜通量的变化及超滤前后感官评价、肽分子量分布以及氨基酸的变化,对超滤膜的选择性及分离效果进行了评价和分析.实验结果表明,马氏珍珠贝肉蛋白酶解液在超滤过程中,随着超滤时间的延长,膜通量不断减小,透过液的鲜味明显提高,腥味和苦味基本消失,透过液中含有分子量大于截留分子量（5000 Da）的多肽,超滤膜实际有效截留分子量约为7000 Da~8000 Da,分子量小于4500 Da左右的多肽在透过液中得到有效富集.超滤处理后,同一氨基酸在总氨基酸和游离氨基酸中含量的变化均不一致,透过液肽态氨基酸中鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸比例高于原酶解液,而苦味氨基酸和疏水性氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例均低于原酶解液.