中红移BCG的X射线性质

最亮团星系(brightest cluster galaxy, BCG)的X射线起源尚不清楚. 射电喷流与径移主导吸积流(advection-dominated accretion flows, ADAF)是2种主要可能的物理起源机制. 2种模型中是否存在主导模型或模型间是否存在关系并不明确, 而且不是所有BCG都存在X射线辐射. 为探究BCG的X射线性质, 进一步了解X射线物理起源机制, 本文选取钱德拉塞卡X射线望远镜(Chandra X-ray observatory, 简称Chandra) 数据存档红移范围0.2相似文献   

基于单片机控制的高频高压X射线发生器

给出小型（SkW）高频X线机的整体解决方案，采用两套PWM结合PFM对X线管kV及mA进行精确灵敏的闭环控制，本发生器配合不同的机械结构可组成床旁机或C型臂（加配影像增强器及电视系统）型式的X线整机．     

Dual-Energy Technique at Low Tube Voltages for Small Animal Imaging

We investigate the feasibility of dual-energy method for image contrast enhancement in small animal studies using a low kV X-ray radiographic system.A robust method for X-ray spectrum estimation from transmission measurements,based on expectation-maximization(EM) method,is applied to an X-ray specimen radiographic system for dual energy imaging of a mouse.From transmission measurements of two known attenuators at two different X-ray tube voltages,the X-ray energy spectra are reconstructed using the EM-based...     

Influence of the cobalt concentration on optical and magnetic properties of zinc oxide

A series of Co-doped ZnO thin films have been prepared by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering on glass substrates.The structural characterization by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) gave no evidence of second phase formation.The qualitative composition and chemical state were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectronic spectrometry (XPS),respectively.The results confirmed that Co was incorporated as Co3+,occupying the ...     

Resolving the extragalactic hard X-ray background

The origin of the hard (2-10 keV) X-ray background has been a mystery for over 35 years. Most of the soft X-ray background has been resolved into individual sources (mainly quasars), but these sources do not have the spectral energy distribution required to match the spectrum of the X-ray background as a whole. Here we report the results of a deep survey, using the Chandra satellite, in which the detected hard X-ray sources account for at least 75 per cent of the hard X-ray background. The mean X-ray spectral energy distribution of these sources is in good agreement with that of the background. Moreover, most of those hard X-ray sources are associated unambiguously with either the nuclei of otherwise normal bright galaxies, or with optically faint sources. The latter could be active nuclei in dust-enshrouded galaxies or a population of quasars at extremely high redshift.     

A high-intensity highly coherent soft X-ray femtosecond laser seeded by a high harmonic beam

Synchrotrons have for decades provided invaluable sources of soft X-rays, the application of which has led to significant progress in many areas of science and technology. But future applications of soft X-rays--in structural biology, for example--anticipate the need for pulses with much shorter duration (femtoseconds) and much higher energy (millijoules) than those delivered by synchrotrons. Soft X-ray free-electron lasers should fulfil these requirements but will be limited in number; the pressure on beamtime is therefore likely to be considerable. Laser-driven soft X-ray sources offer a comparatively inexpensive and widely available alternative, but have encountered practical bottlenecks in the quest for high intensities. Here we establish and characterize a soft X-ray laser chain that shows how these bottlenecks can in principle be overcome. By combining the high optical quality available from high-harmonic laser sources (as a seed beam) with a highly energetic soft X-ray laser plasma amplifier, we produce a tabletop soft X-ray femtosecond laser operating at 10 Hz and exhibiting full saturation, high energy, high coherence and full polarization. This technique should be readily applicable on all existing laser-driven soft X-ray facilities.     

利用电化学法制备Pt纳米线

利用阳极氧化铝（AAO）作为模板,制备出高定向的Pt纳米线。Pt纳米线的形貌由环境扫描电镜证实,并通过x-射线能谱（EDX）、X-射线粉末衍射谱（XRD）测试手段进行了表征。     

Influence of crystal materials on the synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis: A study of crystal and amorphous clinopyroxene

Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analyses of crystal and amorphous clinopyroxene were compared. The results showed that using the synchrotron X-ray as a source of energy, the diffraction X-ray of crystal materials will seriously affect the X-ray fluorescence analysis. In order to avoid the influence of diffraction, the best way to solve it is to use the monochromatic source, or to have a collimating slit between sample and Si (Li) detector.     

