Copular Usage under Cross Linguistic Influence

According to Lado（1957：2） in the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis, a student who comes into contact with a foreign language will find some features of it quite easy and others extremely difficult. Those elements that are similar to his native language will be simple for .him and those elements that are different will he difficult. Corder （1981： 101）added that where the mother tongue is formally similar to the target language, a learner will pass more rapidly along the developmental continuum （or some parts of it）than where it differs. Eric Kellerman（1986） also believed that learners have intuitions about which language features they can transfer from their first language to the target language and which are less likely to be transferable. And Lee（1968）even held that the interference coming from the learner＇s native language to be the sole cause of difficulty and error in foreign language learning. Given that the Chinese character sbi functions the same as an English copula, 1 would like to apply two theories to illustrate the syntactic features associated with copular usages in this dissertation.     

Language Context and English Teaching

Improvisation or transfer is the core of a course,based on the communicative approach. That is,the students are required to transfer what they learned in the textbook to real-life situation as far as possible. And in the present-day textbook of Middle School, the courses are organized in authentic everyday situations in which students can easily identify. So in the process of English teaching,it is very important for the teachers to set the language contexts correctly and flexibly.     

The Thought Pattern and Its Influence on the Writing Style

Culture can be divided into material aspect-the products of a people's art and technology and non-material aspect-a people's customs,beliefs,values and patterns of communication.The communication between cultures is possible because of the similar principles that guide the interaction as well as the different perceptions and symbol system that cause the various thought patterns,cognitive types and pragmatic competence.So is it in Chinese and English,the typical version of Oriental and Western culture.This paper is designed to present the cultural differences in thought patterns and the influences on the English writing.Since Chinglish,the term that the English native describes the embarrassing usage of English is serous and alarming for the second language learning,it is of primary importance to inform the learners in order to avoid the negative transfer.Especially the college learners are undertaking the double task of communication and academy.The risk of pragmatic failure would be reduced as few as possible if they are conscious of such thought patterns and its influence on the writing practice.The analysis is of help for the college learners to be as native as possible in writing.     

The Teacher's Role and Teaching Procedures in the Teaching of Oral English

English teachers in China are aware that what kind of English teaching method should be employed to improve student＇s linguistic acquisition and that communicative competence becomes more and more important. In English teaching, teachers always make it possible for students to be more often in contacts with the English language, thus creating an atmosphere of learning English language. Help students to jump over the gap between only reading English loudly and speaking English fluently. Here I will show the importance of the teachers＇ role in English teaching and their applies in oral English teaching.     

Palmer's Cultural Linguistics and Its Implications for Translation Studies

As an English learner and educator,I am devoting myself to translating works in clear and exact way.But in practice,I find it very difficult to translate works from one language to another,especially some Chinese ancient poets,which embodies the essence of Chinese culture.And what makes me obsessed with is the imageries conveyed in the two cultures.One word in Chinese ancient poets is not only interpreted literally but also explained between the lines,because it will contain a lot of images,which are most difficult to be translated.Therefore,I have to understand the basic meaning,besides it is necessary for me to understand the images and transform them into another language so that the translation can drive home to the natives.Here I borrow the theories from the cultural linguistics to translate Chinese poets.I will try best to apply the theories to translation from Chinese to English and compare some works including various versions.Finally I will draw a conclusion that for translation,the cultural linguistics is essential.     

Study of Language Anxiety and Achievement of Chinese Teenagers

The purpose of the study was to reveal the relationship between anxiety and achievement of Chinese teenagers in learning English,and to find what factors lead to their language anxiety.75 students of teenagers aged from 14-16 years in Henan province,China were chosen as subjects and the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale(FLCAS) was used as the instrument.The results in this study indicated that language anxiety is positively correlated with language achievement,and certain degree of anxiety enhanced facilitating performance on English learning for Chinese teenagers.It was also found that communication apprehension anxiety,self-confidence anxiety and English classroom anxiety were main factors which significantly influenced young English learners in China.     

