含硫造纸废水处理中基质竞争及毒性问题的研究

本文阐述了用两相厌氧法成功地解决了在处理硫酸盐法和亚硫酸盐法制浆造纸废水过程中,出现的硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷茵的基质竞争和硫化物毒性问题。     

Structure of cytochrome c nitrite reductase.

The enzyme cytochrome c nitrite reductase catalyses the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia as one of the key steps in the biological nitrogen cycle, where it participates in the anaerobic energy metabolism of dissimilatory nitrate ammonification. Here we report on the crystal structure of this enzyme from the microorganism Sulfurospirillum deleyianum, which we solved by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion methods. We propose a reaction scheme for the transformation of nitrite based on structural and spectroscopic information. Cytochrome c nitrite reductase is a functional dimer, with 10 close-packed haem groups of type c and an unusual lysine-coordinated high-spin haem at the active site. By comparing the haem arrangement of this nitrite reductase with that of other multihaem cytochromes, we have been able to identify a family of proteins in which the orientation of haem groups is conserved whereas structure and function are not.     

Isotopic evidence for microbial sulphate reduction in the early Archaean era

Sulphate-reducing microbes affect the modern sulphur cycle, and may be quite ancient, though when they evolved is uncertain. These organisms produce sulphide while oxidizing organic matter or hydrogen with sulphate. At sulphate concentrations greater than 1 mM, the sulphides are isotopically fractionated (depleted in 34S) by 10-40/1000 compared to the sulphate, with fractionations decreasing to near 0/1000 at lower concentrations. The isotope record of sedimentary sulphides shows large fractionations relative to seawater sulphate by 2.7 Gyr ago, indicating microbial sulphate reduction. In older rocks, however, much smaller fractionations are of equivocal origin, possibly biogenic but also possibly volcanogenic. Here we report microscopic sulphides in approximately 3.47-Gyr-old barites from North Pole, Australia, with maximum fractionations of 21.1/1000, about a mean of 11.6/1000, clearly indicating microbial sulphate reduction. Our results extend the geological record of microbial sulphate reduction back more than 750 million years, and represent direct evidence of an early specific metabolic pathway--allowing time calibration of a deep node on the tree of life.     

Early oxygenation of the terrestrial environment during the Mesoproterozoic

Geochemical data from ancient sedimentary successions provide evidence for the progressive evolution of Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Key stages in increasing oxygenation are postulated for the Palaeoproterozoic era (～2.3?billion years ago, Gyr ago) and the late Proterozoic eon (about 0.8?Gyr ago), with the latter implicated in the subsequent metazoan evolutionary expansion. In support of this rise in oxygen concentrations, a large database shows a marked change in the bacterially mediated fractionation of seawater sulphate to sulphide of Δ(34)S?相似文献   

粘胶纤维生产废水处理技术及其机理探讨

对粘胶纤维生产中废水处理技术的机理进行了初步研究,探索其去除硫化物(S~=)、锌(Zn~++)及有机物的机理;同时确定实际废水处理各步工艺的最佳运行条件。理论上,氢硫酸在一定pH值范围(<8.18时,游离S~=浓度低于1mg/l,H_2S气体用曝气方法脱除。实际上上海第一化学纤维厂废水需控制pH值小于3时处理,其中硫化物(S~=)才达到排放标准。除锌机理为利用锌的两性性质,控制pH值范围为8.24～10.5,以保证废水中锌离子得以沉淀完全;实际废水情况与此基本相符。有机物的去除,采用氧化混凝复合方法,控制最佳运行条件:0(氧)型氧化剂与混凝剂(以Al_2O_3计)投量均为60ppm,pH值为7,平均COD_(cr)去除率可达81.37％,出水COD_(cr)值为50mg/l左右。     

高浓度硫酸盐废水厌氧生物脱硫研究

本文对高浓度硫酸盐废水厌氧生物脱硫技术进行了探讨,研究了单相上流式污泥床（UASB）反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐废水启动条件和稳定运行的全过程。利用人工配水成功启动和稳定运行的UASB反应器在硫酸盐容积负荷1.8kg.（m3.d）-1,COD容积负荷5.0kg.（m3.d）-1时相应的硫酸盐和COD去除率分别达到95%左右和35%左右。温度低于20℃或者硫化物浓度高于300mg/L时都会抑制硫酸盐还原,导致硫酸盐和COD去除率降低。温度高于20℃或者硫化物浓度低于300mg/L时,硫酸盐去除率可以保持稳定在90%以上。反应器功能微生物驯化富集成功后,可以保持稳定的硫酸盐和COD去除率,提高进水负荷对其影响不大,能短时间内提高到较高的进水负荷。合理的对反应器进行气体吹脱可以有效脱除废水中游离的H2S降低硫化物对微生物的抑制作用,从而提高硫酸盐去除率和COD去除率。     

