Lubrication by charged polymers

Long-ranged forces between surfaces in a liquid control effects from colloid stability to biolubrication, and can be modified either by steric factors due to flexible polymers, or by surface charge effects. In particular, neutral polymer 'brushes' may lead to a massive reduction in sliding friction between the surfaces to which they are attached, whereas hydrated ions can act as extremely efficient lubricants between sliding charged surfaces. Here we show that brushes of charged polymers (polyelectrolytes) attached to surfaces rubbing across an aqueous medium result in superior lubrication compared to other polymeric surfactants. Effective friction coefficients with polyelectrolyte brushes in water are lower than about 0.0006-0.001 even at low sliding velocities and at pressures of up to several atmospheres (typical of those in living systems). We attribute this to the exceptional resistance to mutual interpenetration displayed by the compressed, counterion-swollen brushes, together with the fluidity of the hydration layers surrounding the charged, rubbing polymer segments. Our findings may have implications for biolubrication effects, which are important in the design of lubricated surfaces in artificial implants, and in understanding frictional processes in biological systems.     

Liquid-crystal-mediated self-assembly at nanodroplet interfaces

Technological applications of liquid crystals have generally relied on control of molecular orientation at a surface or an interface. Such control has been achieved through topography, chemistry and the adsorption of monolayers or surfactants. The role of the substrate or interface has been to impart order over visible length scales and to confine the liquid crystal in a device. Here, we report results from a computational study of a liquid-crystal-based system in which the opposite is true: the liquid crystal is used to impart order on the interfacial arrangement of a surfactant. Recent experiments on macroscopic interfaces have hinted that an interfacial coupling between bulk liquid crystal and surfactant can lead to a two-dimensional phase separation of the surfactant at the interface, but have not had the resolution to measure the structure of the resulting phases. To enhance that coupling, we consider the limit of nanodroplets, the interfaces of which are decorated with surfactant molecules that promote local perpendicular orientation of mesogens within the droplet. In the absence of surfactant, mesogens at the interface are all parallel to that interface. As the droplet is cooled, the mesogens undergo a transition from a disordered (isotropic) to an ordered (nematic or smectic) liquid-crystal phase. As this happens, mesogens within the droplet cause a transition of the surfactant at the interface, which forms new ordered nanophases with morphologies dependent on surfactant concentration. Such nanophases are reminiscent of those encountered in block copolymers, and include circular, striped and worm-like patterns.     

铝金属薄膜上制备OTS自组装分子膜的摩擦学特性

为研究铝金属薄膜上三氯十八硅烷(OTS)自组装分子膜的摩擦学特性,采用自组装的方法在铝金属薄膜上制备OTS自组装分子膜,分析了纳米尺度和毫牛尺度下载荷、滑动速度以及紫外照射对薄膜摩擦学特性的影响.结果表明:制备的OTS自组装分子膜具有疏水特性和良好的润滑性能.紫外照射5 min后,自组装分子膜摩擦力降低;紫外照射15 min时,自组装分子膜的网状结构受到破坏,减弱了润滑效果.在纳米尺度和毫牛尺度下,摩擦力随载荷和滑动速度的增大而增大;铝金属薄膜摩擦系数降低时,自组装分子膜磨损显著降低,摩擦副的耐久性略有提高.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of atomic-scale friction in diamond-silver sliding system

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to explore the atomic-scale sliding friction, especially the stick-slip friction, in a system consisting of a diamond slider and a silver substrate. The mechanisms of the stick-slip behavior are investigated by considering sliding speeds between 10 m/s and 200 m/s.The analyses of the shear distance between the upmost layer and the downmost layer and displacements of a column of atoms in the slider show that shearing deformation of the slider is the main cause of the stick-slip phenomenon. Our simulations also present that a commensurate fit between the two contact surfaces is unimportant for the stick-slip friction.     

混合润滑状态下渐开线直齿轮啮合效率分析

针对齿轮通常在混合润滑状态下工作的实际情况,对齿轮啮合面进行受力分析,结合弹流润滑和边界润滑两种摩擦系数,建立了混合润滑状态下的动态摩擦系数数学模型.建立了以瞬时压力角为变量的齿轮滑动摩擦功耗和滚动摩擦功耗数学模型,避免了现有的沿啮合线积分的功耗模型存在原理误差的问题.最后,对提出的混合润滑状态下渐开线直齿轮啮合功耗进行仿真,并与弹流润滑仿真、实验数据进行比较分析,验证了混合润滑状态下渐开线直齿轮摩擦系数模型以及啮合效率模型的可行性.     

