协同共刺激分子B7-H4与消化道肿瘤关系研究进展

协同刺激分子B7-H4是B7家族重要的负性刺激分子,B7-H4通过抑制T细胞增殖、调控细胞周期对T细胞免疫应答进行负性调控,使肿瘤细胞逃避机体的免疫监视,促进肿瘤生长,B7-H4的异常表达与许多恶性肿瘤密切相关.阐述了免疫共刺激分子B7-H4的结构、免疫调节功能及其与消化道恶性肿瘤的关系.     

共刺激分子B7和CD40对日本血吸虫感染小鼠Th1/Th2免疫偏移的调控作用

为观察干预B7/CD28和CD40/CD40L共刺激信号对Th1/Th2细胞因子表达水平和Th1/Th 2免疫偏移的调控作用, 分别取小鼠感染日本血吸虫后6、8、10和12周的脾淋巴细胞经抗CD8 0(B7-1)mAb、抗CD86(B7-2)mAb、抗CD40mAb和抗CD40LmAb处理后培养72h,用ELISA 双抗体夹心法测定培养上清中IFN-γ和IL-4的表达水平的动态变化并分析干预2种不同的共刺激信号对 Th1/Th2免疫偏移的影响.结果显示抗CD80mAb和抗CD86mAb均能显著抑制IL-4的表达水平, 尤其是抗CD86mAb对IL-4抑制作用尤为明显.抗CD40mAb和抗CD40LmAb也能影响Th2细胞因子的表达.其中以阻断CD40分子的作用更为显著.结果提示B7/CD28和CD40/CD40L共刺激信号可以调节Th1/Th2细胞因子的表达水平和调控Th1/Th2免疫偏移.干预B7/CD28和CD40/CD40L 介导的共刺激信号调控Th1/Th2免疫偏移有可能是一种控制血吸虫卵肉芽肿病变新型的免疫治疗途径.     

体液免疫中IL-2/IL-2R整合CD4+T细胞信号形成Tfh

总结了参与Th细胞各种亚型分化的主要信号途径,并对IL-2/IL-2R信号影响Th亚型分化的分子机制进行了深入探讨.IL-2/IL-2R信号可能作为一种调节分子可以整合CD4+T细胞在免疫应答中的多种信号,从而将T细胞打造成一种更为成熟的形式,然后迁移至B淋巴滤泡和生发中心处辅助B细胞产生抗体和形成记忆B细胞.据此,推测这种成熟形式的Th就是Tfh,并提出了Tfh细胞产生及功能发挥的新模型,以正确认识Tfh在体液免疫中的关键作用.     

CD11b调控LPS刺激下巨噬细胞表达IL-12的分子机制

CD11b是白细胞整合素家族成员之一,在炎症的发生和发展中发挥重要作用.在内毒素血症小鼠模型,发现脂多糖(LPS)导致外周血白细胞介素12(IL-12)水平降低,而CD11b抑制剂能防止此现象发生.为阐明CD11b调控LPS刺激下IL-12产生的分子机制,本文利用RAW264.7细胞开展了进一步研究.酶联免疫吸附、实时定量PCR和Western Blot等检测结果表明,CD11b可抑制LPS刺激下RAW264.7细胞IL-12的表达;利用sh RNA敲低CD11b的表达则能提高LPS刺激下RAW264.7细胞IL-12p35、IL-12p40的转录水平和蛋白水平的表达;JNK和NF-κB信号通路与CD11b调控IL-12的产生关系密切,而p38、ERK信号通路影响较小.因此,研究结果提示,CD11b通过JNK和NF-κB信号通路抑制LPS刺激下巨噬细胞IL-12的产生,抑制CD11b的功能可能有助于削弱LPS引起的炎症反应.     

CD9与免疫细胞、免疫因子相互作用及其功能的研究

CD9是Tetraspanins家族成员之一,属于白细胞分化抗原中的一种,它参与细胞黏附、运动、激活和分化等.近年有研究表明:CD9在激活T细胞、作为B细胞分子标记物以及诱导DC和MHC分子对抗原的提呈等方面都发挥着重要的作用.值得一提的是CD9在适应性免疫系统的作用可能追溯到原始的无颌类脊椎动物.对CD9与免疫细胞以及免疫因子的相互作用进行简要综述,为进一步理解和深入研究CD9在适应性免疫系统中所扮演的角色提供参考.     