A voltage-gated proton-selective channel lacking the pore domain

Voltage changes across the cell membrane control the gating of many cation-selective ion channels. Conserved from bacteria to humans, the voltage-gated-ligand superfamily of ion channels are encoded as polypeptide chains of six transmembrane-spanning segments (S1-S6). S1-S4 functions as a self-contained voltage-sensing domain (VSD), in essence a positively charged lever that moves in response to voltage changes. The VSD 'ligand' transmits force via a linker to the S5-S6 pore domain 'receptor', thereby opening or closing the channel. The ascidian VSD protein Ci-VSP gates a phosphatase activity rather than a channel pore, indicating that VSDs function independently of ion channels. Here we describe a mammalian VSD protein (H(V)1) that lacks a discernible pore domain but is sufficient for expression of a voltage-sensitive proton-selective ion channel activity. H(v)1 currents are activated at depolarizing voltages, sensitive to the transmembrane pH gradient, H+-selective, and Zn2+-sensitive. Mutagenesis of H(v)1 identified three arginine residues in S4 that regulate channel gating and two histidine residues that are required for extracellular inhibition of H(v)1 by Zn2+. H(v)1 is expressed in immune tissues and manifests the characteristic properties of native proton conductances (G(vH+)). In phagocytic leukocytes, G(vH+) are required to support the oxidative burst that underlies microbial killing by the innate immune system. The data presented here identify H(v)1 as a long-sought voltage-gated H+ channel and establish H(v)1 as the founding member of a family of mammalian VSD proteins.     

硒的微生物转化的研究

硒的微生物转化是微生物过程，ＰＨ、温度、介质影响硒酸盐的异化还原。硝酸根抑制硒酸根的转化，而硫酸根则没有抑制性，说明硫和硒有着不同的还原型的生物循环。还原剂如氢、醋酸根等促进硒酸盐的转化，而ＶＩＢ族元素则抑制其微生物转化。     

异养微生物异化还原大洋多金属结核

从太平洋海底沉积物中分离到的四株异养微生物,进行耐酸和耐金属的驯化,在好氧和厌氧条件下进行异养微生物异化还原大洋多金属结核的实验,并分析了浸出机理. 结果表明:厌氧浸出优于好氧浸出,pH控制在2.5～3,浸出时间为3d,浸出率可达98%. 利用异养微生物还原浸出大洋多金属矿浸出速率高,矿体无需通气,投资低,易于操作,且环境友好,可在回收有价金属的同时进行固体废弃物和有机废弃物综合治理.     

1，1-二氯乙烷微生物降解菌群的生理学鉴定

从纽约哈得逊河河底淤泥样品中富集分离得到的微生物菌群,在厌氧条件下,可将1,1-二氯乙烷通过还原脱氯的呼吸代谢方式降解生成一氯乙烷.这个微生物菌群可以利用氢气、甲酸、乙酸、苯甲酸和延胡索酸作为电子供体进行还原脱氯生长,并能以丙酮酸发酵的呼吸方式生长,但丙酮酸不能用来作为电子供体进行还原脱氯.通过对其他氯代化合物是否能作为电子受体的实验,发现只有1,1-二氯乙烷能被脱氯.在培养基中加入亚硫酸盐可完全抑制二氯乙烷的还原脱氯,但硫酸盐、硝酸盐和延胡索酸盐的加入却不影响还原脱氯.在以氢气作为电子供体进行还原脱氯时,每摩尔氯原子的还原相应地使细胞干重增加(4.402±1.241)g.同时对富集分离的菌群进行16S rRNA基因序列分析发现,在脱氯生长方式下,该微生物菌群中Dehalobacter细菌占主导地位.     

