构造物理模拟实验研究中的几个关键问题

构造物理模拟实验是研究和模拟自然界地质构造现象变形特征成因机制和动力学过程的一种重要的实验方法。近几年,随着计算机技术和图像处理技术的配套提升,构造物理模拟实验越来越被广泛地应用、继承和发展。该文根据研究者长期以来从事的构造物理模拟实验研究,详细阐述了在实验研究中的几个关键因素,包括实验前期准备、实验模型建立、实验过程记录以及实验结果分析,以期为研究同行提供参考与借鉴。     

稠油热采底水条件下物理模拟实验技术

研究了高温底水物理模拟实验系统的组成,建立了稠油热采底水条件下物理模拟实验方法,并以渤海LD底水油田为例,利用该系统开展高温底水物理模拟试验研究,模拟研究了热采驱替方式、底水能量、井型对底水侵入的影响。高温底水物理模拟实验技术的开发,能同时实现高温和底水条件下的物理模拟实验,该技术可推广应用于海上底水稠油油藏热采技术的实验研究中,为海上底水稠油油藏高效开发方案的编制提供技术支持。     

超稠油直井-水平井组合蒸汽辅助重力泄油物理和数值模拟

研究了中深层超稠油油藏在直井蒸汽吞吐中后期,用直井注汽水平井采油的方式转蒸汽辅助重力泄油（steam as-sisted gravity drainage,SAGD）开发的机理。应用高温高压比例物理模拟方法,研究了水平井布于直井斜下方时SAGD蒸汽腔的形成和扩展过程。结果表明,转SAGD的初期以蒸汽驱动作用为主并逐步向重力泄油作用过渡,并可划分为蒸汽吞吐预热、驱替泄油、稳定泄油、衰竭开采4个开采阶段。利用数值模拟优选了布井方式、井网井距、水平井段长度、转SAGD时机和注采参数。该模拟方法在辽河油田杜84块超稠油油藏开发中取得了较好的现场试验效果。     

压实作用对砂岩储层物性的影响

通过压实模拟试验对压实过程进行物理模拟,来探讨压实作用过程中砂体储层物性的变化规律.实验以中砂级长石碎屑颗粒为介质,采用自行设计和组装的压实模拟装置,对砂体的孔隙度和渗透率等储层物性所发生的变化进行分析和研究.模拟实验研究表明,在压实过程中,长石砂体孔隙度和渗透率的变化具有明显的分段性:在压实过程的初期出现了一个陡变带,随后出现了一个缓变带;实验数据分析表明,在压实过程中,孔隙度和承载压力之间存在良好的线性关系,孔隙度和渗透率之间存在良好的半对数关系,渗透率和承载压力之间存在良好的指数关系.这些关系的存在不因砂体成分的变化而改变.     

稠油热采吞吐模拟实验装置的研制

热采吞吐技术是目前常用的石油开采技术,但目前没有能够实现高质量高精度热采吞吐模拟的装置,海上稠油热采开发迫切研制一种稠油热采吞吐模拟的装置。为此,进行了优化设计了吞吐模拟存储模型,具备储液、储能和加热功能,与热采二维物理模拟实验装置、热采三维物理模拟实验装置联合工作实现热采吞吐模拟实验的功能。该装置最高实验温度180℃,最高实验压力32MPa,用精密驱替泵作为模拟"吞"、"吐"过程中的动力源。该装置能够提高稠油热采吞吐模拟工艺的精度,保证吞吐模拟的质量,从而更好地指导海上稠油油田的热采开发。     

大尺寸可视化酸液指进模拟装置研制及应用

裂缝中的酸液指进是酸压过程中发生的重要现象,目前多采用模拟手段进行研究。然而现有物理模拟实验与实际酸压过程缺乏必要的相似性。鉴于此,建立相似准则并确定相似比例尺,研制出了大尺寸可视化物理模拟装置并进行了模拟实验。与前人类似装置相比,该模拟装置具有三板双缝的结构特点,不仅可考察不同黏度差、密度差以及不同注酸流量、不同温度下的指进行为,还可进行酸岩反应、酸液滤失和不同裂缝倾角影响下的中低压酸液指进可视化模拟。模拟实验发现酸液指进形态复杂,需要在定性研究的基础上,对其演化规律进行定量表征。     