Magnetar-like X-ray bursts from an anomalous X-ray pulsar

Anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) are a class of rare X-ray emitting pulsars whose energy source has been perplexing for some 20 years. Unlike other X-ray emitting pulsars, AXPs cannot be powered by rotational energy or by accretion of matter from a binary companion star, hence the designation 'anomalous'. Many of the rotational and radiative properties of the AXPs are strikingly similar to those of another class of exotic objects, the soft-gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs). But the defining property of the SGRs--their low-energy-gamma-ray and X-ray bursts--has not hitherto been observed for AXPs. Soft-gamma-ray repeaters are thought to be 'magnetars', which are young neutron stars whose emission is powered by the decay of an ultra-high magnetic field; the suggestion that AXPs might also be magnetars has been controversial. Here we report two X-ray bursts, with properties similar to those of SGRs, from the direction of the anomalous X-ray pulsar 1E1048.1 - 5937. These events imply a close relationship (perhaps evolutionary) between AXPs and SGRs, with both being magnetars.     

Phase Contrast Micro-Computed Tomography of Biological Sample at SSRF

In line X-ray phase contrast micro-computed tomography(IL-XPCT),which can be implemented at third generation synchrotron radiation sources or by using a micro-focus X-ray tube,is a powerful technique for non-destructive,high-resolution investigations of a broad variety of materials.At the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF),the X-ray Imaging and Biomedical Applications Beamline was built and started regular user operation in May 2009.Both qualitative(without phase retrieval) and quantitative(with ...     

低辐射CBCT系统成像时序的控制与实现

 简述了锥束CT(CBCT)的工作原理,分析了X射线源连续照射和脉冲式照射两种成像方式的优劣,采用脉冲式照射成像方式,完成了低辐射CBCT系统成像的设计。在此基础上,实现了PaxScan 2520平板探测器的内、外两种读图触发模式下的X射线成像。实验结果表明,相比于X射线源连续照射的成像方式,脉冲式照射成像较大地减少了X射线辐射时间,提高了CBCT的安全性能。内、外两种触发模式下的脉冲式X射线成像对于图像的质量没有区别,模式的选择取决于是否需要主动控制X射线的发射。     

掠入射X射线显微镜反射率分析

X射线掠入射显微镜的反射率除了与掠入射角有关之外,还与反射表面的粗糙度密切相关．以设计的非共轴掠入射KBAX射线显微镜系统为例,讨论了掠入射下X射线从金属表面和单层膜表面反射的两种情况．分析了波长为0．83nm时,表面均方粗糙度（RMS）对反射率的影响,并计算了该系统的X射线反射率．分析结果表明RMS增大,反射率会降低;无氧铜的反射率为0．021,单层膜的反射率为0．049,因此KBAX射线显微镜可采用镀单层膜的方法加工．     

An X-ray outburst from the rapidly accreting young star that illuminates McNeil's nebula

Young, low-mass stars are luminous X-ray sources whose powerful X-ray flares may exert a profound influence over the process of planet formation. The origin of the X-ray emission is uncertain. Although many (or perhaps most) recently formed, low-mass stars emit X-rays as a consequence of solar-like coronal activity, it has also been suggested that X-ray emission may be a direct result of mass accretion onto the forming star. Here we report X-ray imaging spectroscopy observations which reveal a factor approximately 50 increase in the X-ray flux from a young star that is at present undergoing a spectacular optical/infrared outburst (this star illuminates McNeil's nebula). The outburst seems to be due to the sudden onset of a phase of rapid accretion. The coincidence of a surge in X-ray brightness with the optical/infrared eruption demonstrates that strongly enhanced high-energy emission from young stars can occur as a consequence of high accretion rates. We suggest that such accretion-enhanced X-ray emission from erupting young stars may be short-lived, because intense star-disk magnetospheric interactions are quenched rapidly by the subsequent flood of new material onto the star.     

New BaBrCl： Eu^2＋ phosphors for X-ray image recording

Photostimulated luminescence （PSL） is observed in BaBrCl： Eu^2＋after X-ray irradiation at room temperature. It is suggested by PSL stimulation spectrum and difference absorption spectrum （DAS） that F centers are formed upon X-ray irradiation and both spectra show two bands which are centered at about 550 nm and 675 nm respectively. This enables the use of semiconductor light-emitting diodes （LED） instead of gas lasers for photostimulation. The PSL intensity increases linearly with X-ray irradiation dose increasing, and the conversion efficiency is 29% that for the standard commercial storage phosphor BaFBr：Eu from Fuji imaging plate.     