Atomic stick-slip friction between commensurate self-assembled monolayers

The classical molecular dynamics simulations have been used to examine the compression and friction between commensurate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au (111). The friction force changes in a period corresponding to the geometric structure of sliding surfaces. The simulations reveal an ordered atomic stick-slip motion and discontinuous movements of diverse monomers, mainly head and tail groups. All of the head groups of the static film have 2～3 metastable positions (MPs). They oscillate around one of the MPs in stick phases and jump simultaneously to a new MP in slip phases. The tail groups of the sliding film are pulled forward together with opposite ones while sticking and jump forward half of the lattice constant relative to opposite ones while slipping. A complete vision of the motion of SAM chains is thereby built up and compared with the molecule behavior predicted by the Tomlinson model.     

混合润滑条件金属基旋转摩擦元件界面温度场研究

针对机械传动湿式摩擦副热负荷异常导致的元件变形失效问题,基于弹性流体混合润滑理论,增加考虑粗糙界面弹塑性变形带来的影响,建立湿式摩擦副混合润滑热力学模型,并通过摩擦磨损试验机验证其正确性.基于粗糙接触面积、局部压强分布和局部温度分布的仿真结果,分析一定工况下的湿式摩擦副界面状态变化规律,探究接触面压和滑动速率对温度场细观分布的影响.结果表明：随着面压的提升,粗糙接触面积和局部压强逐渐升高,最高温度与平均温度的差距拉大,说明了压力提升可以激化界面承压分配的两极分化;随着滑摩速度的提升,粗糙接触面积和局部压强逐渐下降,界面最高温度先迅速升高后又明显下降,极值出现在0.1 m/s～1.0 m/s区间内.     

自适应微摩擦综合测试仪的研制与纳米润滑实验研究

描述了作者研制的自适应微摩擦综合测试仪的基本原理。采用多用途自适应浮动结构、精密刀口杠杆加载结构和摩擦力精密测量系统,可精确地加载和测量ｍＮ量级的摩擦力。研究纳米膜在各种润滑方式下的摩擦学性能,同时采用相对光强光干涉法,检测纳米级的润滑膜厚以及润滑状态的变化。以１０＃标准粘度液作润滑剂,分别用面接触浮动润滑副和点接触浮动润滑副作实验,研究了其摩擦因数和润滑膜厚度随载荷、速度和运动方式（点接触纯滑动和纯滚动）的变化规律,并验证了仪器的实验性能。     

湿式铜基摩擦副局部接触对摩擦因数的影响

考虑金属的热衰退特性及温度、压力和摩滑速度对混合润滑油膜的影响,建立了湿式铜基摩擦副局部接触摩擦因数计算模型,研究了摩滑过程中湿式铜基摩擦副局部接触状态下摩擦因数的变化规律,并通过销-盘摩擦因数测量实验对摩擦因数计算模型进行了验证.研究结果表明:摩擦元件屈曲变形导致摩擦元件间摩擦状态发生变化,在局部接触条件下,接触区摩擦状态随温度升高可分为油膜主导阶段、微凸峰主导阶段、摩擦因数上升阶段和热衰退阶段4个阶段.其中,油膜主导阶段会随摩滑速度的减小而消失.干摩擦状态下,摩滑速度对摩擦因数影响较小.在混合润滑状态下,摩擦因数随摩滑速度增加而下降,且温度越小摩擦因数衰减越显著.局部接触区平均面压较小时,压力对摩擦因数影响较小,当压力超过100 MPa时,接触面压力开始对混合润滑中的油膜主导阶段产生影响,此时摩擦因数随压力升高而增大.      