Rhymes in English teaching in Primary Schools

Rhymes are also an essential part of foreign language learning for young learners,basically because all children enjoy sayingrhymes in their native language and they will naturally enjoy doing the same in another language.The value of using rhymes in the primaryEnglish teaching classroom has been widely recognized.In this paper we will describe the importance of using rhymes in teaching English as aforeign language in the primary school.     

Syntactic Features of Computer English

In recent years there has been an apparent upsurge of interest in English in China. A whole new mass of people want to learnEnglish, not for the pleasure or prestige of mastering the language, but for the key role the language of English is playing in the world of tech-nology and commerce. As English became the accepted international language of technology and commerce, it created a new generation oflearners who knew specifically why they were learning a language. As a result, more and more people attach great importance to scien-tech-nical English. It is therefore how computer English, a branch of English for Science and Technology (EST), comes into being .This paper fo-cuses on the syntactic features of computer English.     

INTER-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION SECRETARIAL ENGLISH

Secretarial English learners who will contact with many kinds of people may be required to communicate with people from other countries, intercultural communication is involved in their work in the future, they will meet cultural shock, make cultural mistakes if they learn nothing about it. In order to communicate cross-culture smoothly, they need to acquire cultural differences. But the face is that filling students head with knowledge (of language) almost become the whole thing, cultural differences is neglected in teaching and learning .The main source of their learning -textbooks have not presented materials of culture difference. The learners seem to know little about cultural differences, except a few personal questions that are told not to ask.     

Some Aspects on Oral English Teaching in Universities in China

English is one of the most important foreign languages taught in universities in China. However, the results are often far from satisfactory. Students in universities often find it hard to express themselves in oral English after many years' study. Language is the most important means of human communication, and communication is the most important function of language. Therefore, the ultimate goal of language instruction is to equip the learners with the ability to use the language for communication. How to help undergraduates to improve their oral English becomes a big challenge for English teachers in China. Aiming to make some contributions to improve undergraduates' oral English, this paper explores some areas of concern which are believed to be the most critical to the success of Oral English Teaching (OET) in China. The first part of this paper discusses some existing factors that constrain OET in China. It followed by exploring some aspects on improving OET for undergraduates in China. It also provides some techniques/methods essential for OET teachers to employ in a classroom.     

An Analysis on English Grammatical Ambiguity and Lexical Ambiguity

Ambiguity exists in English as it exists in other natural languages,which leads to people＇s misunderstanding some sentences in some conditions,so it has an impact on the communication of people.Generally speaking,English ambiguity is divided into 3 classifications：phonetic ambiguity,lexical ambiguity and grammatical ambiguity.This paper intends to analyses English grammatical ambiguity and lexical ambiguity,and aims to make the English learners to know this complicated phenomenon wholly,so that English learners can express themselves accurately in writing,speaking and reading.     

The Application of English New spaper Reading in English Learning and Its Problems

Reading is the basic way for learners to study English,to obtain various information as well as knowledge,and to improve the proficiency of understanding and expressing.English newspaper reading,owing to its own characteristics,will make up for the shortcomings of conventional textbooks at quite a high level.The primary goal of this research is to investigate the general situation of English newspaper reading among college students,their attitudes toward the teaching of English newspaper reading and their problems in reading newspapers by conducting a questionnaire among non-English majors.Finally,it suggests a reasonable method of English newspaper learning based on the problems this questionnaire indicates.     

Exploration of Hidden Curriculum in Grammar Teaching

In modern times,many students think English grammar is complex and boring,they learn it just for getting higher scores in English examination.Also most of the English teachers use the traditional teaching method to teach the students and let them control the grammar points rigidly,which makes the students feel the grammar is more difficult and complex.Chinese teachers and students tend to put emphasis on explicit curriculum.Teacher’s teaching methods and how the students to study grammar and other factors all restrict the development of hidden curriculum.In fact it can be mastered easily if we combine it with the exploration of hidden curriculum.By this way they can become fond of it little by little and they can find that their ability is greatly improved,they can benefit a lot in every aspect at last.Here I will state it in details about how to explore the hidden curriculum through English grammar teaching.     

