啤酒花潜隐病毒新疆分离物的全基因组序列分析

对新疆啤酒花上获得的HpLV分离物HpLV-XJ进行了全长克隆和基因组序列分析。结果显示:HpLV-XJ的全基因组序列为8612个核苷酸(nt)(不包括poly A),含有6个开放阅读框(ORF),分别编码224 kDa(ORF1)、25kDa(ORF2)、11 kDa(ORF3)、7 kDa(ORF4)、34 kDa(ORF5)、和12 kDa(ORF6)蛋白。序列相似性分析结果表明,HpLV-XJ与HpLV(GenBank:AB032469)序列相似性达98.5%,6个开放阅读框的核苷酸序列相似性分别为98.3%、99.0%、97.6%、96.7%、99.5%和98.4%;由此推导的氨基酸序列相似性分别为98.6%、98.7%、97.2%、95.0%、99.4%和98.1%,各个基因的核苷酸序列和蛋白的氨基酸之间存在着一定的差异。     

随机DNA序列中ORF的分布

研究了组分约束下的随机 DNA序列中 ORF数目、ORF的长度与随机序列总长度和GC含量之间的关系 .结果表明 ,ORF数目的对数与 ORF的长度之间存在很好的线性关系 ;ORF的最大长度随序列长度的增加而变长 ,ORF的总数与序列长度成正比 ;ORF的总数目随着 GC含量的增加明显减少 ;随着 GC含量的增加 ,长度较短的 ORF数目相对减少 ,长度较长的 ORF数目相对增加 ;随着序列长度的增加 ,长度较短的 ORF相对增多 .     

Genome reshuffling of the copia element in an inbred line of Drosophila melanogaster

Mobile genetic elements are found in the genomes of many organisms, and because of their effects on genes and their ability to induce chromosomal rearrangements they are an important source of genetic variability. Transposition rates are usually found to be low, estimated at around 10(-3) per generation. Higher rates of transposition are observed, however, in crosses between certain strains of Drosophila melanogaster ('hybrid dysgenesis'), which can lead to a dramatic rearrangement of many mobile elements ('transposition bursts'). We have studied the chromosomal distribution of mdg-1 and copia mobile elements in 17 highly inbred lines of D. melanogaster, after 69 generations of sib-mating. Most lines show no changes, but one showed a complete reshuffling of the copia element. We conclude that the transpositions of the copia element in this line occurred rapidly in a few generations. This phenomenon, distinct from 'transposition bursts' in that only copia elements are involved, may account for the instability sometimes observed in inbred lines and may be important in creating genetic variability in highly homozygous populations.     

哺乳动物基因非翻译区开放阅读框架的分析

在所分析的5'UTR序列中约19%的序列在阅读框1下含有AUG,约22%和24%的序列分别在阅读框 2 和阅读框3下含有 AUG,而在 3'UTR序列当中,无论是在哪个阅读框下,约71%含有AUG.这些AUG绝大多数都是以小ORF的形式出现的;分析小ORF序列以及与它们相应的IC序列(阅读框间序列)长度,发现虽然3'UTR序列远远长于5'UTR序列,但是它们所包含的小ORF长度几乎没有差距,只是平均来说每一条3'UTR序列所包含的小ORF数量明显多于每一条5'UTR序列所包含的小ORF数量,而且dIC(下游阅读框间序列)比uIC(上游阅读框间序列)长很多,平均长50个碱基;第二类IC序列(UTR区相邻的两个阅读框之间的序列)的平均长度比其它两类IC序列(UTR区最后一个阅读框之后的序列)的平均长度小,而且又含有相对较多的终止密码;比较uORF序列与dORF序列密码子使用偏好的CAI值发现,尽管相差不大,但是无论在哪个阅读框下,uORF序列的CAI值都显著高于dORF序列的CAI值.     