干接触体滑动过程温度场的计算

该文建立无润滑条件下滑动接触模型,考察相对滑动过程中摩擦热的产生以及传导,并研究了工程实际中对胶合、磨损、局部塑性变形有重要影响的局部温升。利用快速Fourier变换,求解L ap lace热传导方程,获得了光滑及粗糙表面的瞬时温升,以及接触体的体内各离散点的温度,从而得到半无限体干接触的温度场。结果表明:局部接触压力和摩擦因数以及相对滑动速度是和摩擦热直接相关的3个参数,在相同载荷下的粗糙峰表面接触处的瞬时温升远高于光滑表面接触处的温升。     

γ射线辐照尼龙1010的磨擦学特性

用剂量为80kGy及120kGy的γ射线分别对尼龙1010进行辐照改性，以淬火45^#钢为环试样分别与辐照及未辐照的尼龙1010块试样组成摩擦副，在MM-200环-块磨擦试验机上评价它们在干摩擦、水润滑及油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损行为。用光学金相显微镜观察辐照及未辐照样品磨损后的表面形貌。研究结果发现：γ射线辐照提高了PA1010的干摩擦及油润滑耐磨性能，且辐照剂量越大，耐磨性越好。水润滑条件下，在10kg的低栽下，80kGy剂量辐照的样品耐磨性最好，而20kg的高载下，2个剂量辐照后的样品耐磨性都变差了。     

牙轮钻头滑动轴承仿生鲨鱼皮织构化表面润滑性能

牙轮钻头在超深井和大水平井的使用受到广泛关注,由于地层环境复杂化,为了使牙轮钻头有更高的稳定工作性。通过对合金材料表面织构化处理减摩效果的研究,结合鲨鱼皮减阻润滑的优势,针对牙轮钻头薄弱环节滑动轴承摩擦结合面进行了仿生鲨鱼皮织构化处理,基于所选取仿生织构的形貌参数构建滑动轴承流动润滑理论模型,采用有限差分法求解,获取润滑油的油压分布、承载能力及滑动轴承摩擦力,并探究阶跃冲击载荷下滑动轴承动压油膜的响应情况。结果表明：牙轮钻头滑动轴承流体润滑状态下,深径比大于0.3且面积率大于0.25的仿生表面织构对油膜承载力有增强效果;仿生表面织构在较低油膜压力下对油膜摩擦力影响突出,油膜摩擦力提高了14.12%;偏心率越大仿生表面织构对油膜承载力的提升效果越好,在偏心率为0.8时承载力提高效果达到200.45%;同时仿生织构的对滑动轴承流体润滑的轴向稳定性有提升效果。牙轮钻头滑动轴承仿生织构化处理有效地改善了滑动轴承润滑性能。可见,合适的织构尺寸能进一步提高滑动轴承处于流体润滑的适用工况范围,提高牙轮钻头的使用寿命。     

石墨在半金属摩擦材料中的作用及其对摩擦性能的影响

研究了石墨在半金属摩擦材料中的粘着和润滑作用和不同含量人造石墨对摩擦性能包括摩擦系数,摩擦稳定性（摩擦系数随温度变化的稳定性）和体积磨损率的影响并与天然石墨进行了比较。由于石墨的粘着特征,石墨可以在一定摩擦温度范围内提高摩擦系数。作为润滑剂,石墨可以通过减弱摩擦材料和摩擦盘表面的粗糙峰之间的直接摩擦而有效降低磨损率。应用模糊综合评价原理,提出并验证了一个定量描述摩擦稳定性的新方法     

振动引起的界面切向相对运动对摩擦的影响

为了研究接触界面振动对摩擦的影响, 自主设计实验装置, 以在振动台上匀速滑动的滑块为对象, 采用理论与实验相结合的方法, 分析法向振动和切向振动引起界面切向运动减摩的机理。实验结果表明, 振动台的法向振动和切向振动经常同时存在。当界面振动, 且滑块与振动台之间的切向相对速度方向不变时, 滑块受到的平均滑动摩擦力与无振动时相同, 没有减摩作用; 当滑块与振动台之间切向相对速度的方向发生周期性变化或存在stick-slip (黏滑)时, 与无振动时相比, 滑块的平均滑动摩擦力有明显的减摩作用。根据Coulomb摩擦定律建立动力学模型进行仿真, 仿真结果与实验结果非常吻合, 说明在界面运动为已知的条件下, Coulomb摩擦模型能够反映界面间的摩擦作用。实验和仿真结果表明, 当法向振动和切向振动同时存在时, 振动引起的界面切向相对运动造成摩擦力方向的周期性变化或stick-slip是减摩的主要原因。     

Micro-friction of diazoresin/polyacrylic acid self-assembly films in water with atomic force microscopy