Influence of Language Environment on Second Language Acquisition

As the development of the economy and technology as well as the education,more and more people begin to learn English.There are many factors that can affect the learning effect,such as emotion,motivation,environment and etc,but the most important one should be the environment factor.The learners only be put into the target language,they can experience the real language,and make progress in a relatively short period of time.     

Improving students’ spoken English through PBGS activity

Twenty-first century is the age of knowledge economy,with the increase of the cooperation with a lot of countries where English is the native language,there are more and more joint corporation and foreign invested companies.So it is important for our students to have a mouth of fluent oral English,but now there is a problem in our college that students can not grasp the chances provided by the college to practice their oral English,and at this time with the effort of all oral English teachers,an activity of PBGS(Project Based Group Study) has produced and in this paper I mainly talk about how to carry it out effectively and let students get benefit from it.     

Teaching English in Context

The New Standards of English Curriculum emphasizes the development of the cultivation of students＇enterprising spirit.At the same time,it creates a new teaching method and brings about the changes in the style of learning.Therefore,it becomes a major task in the middle schools to teach English in context.But,there are still some weaknesses of the current English teaching in China：problems with textbooks,teachers themselves,and English speaking environment.Hence there appears a new topic on how to teach English in context.This paper discusses the current situations and some major problems in teaching English in context;moreover,it proposes some measures to develop the students＇multipurpose language use ability.     

The BackWash Effect of CETs on Lanauage Education in a Broader Sense

CET4 and CET6 （combined as CETs in this paper） have played and are still playing undeniable roles in motivating English teaching and learning as well as providing a unified standard according to which most universities and colleges can compare with each other. However, in the recent years, a voice blaring their disadvantages has become louder and louder. This paper joins in the voice and expose their negative backwash effects on not only language education in colleges and universities but also on the activities of other institutions and organizations which are directly or indirectly involved in language training. This is what it means by ＂Language Education in a Broader Sense＂ in the tide of this paper. Some improvements have been suggested in the end.     

TEACHING PRONUNCIATION TO EFL STUDENTS

pronunciation teaching is considered as a basic course in English as a foreign language teaching in China. As we all know that English is a tool of communication between Chinese people and the people abroad,it is very important to have good pronunciation in order to communicate effectively. Though that good pronunciation is necessary for the mastery of a foreign language is accepted as axiomatic by most teachers, yet how the idea translates into the methodologies and techniques of the FEL classroom is still a question. This article will introduce as well as discuss some research findings and some approaches that we may find effective in pronunciation teaching.     

How to Stimulate College Students' English Learning Motivation

Motivation to language learning is a complex set of variables including effort, desire to achieve goals, as well as attitudes toward the learning of the language. Individuals' motivation to second-language learning also includes their motivation orientations, interest in the second language, attitudes toward the second-language group, attitudes toward the second-language learning situations and second-language anxiety. Based on the basic theories and approaches, teaching activities are part of motivation in English classes. The teacher of language should have a good influence on students and develop students' keen interest in study in order to strengthen their intrinsic motivation, and set up some new goals for students to pursue and give the feedback to reinforce their inner drive and confidence. Thus, students will become major conductors, make full use of their potentials and enhance their study results.     

On how to teach reading

This thesis tries to pursue how to teach reading,how to develop the students' reading competence,and how to improve their reading ability.It is intended to study the issue from the nature of reading-the features of written language,and the physical process of reading.After the explanation of models of reading,I present several strategies for reading comprehension,for our teachers to discuss,to teach the students,as well as some more techniques and more cautions in teaching reading.