Similarity of the Cin1 repetitive family of Zea mays to eukaryotic transposable elements

It has been suggested that the middle repetitive class of sequences that make up a large proportion of the eukaryotic genome have been amplified and dispersed by DNA transposition. Transposition is a phenomenon first postulated by Barbara McClintock on the basis of her genetic analysis of mutants in Zea mays. Since then, DNA transposition has been studied genetically in various plant systems and is well documented on the molecular level in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This has included the isolation of DNA inserts at various loci in several plants; however, the prevalence of transposition in plants is not established. We report here DNA nucleotide sequence data which show that some members of the Cin1 middle repetitive family of maize have features characteristic of known transposable elements. One cloned Cin1 repeat has a 6-base pair (bp) perfect inverted repeat sequence at its ends. The terminal five base pairs (5' TGTTG . . . CAACA 3') are identical to the termini of Drosophila copia transposable elements. Two other Cin1 alleles are flanked by 5-bp direct repeats. A comparison is made with the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the copia-Ty1-retrovirus families of moveable genetic elements.     

Molecular characterization of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato yellow leaf curl China</Emphasis> virus and its satellite DNA isolated from tobacco

Virus isolates, Y8, Y36 and Y38, were obtained from tobacco plants showing leaf curl symptoms in Honghe,Yunnan Province. In reactions with 14 monoclonal antibodies raised against Begomoviras particles, Y8, Y36 and Y38 had similar antigenic reaction in TAS-ELISA as Tomato yellow leaf carl China virus (TYLCCNV). The complete DNA-A nueleotide sequences of Y8, Y36 and Y38 were determined and they contain 2727, 2730 and 2730 nueleotides, respectively. Each of the DNA-A sequences has a typical Begomovirus genome organization encoding 60RFs with 20RFs[AVI(CP) and AV2] in virion-sense DNA and 40RFs (AC1 to AC4) in complementary-sense DNA. Comparisons with total DNA-A, intergenie region and deduced amino acid sequences of individual ORFs show that Y8, Y36 and Y38 are isolates of TYLCCNV. Satellite DNA molecules (DNAβ) were found to be associated with Y8, Y36 and Y38, which consist of 1338, 1339 and 1338 nucleotides, respectively. Comparisons show that these DNAβ molecules share 98%--99% sequence identities on nucleotide level and have a common ORF (designated C1) encoding 126 amino acids on the complementary strand.     

Alu sequences are processed 7SL RNA genes

7SL RNA is an abundant cytoplasmic RNA which functions in protein secretion as a component of the signal recognition particle. Alu sequences are the most abundant family of human and rodent middle repetitive DNA sequences (reviewed in ref. 2). The primary structure of human 7SL RNA consists of an Alu sequence interrupted by a 155-base pair (bp) sequence that is unique to 7SL RNA. In order to obtain information about the evolution of the Alu domain of 7SL RNA, we have determined the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA copy of Xenopus laevis 7SL RNA and of the 7SL RNA gene of Drosophila melanogaster. We find that the Xenopus sequence is 87% homologous with its human counterpart and the Drosophila 7SL RNA is 64% homologous to both the human and amphibian molecules. Despite the evolutionary distance between the species, significant blocks of homology to both the Alu and 7SL-specific portions of mammalian 7SL RNA can be found in the insect sequence. These results clearly demonstrate that the Alu sequence in 7SL RNA appeared in evolution before the mammalian radiation. We suggest that mammalian Alu sequences were derived from 7SL RNA (or DNA) by a deletion of the central 7SL-specific sequence, and are therefore processed 7SL RNA genes.     

A copia-like transposable element family in Arabidopsis thaliana

The fast generation time, small genome size and extensive genetic map of the crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana have made it the subject of an increasing number of studies in plant molecular genetics. As transposable elements have greatly facilitated genetic analysis in a variety of species, we have attempted to identify an endogenous A. thaliana transposable element. We report here the discovery of a family of such elements, which we refer to as Ta1 elements. Sequence analysis of one such element shows that it is closely related to retrotransposons and integrated retroviral proviruses, being bound by a direct sequence repeat and having an open reading frame with clear sequence similarity to the polyprotein of the Drosophila melanogaster retrotransposon copia. The sequence of an empty target site of a Ta1 element shows that insertion is accompanied by a five-base-pair target-site duplication and that Ta1 has transposed in the period of time since divergence of two races of A. thaliana.     