Ultrathin films composed of diazoresin（DR）and polyacrylic acid（PAA）were fabricated.The surface morphology of the films in water was measured using an atomic force microscopy（AFM）.The self-assembly technique makes the surface rather flat and uniform.The friction force and its dependence on the velocity differ from the surface charge of the thin films.The friction force of repulsive DR/PAA film increases linearly with velocity and has lower values than that of attractive DR film over the full range of velocity.As the velocity increases,the attractive friction of DR film first decreases to a minimum at a velocity of 2 line/s and then increases all the way.When the surface is repulsive to the friction substrate,the friction of thin films that is determined by hydrated lubrication of polymer chains that is ultralubricated;when it is adhesive to the friction substrate,the friction is mainly contributed from the elastic deformation of adsorbed polymer chains in the low velocity region and from viscous sliding in the presence of hydrated-layer lubrication of the polymer chains in the higher velocity region.     

润滑失效分析

介绍了笔者等人近年来在润滑失效方面的研究结果，通过对润滑剂非牛顿性，润滑剂温升和固体表面粗糙度对润滑失效的影响的研究，发现了固－液表面的边界滑移，推导了热本构方程，分析了固体材料粘弹性的影响，分析表明：（1）润滑剂的在固体表面会发生滑移，滑移将不再增加润滑剂的传动摩擦力，而且它将导致润滑膜的承载能力大大降低；（2）润滑剂内部的摩擦热导致的润滑膜的承载能力不会无限增大，当其增加到最大值后，会逐渐降低，从而导致润滑膜的破裂；（3）在实际变形下，表面粗糙和变形的耗时将引起润滑条件下的固体表面磨损。     

高水基流体润滑机理的新构想

从高水基流体(简称HWBF)和矿物油微观结构的根本差异出发,研究了HWBF润滑机理,提出了胶团-滚动润滑理论,根据这一理论对HWBF实用中出现的问题进行了解释.指出:用胶体与表面化学的方法加工具有一定粘弹性的“微米级滚珠”——胶团,作为摩擦副的新型润滑材料,使其运动形式由滑动转变为滚动,可达到大幅度降低摩擦系数和能耗的目的.     

工业机器人用谐波减速器传动性能正交试验分析

针对XB1—60—160型谐波减速器,采用销-盘滑动摩擦磨损试验机对柔轮内壁与波发生器柔性轴承外圈进行摩擦配副正交试验。选取传动效率作为谐波减速器润滑性能和传动性能的评价指标,考察润滑方式、转速、载荷等因素对传动效率的影响。结果表明:润滑是影响谐波减速器摩擦磨损性能和传动效率的主导因素,载荷次之,转速影响最小;在载荷为23~107 N,脂润滑时谐波减速器润滑状态良好,表现出较高的传动效率;并通过Streibeck曲线对摩擦因数的分析发现,在中高转速时,脂润滑的润滑行为由混合润滑向弹性动力润滑过渡,能够保持良好的润滑稳定性能。     

刀-屑局部摩擦因数建模及实验研究

基于黏着摩擦理论建立局部摩擦因数与接触面正应力和相对滑移速率之间的经验模型.采用试验方法来分析直角切削过程刀-屑接触面间的局部摩擦现象.设计的实验能够提供与实际切削相同的相对滑移速率和正应力条件.基于实验数据拟合并建立了基于正压力、相对滑移速率的摩擦因数经验模型.实验表明,在一定范围正应力和滑移速率下,摩擦因数随着接触面间的正应力、相对滑移速率的增加而降低.      

冷轧过程中的混合润滑特性

基于Christensen的表面粗糙峰分布假设,以轧制理论、流体力学理论为基础建立了考虑表面粗糙度的冷轧混合润滑模型,并提出了混合润滑摩擦状态约束关系式用来判别摩擦状态.对不同条件下油膜厚度、接触面积比、压应力及摩擦应力分布情况进行了仿真分析.结果表明:随着压下率的增加,油膜变薄、界面接触面积比增加、应力增大;同时,表面粗糙度对界面接触面积比及应力分布有较大影响,粗糙度增加,界面接触面积比增加,压应力及摩擦应力均增加.较高的润滑液黏度或轧制速度可以有效地降低轧制界面摩擦力及轧制力.