Release of gold-bearing fluids in convergent margin magmas prompted by magnetite crystallization

A relationship between convergent margin magmas and copper-gold ore mineralization has long been recognized. The nature of the genetic link is controversial, particularly whether the link is due to high-oxygen-fugacity (fO2) melts and fluids released from subducted slabs or to brine exsolution during magmatic evolution. For submarine, subduction-related volcanic glasses from the eastern Manus basin, Papua New Guinea, we here report abrupt decreases in gold and copper abundances, coupled with a switch in the behaviour of titanium and iron from concentration increases to decreases as SiO2 rises. We propose that the abrupt depletion in gold and copper results from concurrent sulphur reduction as a result of fO2 buffering, causing enhanced formation of copper-gold hydrosulphide complexes that become scavenged from crystallizing melts into cogenetic magmatic aqueous fluids. This process is particularly efficient in oxidized arc magmas with substantial sulphate. We infer that subsequent migration and cooling of exsolved aqueous fluids create links between copper-gold mineralization and arc magmatism in the Manus basin, and at convergent margins in general.     

Mineral sulphide-lime reactions and effect of CaO/C mole ratio during carbothermic reduction of complex mineral sulphides

Mineral sulphide (MS)-lime (CaO) ion exchange reactions (MS + CaO = MO + CaS) and the effect of CaO/C mole ratio during carbothermic reduction (MS + CaO + C = M + CaS + CO(g)) were investigated for complex froth flotation mineral sulphide concentrates. Phases in the partially and fully reacted samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The primary phases during mineral sulphide-lime ion exchange reactions are Fe₃O₄, CaSO₄ Cu₂S, and CaS. A complex liquid phase of Ca₂CuFeO₃S forms during mineral sulphide-lime exchange reactions above 1173 K. The formation mechanisms of Ca₂CuFeO₃S liquid phase are determined by characterising the partially reacted samples. The reduction rate and extent of mineral sulphides in the presence of CaO and C increase with the increase in CaO/C ratio. The metallic phases are surrounded by the CaS rich phase at CaO/C > 1, but the metallic phases and CaS are found as separate phases at CaO/C < 1. Experimental results show that the stoichiometric ratio of carbon should be slightly higher than that of CaO. The reactions between CaO and gangue minerals (SiO₂ and Al₂O₃) are only observed at CaO/C > 1 and the reacted samples are excessively sintered.     

Researches on Mechanism of Treatment Technology of Wastewater from Viscose Fibre Production

This paper centres on the mechanism of wastewater treatment technology for viscose fibre production, in-volving the removal of sulphide (S2-), zinc(Zn2+), and organic substances( CODer), and meanwhile, de-termines the optimal strategy for wastewater treatment of Shanghai No. 1 Chemical Fibre Factory. Hydrosul-phuric acid is a weak acid, and in a certain range of pH value(pH < 8 .18) the concentration of free S2- is below 1 mg/1. The H2S gas can be removed by intro-ducing compressed air. Actually, when pH < 3, the concentration of sulphide in wastewater can meet the discharge standard. As to zinc (Zn2+), owing to its amphiprotic nature, it can be precipitated completely while pH value is within 8.24-10.5 . With the com-bined method of oxidation and coagulation, the average removal of CODer reaches 81.37% , and the concentra-tion of CODer In the effluent is about 50mg/1 under the best conditions: both the concentrations of oxidant and coagulant are about 60 ppm and the pH is 7 .     

城市生活污水排水管道H2S溢出特性的研究

 为控制城市生活污水排水管道中由厌氧微生物而产生的H₂S所引起的恶臭味,应先对产生恶臭味的H₂S气体进行监测,了解污水排水系统H₂S的产生特性.对学生宿舍区、居民区和餐饮区中3个检查井的H₂S溢出浓度进行现场监测,其结果通过Boltzmann函数的拟合回归分析以及正态分布的P-P图预测,表明城市生活污水排水管道中H₂S的溢出与时间具有较大的相关性,随时间的变化符合二项式时间曲线估计的回归;其溢出浓度近似服从于正态分布;在同一天里,随着流速增加,H₂S浓度越高;不同污水中H₂S的浓度明显不同.这些特性为城市污水排水管道中所产生的H₂S而引起的恶臭味的控制与治理提供依据.     