普通稠油降粘剂驱物理模拟和数值模拟

为实现普通稠油热采转化学驱,通过物理模拟实验和数值模拟方法研究了降粘剂驱提高稠油采收率的驱替机理。首先通过实验评价了降粘剂的性能参数,然后通过岩心驱替实验开展了降粘剂驱注入特征和驱油效果研究,通过微观可视化实验研究了降粘剂驱提高采收率的机理,最后对物理模拟实验结果进行了数值模拟和历史拟合。研究结果表明,稠油降粘剂驱过程中能够形成稳定的水包油乳状液,稠油驱替过程可划分三个阶段：启动压力突破阶段,压力快速下降阶段,压力低位运行阶段;降粘剂驱可以降低稠油启动压力梯度,减小驱替压力,实施降粘剂驱后采收率提高了12.4%,总采收率达到46.6%;降粘剂提高采收率的主要机理是降低原油粘度,减少残余油饱和度;采用非线性混合规则拟合实验结果,表征了原油粘度随降粘剂浓度的变化规律,可以应用于数值模拟计算,模拟结果和实验值拟合得较好;先导试验表明该技术能够降低水井注入压力,降水增油效果显著,试验区内油井全面见效。     

超稠油直井-水平井组合蒸汽辅助重力泄油物理和数值模拟

研究了中深层超稠油油藏在直井蒸汽吞吐中后期,用直井注汽水平井采油的方式转蒸汽辅助重力泄油(steam as-sisted gravity drainage,SAGD)开发的机理.应用高温高压比例物理模拟方法,研究了水平井布于直井斜下方时SAGD蒸汽腔的形成和扩展过程.结果表明,转SAGD的初期以蒸汽驱动作用为主并逐步向重力泄油作用过渡,并可划分为蒸汽吞吐预热、驱替泄油、稳定泄油、衰竭开采4个开采阶段.利用数值模拟优选了布井方式、井网井距、水平井段长度、转SAGD时机和注采参数.该模拟方法在辽河油田杜84块超稠油油藏开发中取得了较好的现场试验效果.     

基于固—气耦合物理相似模拟的实验装置研究

采动裂隙演化与卸压瓦斯渗流耦合的物理相似材料模拟实验是研究采动影响下煤岩体渗透率变化规律及分布特征的基础,文中通过研制"固—气"耦合物理相似模拟实验台,设计耦合实验中的开采系统、充气系统和测试系统,进行了相似模拟实验及渗透率测定。开采系统保证箱体气密性的同时实现了煤层的模拟开采,测试系统验证了试验箱内气体在岩层中的流动规律符合达西定律,进而验证了实验装置的可行性,从而为研究采动裂隙场时空演化与卸压瓦斯渗流耦合规律的相似模拟实验奠定实验基础。     

考虑沿程非均匀吸汽下SAGD产能预测模型

蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)相比于其他热采方法对稠油开发效果更好。目前常用的SAGD产能预测模型主要基于沿程均匀吸汽提出,矿场应用困难。针对这个问题,对SAGD沿程生产过程进行试验研究,基于试验获得沿程非均匀吸汽现象,结合达西定律、热传导定律及物质平衡方程,推导出新的SAGD产能预测模型。结果表明:三维SAGD开发物理过程比二维SAGD更加复杂;所建立的新模型在产能预测上比以往的模型更加准确;以往在二维剖面上将SAGD划分为蒸汽腔上升、蒸汽腔横向扩展及蒸汽腔下降3个阶段,但是在更加符合矿场实际的包含沿程方向的三维角度,这个阶段划分方式并不适用;蒸汽干度是影响双水平井SAGD沿程蒸汽分布的一个重要因素。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-