转座子Tn917的DNA序列计算机分析

通过计算机分析转座子Ｔｎ９１７的全序列，详细阐述了其物理图谱、结构功能及其转录调节机制．Ｔｎ９１７的５个ＯＲＦｓ排列在同一条ＤＮＡ链上，且阅读方向都从左至右．ＯＲＦ１－３起始点的左侧翼排列有启动子序列和Ｓｈｉｎｅ－Ｄａｌｇａｒｎｏ序列．ＯＲＦ５（编码转座酶）和ＯＲＦ４（编码拆分酶）的转录方向是一致的，翻译也紧密偶联在一起．在ＯＲＦ３和ＯＲＦ４之间存在１个ｒｅｓ位点，与Ｔｎ３中的ｒｅｓ位点基本同源．翻译衰减的功能与ｒＲＮＡ甲基化酶（由ＯＲＦ２编码的、ｅｒｍ基因的产物）诱导有关，在这个结构基因的左侧翼有２００ｂｐ的前导区域编码一个具调控功能的３６个氨基酸组成的多肽（由ＯＲＦ１编码）．     

Expression and self-assembly of Heterocapsa circularisquama RNA virus-like particles synthesized in Pichia pastoris

Heterocapsa circularisquama RNA virus(HcRNAV) is the first single-stranded RNA virus to be characterized that infects dinoflagellates.The ability of HcRNAV coat protein(HcRNAV CP) to self-assemble into virus-like particles(VLPs) in vitro suggested that heterologous expression was possible,and that the VLPs might be ideal nanocontainers for the targeted delivery of genes and chemicals.In this paper,we report the expression of a codon-optimized HcRNAV 109 CP gene in Pichia pastoris and the production of self-assembled HcRNAV VLPs using large-scale fermentation.The HcRNAV 109 CP gene was synthesized according to the codon preference of P.pastoris and cloned into a pPICZA vector.The recombinant plasmid pPICZA-CPsyns was transformed into P.pastoris by electroporation.The resulting yeast colonies were screened by PCR and analyzed for protein expression by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.After large-scale fermentation,the yield of HcRNAV CPsyns reached approximately 2.5 g L 1 within 4 d.The HcRNAV VLPs were purified using PEG precipitation followed by cesium chloride density gradient ultracentrifugation,and were subsequently analyzed using UV spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy.Fluorescence dye-labeled myoglobin was loaded into the cages of the HcRNAV VLPs and the encapsulation was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy.The results point to the possible utilization in pharmacology or nanotechnology of HcRNAV VLPs produced by P.pastoris fermentation.     

Sequence analysis of a 7.3 kb Bam H Ⅰ genomic fragment of fowlpox virus strain 282E_4

A 7.3 kb BamH I genomic fragment from fowlpox virus (FPV) strain 282E4 has been sequenced. After comparison with the FPV sequences collected in Genbank, and the entire genomic sequence of vaccinia virus (VV) strain Compenhagen, a 11.2 kb BamH I fragment from FPV strain Munich HP-438 has been found homologous to the fragment. Every predicted open reading frame (ORF) within the fragment has been compared with the ORFs of W strain Copenhagen at the amino acid level. The signal peptide and transmembrane region of each peptide encoded by each corresponding ORF predicted in the fragment have been studied as well.     

斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒基因组RNA1和RNA2序列测定及分析

根据GenBank数据库公布的鱼类神经坏死病毒(nervous necrosis virus,NNV)同源序列设计了7对特异性引物,采用RT-PCR方法扩增出目的片断,将PCR产物测序和分析.斜带石斑鱼Epinephelus coioides神经坏死病毒(orange-spotted NNV,OGNNV)基因组由两个片断(RNA1和RNA2)组成,RNA1由3 103个核苷酸组成,含有一个开放阅读框,编码982个氨基酸;RNA2由1 433个核苷酸组成,含有一个开放阅读框,编码338个氨基酸.OGNNV基因组与新加坡GGNNV(greasy grouper NNV)的基因组有高度的相似性.分析病毒的RNA2序列发现:OGNNV与DGNNV(dragon grouper NNV)、RGNNV(redspotted NNV)和GGNNV的亲缘关系很近,并且具有相同的中和位点;分析病毒的RNA1序列,发现在OGNNV的RNA1序列中同样可以找到依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶的6个模序(motif).根据同源性比较和系统进化分析,OGNNV属于RGNNV血清型的成员.     