Creation and diagnosis of a solid-density plasma with an X-ray free-electron laser

Matter with a high energy density (>10(5)?joules per cm(3)) is prevalent throughout the Universe, being present in all types of stars and towards the centre of the giant planets; it is also relevant for inertial confinement fusion. Its thermodynamic and transport properties are challenging to measure, requiring the creation of sufficiently long-lived samples at homogeneous temperatures and densities. With the advent of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray laser, high-intensity radiation (>10(17)?watts per cm(2), previously the domain of optical lasers) can be produced at X-ray wavelengths. The interaction of single atoms with such intense X-rays has recently been investigated. An understanding of the contrasting case of intense X-ray interaction with dense systems is important from a fundamental viewpoint and for applications. Here we report the experimental creation of a solid-density plasma at temperatures in excess of 10(6) kelvin on inertial-confinement timescales using an X-ray free-electron laser. We discuss the pertinent physics of the intense X-ray-matter interactions, and illustrate the importance of electron-ion collisions. Detailed simulations of the interaction process conducted with a radiative-collisional code show good qualitative agreement with the experimental results. We obtain insights into the evolution of the charge state distribution of the system, the electron density and temperature, and the timescales of collisional processes. Our results should inform future high-intensity X-ray experiments involving dense samples, such as X-ray diffractive imaging of biological systems, material science investigations, and the study of matter in extreme conditions.     

氮掺杂聚苯胺-碳氧还原催化剂的制备与表征

采用软模版法合成聚苯胺前躯体，通过改变过渡金属制备出PANI-FeCo-C、PANI-Fe-C、PANI-Co-C和PANI-C质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)阴极非贵金属催化剂。电化学测试结果表明：4种催化剂中，PANI-Fe-C的催化活性最好，其氧还原反应起始电位达到0.87V。通过X射线衍射光谱（XRD）、拉曼（Raman）光谱、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、能量色散X射线光谱（EDS）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）测试可知，PANI-Fe-C催化剂中含有较多晶格畸变的碳和石墨型的氮，这些特性是其具有优越氧还原催化性能的重要原因。     

年轻脉冲星的X-射线非热辐射

年轻的转动驱动脉冲星有较高的自转能损率(Lsd≥1036erg.s-1),而且都有非常高的非热X-射线辐射,利用新的外间隙模型,计算年轻脉冲星的非热X-射线光度,并与观测到的17颗年轻脉冲星的非热X-射线光度能量范围为2~10 keV的观测结果进行比较,模型的计算结果和观测数据吻合较好.     

Atomic inner-shell X-ray laser at 1.46 nanometres pumped by an X-ray free-electron laser

Since the invention of the laser more than 50 years ago, scientists have striven to achieve amplification on atomic transitions of increasingly shorter wavelength. The introduction of X-ray free-electron lasers makes it possible to pump new atomic X-ray lasers with ultrashort pulse duration, extreme spectral brightness and full temporal coherence. Here we describe the implementation of an X-ray laser in the kiloelectronvolt energy regime, based on atomic population inversion and driven by rapid K-shell photo-ionization using pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser. We established a population inversion of the Kα transition in singly ionized neon at 1.46 nanometres (corresponding to a photon energy of 849 electronvolts) in an elongated plasma column created by irradiation of a gas medium. We observed strong amplified spontaneous emission from the end of the excited plasma. This resulted in femtosecond-duration, high-intensity X-ray pulses of much shorter wavelength and greater brilliance than achieved with previous atomic X-ray lasers. Moreover, this scheme provides greatly increased wavelength stability, monochromaticity and improved temporal coherence by comparison with present-day X-ray free-electron lasers. The atomic X-ray lasers realized here may be useful for high-resolution spectroscopy and nonlinear X-ray studies.     

碳纤维的X射线显微结构分析

本文利用 X 射线衍射方法(包括小角散射方法)研究了四种碳纤维的显微结构,其中包括“乱层石墨”结构的层间距 C_0,层面堆垛的平均高度 L_c、层面的平均宽度厶、取向度 W_(1/2)以及碳纤维的平均显微孔洞等的测定,文中还提出了关于小角散射数据处理的计算程序。     

High-energy resolution μ-XRF analysis by position sensitive spectrometer

With a high-energy resolution micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) analysis setup, which basically consists of an X-ray microbeam formed by an X-ray focusing lens combined with an X-ray apparatus and a wavelength dispersive position sensitive spectrometer with a flat crystal (PSS), preliminary results have been obtained. The counting rate of the analyzed element linearly increased with the power of X-ray apparatus, and the energy resolution, full width of half maximum (FWHM) of Ka lines of Ti and Cr reached 16.6 and 23.6 eV, respectively. The Cr Kb and Mn Ka lines in a sample of stainless steel could clearly be resolved. The above-mentioned results are also compared with those obtained by synchrotron radiation light microbeam combined with the PSS. The facts show that the high-energy resolution element analysis is feasible by using the setup. Moreover, problems for the setup and the ways to resolve them are discussed as well.