肿瘤患者外周血CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞TCR Vβ基因克隆化分析

目的探讨肿瘤患者T细胞抗原受体(TCR)Vβ基因克隆化改变特征.方法应用多引物巢式PCR技术检测肿瘤患者外周血CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞TCR Vβ基因22个亚家族的克隆化改变,与正常对照组比较,分析肿瘤患者TCR单克隆改变的特点.结果 CD8+T细胞TCRVβ基因亚家族单克隆改变的数量多于CD4+T细胞;肿瘤患者的CD4+T细胞中,只有Vβ2,Vβ7和Vβ8三个亚家族单克隆改变高于正常对照组(P0.01或P0.05),其他Vβ亚家族单克隆改变与正常对照组无明显差异.肿瘤患者的CD8+T细胞中,有14个Vβ亚家族单克隆改变均高于正常对照组(P0.01或P0.05);4组肿瘤患者中,CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞的TCR Vβ7亚家族的单克隆改变均明显高于正常对照组(P0.01或P0.05).结论通过检测TCR Vβ基因克隆化改变,可以初步了解T细胞对肿瘤的免疫应答状况.     

PD-L2/CTLA-4融合蛋白的表达,纯化及初步功能鉴定

细胞毒性T细胞相关抗原(Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Antigen 4,CTLA-4)是体内重要的免疫负调控因子,它可与CD28竞争跟B7分子的结合,抑制T细胞的活化.程序性死亡蛋白配体2(Programmed Death Ligand-2,PD-L2)可以和其受体程序性死亡因子1(Programmed Death 1,PD-1)结合,产生的信号可以抑制TCR(T Cell Receptor)介导的T细胞增殖和细胞因子产生.为了得到一种新型的高效免疫负调控蛋白,从人基因组中克隆了CTLA-4和PD-L2胞外区,并在大肠杆菌中实现了其融合表达和纯化.ConA转化实验表明,PD-L2/CTLA-4融合蛋白能显著抑制小鼠淋巴细胞增殖,抑制率达69%.相比于CTLA-4和PD-L2分子单独使用,抑制率分别提高了23%和10%,混合淋巴实验抑制率达71%,提示其具有免疫负调控功能.     

CD40L对B淋巴细胞表面分子及分泌IL-12的影响

在体外使用CD40L作用于B淋巴细胞使之活化,通过测定B淋巴细胞表面分子及分泌细胞因子的变化,探讨B淋巴细胞作为抗原递呈细胞在抗肿瘤免疫中的优势,为B淋巴细胞特异性活化细胞毒T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)进而发挥其肿瘤细胞杀伤效应奠定基础.取7名健康成人外周静脉血,经淋巴细胞分离液分离人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),分为对照组和实验组,实验组培养液中加入加入CD40L和IL-4,共培养21 d.观察B淋巴细胞生长状况,并在第7 d、第14 d和第21 d,用流式细胞仪(FCAS)测定其表面分子CD80、CD86和CD19,在第21 d,使用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定培养液中的IL-12水平.结果显示,在CD40L的作用下,B淋巴细胞呈克隆样增殖,并高表达表面分子CD80/CD86和CD19,和对照组相比,B淋巴细胞分泌IL-12水平升高(P＜0.05).上述实验结果说明通过CD40L的刺激,B淋巴细胞得到了活化,提示通过该途径活化的B淋巴细胞具备了作为抗原递呈细胞而发挥其抗肿瘤免疫治疗的能力.     

NK细胞免疫识别及其调节机制与免疫相关性疾病

自然杀伤受体(NKR)和Toll样受体(TLR)是天然免疫系统最重要的二群天然免疫识别受体家族,位于机体抵抗外来侵袭的第一道防线.二者各自具有独特的识别外来或内源性的危险信号、区分自我和非我的识别机制,是启动固有免疫和适应性免疫应答的关键链接分子.NK细胞是天然免疫系统的核心成员,具有早期识别和清除病毒感染和肿瘤细胞等功能,同时也是连接天然免疫和获得性免疫的桥梁.以NK细胞为载体将TLRs/NKRs连接起来,可以较好地反映机体内外环境变化或刺激时固有免疫对适应性免疫的调节作用,为有效控制感染、炎症、肿瘤及自身免疫性疾病提供崭新的治疗策略.     

