川渝地区带状气藏分支水平井的产能公式——齐成伟公式的推广

 齐成伟公式是国内外首次出现的建立于带状油藏的水平井产能预测公式,但不适用于气藏。为了预测川渝地区带状气藏中分支水平井的产能,根据气相渗流与液相渗流的相似原理和Roberts气体相对渗透率与含硫饱和度关系,成功地将齐成伟公式改造为带状高含硫气藏中分支水平井的拟三维产能预测公式。根据齐成伟公式的高含硫气藏修正公式,分析硫沉积量和渗透率各向异性系数对产能的影响规律后,取得了硫沉积量对产能的影响大于渗透率各向异性系数、在带状高含硫气藏中宜打纵向双分支水平井的重要认识。建议将齐成伟的圆形油藏中辐射状分支水平井拟三维产能公式推广到圆形高含硫气藏中。     

带状低渗透油气藏中纵向双分支水平井在不同完井方式下的产能公式

为了预测带状低渗透油气藏中纵向双分支水平井在不同完井方式下的产能,分析钻、完井过程中产生的表皮系数后,通过等值渗流阻力法成功地将齐成伟公式推广为带状低渗透油气藏中纵向双分支水平井在裸眼完井、割缝衬管完井和砾石充填完井方式下的产能公式。     

低渗透髙含硫气藏硫沉积的渗流理论研究

针对低渗透高含硫气藏硫以固相析出污染地层严重影响气井产能的问题,运用渗流理论、达西、非达西流体运动方程并引进地层含硫饱和度参数,推导出气流满足达西和非达西运动条件时的含硫饱和度随时间变化的数学模型。该模型可以预测硫沉积的径向分布情况以及硫沉积量随时间变化对地层渗透率和孔隙度的影响。通过该模型的预测对此类高含硫气藏安全生产有着一定的指导作用。     

高含硫气藏硫沉积预测热力学模型

在高含硫气藏开发过程中,伴有元素硫的析出、沉积、气相组成变化和沉积硫堆积在孔隙喉道污染地层等特殊现象.其中硫微粒的沉积将降低地层孔隙度和渗透率,影响气藏的产能,严重的硫沉积甚至会导致气井报废.为了能够提高含硫气藏开发的预见性,建立安全开发模式,运用化学热力学理论建立了气液固三相相平衡硫沉积预测热力学模型预测硫的沉积,在此模型基础上对比计算、分析了硫化氢含量对硫沉积的影响.得出以下结论:在压力和温度一定的条件下硫的沉积量与硫化氢的含量成反比,在组成和温度一定的条件下压力越低硫的析出量越大.     

底水气藏水平井见水时间研究

 底水脊进是底水气藏水平井气藏工程研究中遇到的最大问题。利用镜像反映和势的叠加原理得到底水气藏水平井势分布,导出考虑地层各向异性的水平井产能公式、水平井见水时间公式、底水脊进时任意时刻水脊高度的公式。计算结果表明,底水水平井产能受水平井位置和地层各向异性影响,减小水平井与底水的距离能增加水平井产量;垂向渗透率越大的地层更利于底水驱气藏水平井产能的提高。水平井见水时间主要受水平井位置的影响,水平井离底水距离越近,见水时间越长。投产后底水先以较缓慢的速度上升,到后期上升迅速。实例分析表明,该方法对底水气藏水平井气藏工程设计和理论研究具有一定的指导意义。     

分支水平井产能公式研究进展

分析了分支水平井的7个典型产能公式.对比发现,王卫红公式、李?公式均为程林松公式的特例;蒋廷学公式比程林松公式更加准确.通过理论分析和实例运算,验证了齐成伟公式在外部渗流阻力部分的重要突破.进一步分析发现,齐成伟公式的外部渗流阻力部分自相容,科学严谨.最后,考虑到各种附加阻力,得出了完整的产能公式.     

高含硫气藏水平井硫的饱和度预测模型研究

为了对高含硫气藏水平井硫沉积进行准确地预测研究,在气藏硫沉积机理研究的基础上,考虑水平井不同的渗流阶段以及与压力相关的气体参数的变化,建立了相应的硫的饱和度预测模型。利用某高含硫气田一口水平井的数据进行实例分析,得到了如下结论:1对于水平井硫沉积可以只考虑靠近井地带的径向流阶段,当发生硫沉积导致气井产量下降时,一定要合理控制气井产量,若发生硫沉积堵塞,加注硫溶剂可以有效地解除近井地带的污染;2与直井相比,水平井硫沉积的影响因素还包括水平段长度以及储层的非均质性。在相同的产气量下,水平井水平段越长,硫沉积的速度就会越慢;储层非均质性越强,硫沉积越不容易发生。     

分支水平井拟三维产能公式新体系

本文分析了齐成伟建立的分支水平井拟三维产能公式,阐述了圆形地层中辐射状分支水平井拟三维产能公式在扇形地层中的应用、带形地层中横向和纵向双分支水平井拟三维产能公式在相应变化情况下的应用,并形成了分支水平井拟三维产能公式体系。     

各向异性油藏水平井渗流和产能分析

用拟三维方法分析了各向异性油藏的渗透率主值、主方向和油藏边界对水平井渗流的影响 ,给出了各向异性油藏内水平井渗流的压力场、流场分布及产量的解析解。结果表明 ,水平井的控制储量和产能由水平井方位、各向异性渗透率主值及主方向共同决定。计算产能时不仅要考虑边界点到井位的距离 ,还必须考虑边界点所处的位置。水平井与最大渗透率方向之间夹角越大及各向异性越强 ,则水平井的控制储量和产能越大。水平井筒中的流量分布及水平井所在直线上的压力分布既不受水平井方位的影响 ,也不受渗透率各向异性的影响。当油藏的水平方向尺度远大于其厚度时 ,水平方向渗透率对产能的影响明显大于垂向渗透率。水平井偏离地层的垂向中心位置越远 ,且水平井长度 (相对于地层厚度 )越小 ,水平井的产能越小。各向异性渗透率介质中的等压线不与流线相互正交     

各向异性油藏水平井渗流和产能分析

用拟三维方法分析了各向异性油藏的渗透率主值、主方向和油藏边界对水平井渗流的影响，给出了各向异性油藏内水平井渗流的压力场、流场分布及产量的解析解。结果表明，水平井的控制储量和产能由水平井方位、各向异性渗透率主值及主方向共同决定。计算产能时不仅要考虑边界占到井位的距离，还必须考虑边界点所处的位置。水平井与最大渗透率方向之间夹角越大及各向异性越强，则水平井的控制储量和产能越大。水平井筒中的流量分布及水平井所在直线上的压力分布既不受水平井方位的影响，也不受渗透率各向异性的影响。当油藏的水平方向迟度远大于其厚度时，水平方向渗透率对产能的影响明显大于垂向渗透率。水平井偏离地层的垂向中心位置越远，且水平井长度（相对于地层厚度）越小，水平井的产能越小。各向异性渗透率介质中的等压线不与流线相互正交。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that