Iron corrosion by novel anaerobic microorganisms

Corrosion of iron presents a serious economic problem. Whereas aerobic corrosion is a chemical process, anaerobic corrosion is frequently linked to the activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). SRB are supposed to act upon iron primarily by produced hydrogen sulphide as a corrosive agent and by consumption of 'cathodic hydrogen' formed on iron in contact with water. Among SRB, Desulfovibrio species--with their capacity to consume hydrogen effectively--are conventionally regarded as the main culprits of anaerobic corrosion; however, the underlying mechanisms are complex and insufficiently understood. Here we describe novel marine, corrosive types of SRB obtained via an isolation approach with metallic iron as the only electron donor. In particular, a Desulfobacterium-like isolate reduced sulphate with metallic iron much faster than conventional hydrogen-scavenging Desulfovibrio species, suggesting that the novel surface-attached cell type obtained electrons from metallic iron in a more direct manner than via free hydrogen. Similarly, a newly isolated Methanobacterium-like archaeon produced methane with iron faster than do known hydrogen-using methanogens, again suggesting a more direct access to electrons from iron than via hydrogen consumption.     

A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane

A large fraction of globally produced methane is converted to CO2 by anaerobic oxidation in marine sediments. Strong geochemical evidence for net methane consumption in anoxic sediments is based on methane profiles, radiotracer experiments and stable carbon isotope data. But the elusive microorganisms mediating this reaction have not yet been isolated, and the pathway of anaerobic oxidation of methane is insufficiently understood. Recent data suggest that certain archaea reverse the process of methanogenesis by interaction with sulphate-reducing bacteria. Here we provide microscopic evidence for a structured consortium of archaea and sulphate-reducing bacteria, which we identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization using specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. In this example of a structured archaeal-bacterial symbiosis, the archaea grow in dense aggregates of about 100 cells and are surrounded by sulphate-reducing bacteria. These aggregates were abundant in gas-hydrate-rich sediments with extremely high rates of methane-based sulphate reduction, and apparently mediate anaerobic oxidation of methane.     

半硝化-厌氧氨氧化法的脱氮研究

研究采用一种新的工艺——半硝化-厌氧氨氧化法来处理高浓度氨氮废水。半硝化在35℃左右,pH值为7．6左右,水力停留时间为1d的条件下反应;厌氧氨氧化在35℃,pH值为7．5左右,水力停留时间为2d的条件下反应。硝化反应对氨氮的有一定去除效果,但没有同等比例的亚硝酸盐氮生成;厌氧氨氧化反应前期氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮的去除率均可达到55％以上,但后期氨氮没什么去除效果,而亚硝酸盐氮有一定的去除率。     

尾矿库废水酸化与重金属污染规律研究

通过分析某黄铁铅锌矿尾矿库14年的废水监测数据，研究了高酸、高碱环境对尾矿硫化物重金属溶出的影响，绘制了尾矿库废水pH值与重金属离子浓度的关系曲线，建立了pH值与重金属污染的数学模型，揭示了废水酸化与重金属污染的内在机制，提出了密闭覆盖尾矿库以隔绝硫化物与H2O、O2反应产生及在尾矿浆中添加碱性物质以中和[H^ ]、切断重金属离子溶出反应链等根治尾矿库废水酸化与重金属污染的控制技术。     

Plasmid-related anaerobic autotrophy of the novel archaebacterium Sulfolobus ambivalens

Three different species of the genus Sulfolobus, S. acidocaldarius, S. solfataricus (= Caldariella) and S. brierleyi, have been distinguished by the conditions required for optimal growth, by the component patterns of their DNA-dependent RNA polymerases and by DNA sequence data. Many isolates of these species are able to grow chemolithoautotrophically using CO2 as the sole carbon source and the oxidation of S(0) with O2 yielding sulphuric acid, as the energy source, though a few others grow only heterotrophically. We show here that a strain of a novel Sulfolobus species, S. ambivalens, is alternatively able to live by an anaerobic mode of chemolithoautotrophy, also using CO2 as the sole carbon source, but using reduction of S(0) with H2, yielding H2S as the energy source. This mode of growth is correlated with the amplification of a plasmid, pSL10.     

大型厌氧填埋场中铁的分布特征及迁移行为研究

以北京南郊某大型厌氧填埋场为例, 对不同填埋龄垃圾中的铁含量、价态转换及形态分布进行研究。结果表明, 该厌氧填埋场填埋龄为3~10年的垃圾中Fe含量变化范围为18532.8~26897.2 mg/kg。由于微生物的异化铁还原作用, Fe(III)不断被还原为Fe(II), Fe(II)/ Fe(III)从0.51上升到1.01。形态分析结果表明: Fe在不同填埋龄垃圾中的形态分布规律基本一致, 残渣态含量最高, 可氧化态和可还原态次之, 酸可溶解态含量最低, 可还原态受环境因素影响极大, 硫化物对Fe形态分布影响最显著。