T细胞共刺激信号系统研究进展

T细胞是获得性免疫应答的主要识别和效应细胞．T细胞的活化需要两种信号同时存在（即双信号模型，two-signal model）：一是由T细胞受体（TCR）与MHC-抗原肽复合物介导的第一信号，该信号决定了T细胞抗原应答的特异性；二是由表达于T细胞表面的膜蛋白分子及其配体介导的共刺激信号，该信号对于T细胞识别抗原后的完全活化是必须的．共刺激分子的发现为调控T细胞活化及其介导的免疫反应提供了新策略．     

Crystal structure of the B7-1/CTLA-4 complex that inhibits human immune responses

Optimal immune responses require both an antigen-specific and a co-stimulatory signal. The shared ligands B7-1 and B7-2 on antigen-presenting cells deliver the co-stimulatory signal through CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells. Signalling through CD28 augments the T-cell response, whereas CTLA-4 signalling attenuates it. Numerous animal studies and recent clinical trials indicate that manipulating these interactions holds considerable promise for immunotherapy. With the consequences of these signals well established, and details of the downstream signalling events emerging, understanding the molecular nature of these extracellular interactions becomes crucial. Here we report the crystal structure of the human CTLA-4/B7-1 co-stimulatory complex at 3.0 A resolution. In contrast to other interacting cell-surface molecules, the relatively small CTLA-4/B7-1 binding interface exhibits an unusually high degree of shape complementarity. CTLA-4 forms homodimers through a newly defined interface of highly conserved residues. In the crystal lattice, CTLA-4 and B7-1 pack in a strikingly periodic arrangement in which bivalent CTLA-4 homodimers bridge bivalent B7-1 homodimers. This zipper-like oligomerization provides the structural basis for forming unusually stable signalling complexes at the T-cell surface, underscoring the importance of potent inhibitory signalling in human immune responses.     

Structural basis for co-stimulation by the human CTLA-4/B7-2 complex

Regulation of T-cell activity is dependent on antigen-independent co-stimulatory signals provided by the disulphide-linked homodimeric T-cell surface receptors, CD28 and CTLA-4 (ref. 1). Engagement of CD28 with B7-1 and B7-2 ligands on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) provides a stimulatory signal for T-cell activation, whereas subsequent engagement of CTLA-4 with these same ligands results in attenuation of the response. Given their central function in immune modulation, CTLA-4- and CD28-associated signalling pathways are primary therapeutic targets for preventing autoimmune disease, graft versus host disease, graft rejection and promoting tumour immunity. However, little is known about the cell-surface organization of these receptor/ligand complexes and the structural basis for signal transduction. Here we report the 3.2-A resolution structure of the complex between the disulphide-linked homodimer of human CTLA-4 and the receptor-binding domain of human B7-2. The unusual dimerization properties of both CTLA-4 and B7-2 place their respective ligand-binding sites distal to the dimer interface in each molecule and promote the formation of an alternating arrangement of bivalent CTLA-4 and B7-2 dimers that extends throughout the crystal. Direct observation of this CTLA-4/B7-2 network provides a model for the periodic organization of these molecules within the immunological synapse and suggests a distinct mechanism for signalling by dimeric cell-surface receptors.     

T-cell co-stimulation through B7RP-1 and ICOS

T-cell activation requires co-stimulation through receptors such as CD28 and antigen-specific signalling through the T-cell antigen receptor. Here we describe a new murine costimulatory receptor-ligand pair. The receptor, which is related to CD28 and is the homologue of the human protein ICOS, is expressed on activated T cells and resting memory T cells. The ligand, which has homology to B7 molecules and is called B7-related protein-1 (B7RP-1), is expressed on B cells and macrophages. ICOS and B7RP-I do not interact with proteins in the CD28-B7 pathway, and B7RP-1 co-stimulates T cells in vitro independently of CD28. Transgenic mice expressing a B7RP-1-Fc fusion protein show lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Presensitized mice treated with B7RP-1-Fc during antigen challenge show enhanced hypersensitivity. Therefore, B7RP-1 exhibits co-stimulatory activities in vitro and in vivo. ICOS and B7RP-1 define a new and distinct receptor-ligand pair that is structurally related to CD28-B7 and is involved in the adaptive immune response.     

ICOS co-stimulatory receptor is essential for T-cell activation and function

T-lymphocyte activation and immune function are regulated by co-stimulatory molecules. CD28, a receptor for B7 gene products, has a chief role in initiating T-cell immune responses. CTLA4, which binds B7 with a higher affinity, is induced after T-cell activation and is involved in downregulating T-cell responses. The inducible co-stimulatory molecule (ICOS), a third member of the CD28/CTLA4 family, is expressed on activated T cells. Its ligand B7H/B7RP-1 is expressed on B cells and in non-immune tissues after injection of lipopolysaccharide into animals. To understand the role of ICOS in T-cell activation and function, we generated and analysed ICOS-deficient mice. Here we show that T-cell activation and proliferation are defective in the absence of ICOS. In addition, ICOS -/- T cells fail to produce interleukin-4 when differentiated in vitro or when primed in vivo. ICOS is required for humoral immune responses after immunization with several antigens. ICOS-/- mice showed greatly enhanced susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, indicating that ICOS has a protective role in inflammatory autoimmune diseases.     

大鼠口服免疫耐受与皮肤移植的研究

目的利用口服供者脾细胞延长受者大鼠皮肤存活时间,检测调节性T细胞在移植前后的变化,探讨口服免疫耐受的机制。方法以纯系SD大鼠为供者,纯系Wistar大鼠为受者,行异体皮肤移植,将24只受者大鼠随机分为A组（对照组,口服PBS）、B组（每日口服SD大鼠脾细胞1×10^7个）,C组（每日口服SD大鼠脾细胞5×10^7个）,对受体进行450Rad^60Co照射,然后检测受者外周血及脾脏CD4＋CD25＋、CD8＋CD28-调节性T细胞（Treg）,并对受者进行供者脾细胞导管灌胃,每次口服5×10^7个细胞,每日一次,7d后检查迟发型超敏反应（DTH）,并行皮肤移植,观察移植皮肤的存活时间,复查Treg两次。结果口服脾细胞后,DTH反应均出现明显的抗原特异性降低;C组的皮肤移植存活时间达到19．17d±1．94d,与前两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。在口服供体脾细胞延长皮肤移植存活大鼠（C组）的外周血及脾脏中CD8＋CD28-Treg均比口服前明显增高（P〈0．01）,并能维持2周以上。结论口服抗原可以引起受者对异基因抗原的特异性免疫反应降低,使受者的皮肤移植存活期延长,CD8＋CD28-Treg在口服免疫耐受的机制中发挥了重要作用。     

ICOS is critical for CD40-mediated antibody class switching

The inducible co-stimulatory molecule (ICOS) is a CD28 homologue implicated in regulating T-cell differentiation. Because co-stimulatory signals are critical for regulating T-cell activation, an understanding of co-stimulatory signals may enable the design of rational therapies for immune-mediated diseases. According to the two-signal model for T-cell activation, T cells require an antigen-specific signal and a second, co-stimulatory, signal for optimal T-cell activation. The co-stimulatory signal promotes T-cell proliferation, lymphokine secretion and effector function. The B7-CD28 pathway provides essential signals for T-cell activation, but does not account for all co-stimulation. We have generated mice lacking ICOS (ICOS-/- ) to determine the essential functions of ICOS. Here we report that ICOS-/- mice exhibit profound deficits in immunoglobulin isotype class switching, accompanied by impaired germinal centre formation. Class switching was restored in ICOS-/- mice by CD40 stimulation, showing that ICOS promotes T-cell/B-cell collaboration through the CD40/CD40L pathway.     

藏猪白细胞介素-12基因表达对猪圆环病毒2 疫苗的免疫增强效应

为研究IL-12基因在猪体内表达对PCV2疫苗免疫应答的调控作用,本研究将藏猪IL-12基因克隆至VR1020载体,壳聚糖包裹重组质粒制备成壳聚糖纳米颗粒(VRIL-12-CNP)并与PCV2疫苗共同接种21日龄断奶仔猪.接种后第0d、7d、14d和28d采集猪前腔静脉血进行血细胞分析、PCV2抗体检测和相关免疫基因表达量检测,并记录体重.结果显示:接种VRIL-12-CNP和PCV2疫苗的实验组猪的CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+T细胞和PCV2抗体显著增长(P0.05),TLR2/7、IL-12/4/6/15、STAT1/3和Bcl-2基因的表达量显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验期间实验组体重净增长也明显高于对照组(P0.05).结果表明:VRIL12-CNP能增强PCV2疫苗的先天性和获得性体液、细胞免疫应答,是安全、有效的PCV2疫苗佐剂.     

ICOS is essential for effective T-helper-cell responses

The outcome of T-cell responses after T-cell encounter with specific antigens is modulated by co-stimulatory signals, which are required for both lymphocyte activation and development of adaptive immunity. ICOS, an inducible co-stimulator with homology to CD28, is expressed on activated, but not resting T cells, and shows T-cell co-stimulatory function in vitro. ICOS binds specifically to its counter-receptor B7RP-1 (refs 5,6,7), but not to B7-1 or B7-2. Here we provide in vivo genetic evidence that ICOS delivers a co-stimulatory signal that is essential both for efficient interaction between T and B cells and for normal antibody responses to T-cell-dependent antigens. To determine the physiological function of ICOS, we generated and characterized gene-targeted ICOS-deficient mice. In vivo, a lack of ICOS results in severely deficient T-cell-dependent B-cell responses. Germinal centre formation is impaired and immunoglobulin class switching, including production of allergy-mediating IgE, is defective. ICOS-deficient T cells primed in in vivo and restimulated in vitro with specific antigen produce only low levels of interleukin-4, but remain fully competent to produce interferon-gamma.