Sequence analysis of a 7.3 kbBam H I genomic fragment of fowlpox virus strain 282E4

A 7.3 kb BamH I genomic fragment from fowlpox virus (FPV) strain 282E₄ has been sequenced. After comparison with the FPV sequences collected in Genbank, and the entire genomic sequence of vaccinia virus (VV) strain Compenhagen, a ll.2 kb BamH I fragment from FPV strain Munich HP-438 has been found homologous to the fragment. Every predicted open reading frame (ORF) within the fragment has been compared with the ORFs of VV strain Copenhagen at the amino acid level. The signal peptide and transmembrane region of each peptide encoded by each corresponding ORF predicted in the fragment have been studied as well.     

酵母全基因组新的ORF结构的预测

提出了一个预测DNA序列中无内含子的开阅读框架（ORF）的理论方法－终止密码预测法；用酵母全基因组中已知的6260个基因进行检验，预测成功率为99．9％；发现酵母基因编码区和已知的DRF的起始密码子总是位于长距离不出现终止密码的位置序列上游紧邻最后一个终止密码子的ATG；在酵母全基因组DNA中发现了新的长度不小于90个氨基酸的ORF结构2244个。     

Molecular cloning and sequencing of a human hepatitis delta (delta) virus RNA

Human hepatitis delta (delta) virus (HDV) is a form of defective virus, which infects humans only in the presence of a co-infecting hepatitis B virus (HBV). HDV superinfection in a chronic HBV carrier often results in severe chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, whereas acute HDV and HBV co-infection is frequently associated with fulminant hepatitis. HDV consists of a 36-nm particle, which contains an envelope with HBV surface antigen, and a nucleocapsid containing the hepatitis delta-antigen (HDAg) and an RNA genome of 1.75 kilobases (kb). Recently, the genomic RNA from an HDV serially passaged in chimpanzees has been cloned and sequenced in a study which showed that the HDV RNA is a single-stranded circular molecule with properties similar to those of viroid or virusoid. However, it is not known whether serial passages in chimpanzees had altered the properties of human HDV. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of an HDV RNA isolated directly from a patient with acute delta-hepatitis. The sequence showed considerable divergence (11%) from that of the chimpanzee-adapted HDV. Five open reading frames (ORFs) of more than 100 amino acids in both genomic and anti-genomic sense were found. The largest ORF in antigenomic sense, which can code for 214 amino acids, may correspond to the HDAg.     

RNA toxicity is a component of ataxin-3 degeneration in Drosophila

Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a class of dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat encoding glutamine within the coding region of the respective genes. The molecular and cellular pathways underlying polyQ-induced neurodegeneration are the focus of much research, and it is widely considered that toxic activities of the protein, resulting from the abnormally long polyQ tract, cause pathogenesis. Here we provide evidence for a pathogenic role of the CAG repeat RNA in polyQ toxicity using Drosophila. In a Drosophila screen for modifiers of polyQ degeneration induced by the spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) protein ataxin-3, we isolated an upregulation allele of muscleblind (mbl), a gene implicated in the RNA toxicity of CUG expansion diseases. Further analysis indicated that there may be a toxic role of the RNA in polyQ-induced degeneration. We tested the role of the RNA by altering the CAG repeat sequence to an interrupted CAACAG repeat within the polyQ-encoding region; this dramatically mitigated toxicity. In addition, expression of an untranslated CAG repeat of pathogenic length conferred neuronal degeneration. These studies reveal a role for the RNA in polyQ toxicity, highlighting common components in RNA-based and polyQ-protein-based trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases.