Recalescence behavior and solidification structure of the undercooled Fe82B17Si1 eutectic alloy

By cyclic superheating incorporated with glass fluxing denucleation method the Fes2Bl7Si1 eutectic al-loy was undercooled up to △ T = 342 K. The relations between recalescence behavior and solidification structures weresystematically studied in the undercooling range of 6-342 K. Two critical undercoolings were observed: mixed eutecticwas the unique growth morphology when the undercooling was less than △T1 = 63 K; but the microstructure transformedto complete undercooled anomalous eutectic when the undercooling was greater than △T2 = 164 K. The two eutecticphases α(Fe,Si) and Fe2B conformed to the non-reciprocal nucleation effect. The boundary of the coupled zone of α(Fe, Si)-Fe2 B system shifted toward the Fe2 B side, and intersected the eutectic composition line at △ T = 154 K and△x T= 264 K, whose valley was at about △ T = 207 K.     

Microstructure transition of Al-Cu eutectic alloy during containerless rapid solidification

Droplets of Al-32.7%Cu eutectic alloy were rapidly solidified during containerless processing in a 3 m drop tube. The microstructural evolution of Al-Cu eutectic alloy depends strongly on droplet size. The eutectic growth morphology changes from regular lamellar eutectic to a kind of anomalous eutectic with the decrease in droplet size. This microstructural transition was analyzed within the current theories of eutectic growth. The results indicate that there exists a critical velocity for eutectic growth beyond which anomalous eutectic appears. The coupled zone of the Al-Cu eutectic alloy system has been calculated on the basis of the Trivedi-Magnin-Kurz(TMK) eutectic growth and the Lipton-Kurz-Trivedi(LKT)/Boettinger-Coriell-Trivedi(BCT) dendrite growth models, which provides a further interpretation for the morphological transition.     

Phase-selection and metastable phase formation in highly undercooled eutectic Ni_(78.6)Si_(21.4)alloys

A large undercooling (250 K) was achieved in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melt by the combination of molten-glass denucleation and cyclic superheating. The metastable phase formation process in the bulk undercooled eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melts was investigated. With the increase of undercooling, different metastable phases form in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melts and part of these metastable phases can be kept at room temperature through slow post-solidification. Under large undercooling, the metastable phases β2-Ni3Si, Ni31Si12 and Ni3Si2 were identified. Especially, the Ni3Si2 phase was obtained in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 alloy for the first time. Based on the principle of free energy minimum and transient nucleation theory, the solidification behavior of melts was analyzed with regard to the metastable phase formation when the melts were in highly undercooled state.     

Phase separation and microstructural characteristics of undercooled Cu-Pb immiscible alloy

Bulk samples of Cu-80%Pb hypermonotectic alloy were undercooled by up to 270 K (0.21 TL) with glass fluxing technique. The undercooling behavior and the final microstructure were investigated experimentally. It was found that the macrosegregation decreased with the increase of undercooling exponentially. When undercooling reached 270 K, the volume fraction of macrosegregation was reduced by one order of magnitude. Meanwhile, high undercooling brought about significant changes to the microstructural morphology of S(Cu) phase. At small undercoolings, S(Cu) phase grew in dendritic manner. As undercooling increased, S(Cu) dendrite transformed gradually to spherical shell. This morphology transition was ascribed to the concurrent action of the phase separation within miscibility gap and the subsequent solidification process of L2 (Pb) matrix. As an essential step to model the final microstructure, theoretical calculations related to the nucleation of L1 (Cu) droplets were carried out.     

Rapid solidification of undercooled Al-Cu-Si eutectic alloys

Under the conventional solidification condition, a liquid aluminium alloy can be hardly undercooled because of oxidation. In this work, rapid solidification of an undercooled liquid Al_80.4Cu_13.6Si₆ ternary eutectic alloy was realized by the glass fluxing method combined with recycled superheating. The relationship between superheating and undercooling was investigated at a certain cooling rate of the alloy melt. The maximum undercooling is 147 K (0.18T _E). The undercooled ternary eutectic is composed of α(Al) solid solution, (Si) semiconductor and θ(CuAl₂) intermetallic compound. In the (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic, (Si) faceted phase grows independently, while (Al) and θ non-faceted phases grow cooperatively in the lamellar mode. When undercooling is small, only (Al) solid solution forms as the leading phase. Once undercooling exceeds 73 K, (Si) phase nucleates firstly and grows as the primary phase. The alloy microstructure consists of primary (Al) dendrite, (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectic and (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic at small undercooling, while at large undercooling primary (Si) block, (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectic and (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic coexist. As undercooling increases, the volume fraction of primary (Al) dendrite decreases and that of primary (Si) block increases. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50121101, 50395105) and the Doctorate Foundation of Northwestern Polytechnical University (Grant No. CX200419)     

Recalescence behavior and solidification structure of the undercooled Fe82B17Sii eutectic alloy

By cyclic superheating incorporated with glass fluxing denucleation method the Fe^B^Si, eutectic alloy was undercooled up to A T = 342 K. The relations between recalescence behavior and solidification structures were systematically studied in the undercooling range of 6—342 K. Two critical undercoolings were observed: mixed eutectic was the unique growth morphology when the undercooling was less than A Ti =63 K; but the microstructure transformed to complete undercooled anomalous eutectic when the undercooling was greater than AT2 = 164 K. The two eutectic phases a(Fe,Si) and Fe^B conformed to the non-reciprocal nucleation effect. The boundary of the coupled zone of a (Fe,Si)-Fe2B system shifted toward the Fe^B side, and intersected the eutectic composition line at A71 = 154 K and A71 = 264 K, whose valley was at about AT = 207 K.     

(Ni0.75Fe0.25)73Nb5Si10B12非晶合金的等温晶化与结构转变

采用旋铸急冷工艺在大气环境中制各出了（Ni0.75Fe0.25）73Nb5Si10B12非晶合金带材．X射线衍射分析表明，样品为完全非晶．采用DiamondTG／DTA差热分析仪测量了非晶薄带的热稳定性及其相关参数Tg、Tx、Tm等．在720、750、800K分别对试样进行等温退火处理，在通商纯氢气保护下保温60min利用X射线衍射分析了非晶合金等温晶化时相转变及组织转变．在720K退火，组织仅发生少量晶化，先析出γ-（Fe，Ni）固溶体相；750K时发生部分晶化，组织为γ-（Fe，Ni）固溶体、（Fe，Ni）23nB6、Ni31Si12和Nb2Ni0.16；800K时合金完全晶化，组织与750K时相同．     

声悬浮条件下Ag-Cu共晶合金的无容器凝固研究

采用声悬浮技术结合激光加热,实现了Ag-Cu共晶合金的无容器熔化与凝固,并通过CMOS图像分析与数值计算,研究了声悬浮过程中合金熔体的温度场分布特性.由于声辐射压作用,合金熔体在声悬浮条件下呈现扁球或圆饼形,表面温度沿赤道点到极点方向升高.凝固样品表面出现涟漪状波纹,统计分析发现,该表面波纹出现在大变形(a/b>2.1)的样品上.波纹中心为共晶形核点,且波纹传播方向与共晶生长方向相同.分析表明,表面形核以及形核后辐射推移的固液界面是形成表面波纹的先决条件.声场的增强能够促进悬浮样品在表面形核.     

Entropy as a selection rule for crystal growth in undercooled binary eutectic melts

A solution entropy model was developed for the undercooled binary eutectic alloy systems. As an extension of Taylor and Fidler et al.’s model, the present model considered the change of phase composition with the increase of undercooling. Furthermore, the sub-regular solution model and the interaction parameter (I _AB ) were also introduced. In this paper, the extended model is used to calculate the solution entropy for binary eutectic phases under the undercooled condition, and the application scope of the model is also extended. Not only the growth manner of eutectic phases, but also the transition of morphologies may be predicted and explained by calculating the solution entropy of eutectic phases under the non-equilibrium condition with the developed model. Experimental results show that the developed model is valid for the undercooled Ni-Si and Ni-Sn eutectic alloy systems. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50395103) and Doctorate Foundation of Northwestern Polytechnical University (Grant No. CX200506)     

Microstructural evolution of ternary Ag33Cu42Ge25 eutectic alloy inside ultrasonic field

Ultrasonic field with a frequency of 20 k Hz is introduced into the solidification process of ternary Ag33Cu42Ge25 eutectic alloy from the sample bottom to its top. The ultrasound stimulates the nucleation of alloy melt and prevents its bulk undercooling. At low ultrasound power of 250 W,the primary ε2phase in the whole alloy sample grows into non-faceted equiaxed grains, which differs to its faceted morphology of long strip under static condition. The pseudobinary(Ag t ε2) eutectic transits from dendrite shape grain composed of rod type eutectic to equiaxed chrysanthemus shape formed by lamellar structure. By contrast, the ultrasound produces no obvious variation in the morphology of ternary(Ag t Ge t ε2) eutectic except a coarsening effect. When ultrasound power rises to 500 W, divorced ternary(Ag t Ge t ε2) eutectic forms at the sample bottom. However, in the upper part, the ultrasonic energy weakens, and it only brings about prominent refining effect to primary ε2phase.The microstructural evolution mechanism is investigated on the cavitation, acoustic streaming and acoustic attenuation.     

深过冷Ni-P共晶合金凝固动力学分析

根据经典的形核和生长理论，通过实验分析了深过冷Ni-P共晶合金的凝固行为．实验发现，深过冷Ni-P共晶合金的凝固组织由粒状的共晶团和棒状的规则共晶所组成．随过冷度的增加，共晶团的组织逐渐细化，同时深过冷熔体晶核生长速率很大，异质形核在凝固过程中起控制性的作用．深过冷熔体的单点形核和长大现象作为特例用以描述界面的生长速率对其凝固组织的影响。     

定向凝固包晶合金相和微观组织选择研究进展

综述了定向凝固包晶合金相和微观组织选择的理论模型和实验研究进展,分析相和微观组织的选择规律,同时讨论了对流对凝固微观组织的影响。依据国内外对包晶合金凝固的研究现状,提出进一步研究的方向。     

Pb-15%Sb过共晶合金的深过冷及快速凝固

采用熔剂净化深过冷和洁净容器快速凝固方法,研究了Pb-15%Sb过共晶合金在不同凝固条件下的组织演变.在熔剂净化条件下,随着凝固过冷度△T的增大,初生相Sb的组织形貌由尖角块状向树枝晶转变并不断细化,Sb的宏观偏析减弱,实验测得的最大过冷度为73K;在洁净容器快速凝固条件下,计算获得的最大过冷度为196.2K,初生相Sb的结晶被完全抑制,凝固组织发生了完全的共生生长,出现了快速凝固超细化组织.     

Phase transition, structure and shape memory effect of Ni47Ti43Hf10 alloy

A Ni47Ti43Hf10 high temperature shape memory alloy is fabricated. The martensitic transformation temperature (TT) is obtained by differential scanning calorimetry and four-probe electrical resistivity measurements. The effect of thermal cycling is investigated and it is found that the TT tends to be stable quickly, which is of benefit to practical applications. The martensite structure is determined to be B19′ monoclinic by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. One-way and two-way (which is seldom reported before) shape memory properties are studied by tensile and bending tests. The cycling number of two-way shape memory effect is tested for more than 20000 times.     

喷射沉积AlFeVSi合金热暴露过程中相转变与沉积态组织特点

采用喷射沉积工艺制备快速凝固AlFeVSi合金薄片和沉积管坯,通过示差热分析、X射线衍射分析、金相显微组织观察、透射电镜组织观察、硬度测试等检测手段,研究了喷射沉积AlFeVSi合金快凝薄片在高温热暴露过程中的相变和组织演变规律,并分析了喷射沉积AlFeVSi合金坯组织特点。结果表明,喷射沉积AlFeVSi快凝薄片基本上为呈微胞状的过饱和α-Al固溶体。加热温度低于500℃时,在高温热暴露过程中微胞状结构发生分解,α-Al过饱和固溶体脱溶,形成α-Al Al12(Fe,V)3Si(bcc,a≈1.260 nm)弥散颗粒的分解产物,当温度高于500℃时,Al12(Fe,V)3Si颗粒粗化聚集,并以独立形核长大的方式生成θ-Al13Fe4块状相。随着热暴露温度升高,喷射沉积AlFeVSi合金薄片的硬度呈下降趋势。喷射沉积AlFeVSi坯主要由α-Al固溶体和Al12(Fe,V)3Si颗粒组成,但也存在少量含粗大片状或块状相的非快速凝固组织。     

Rapid solidification of acoustically levitated Al-Cu-Si eutectic alloy under laser irradiation

Al-27%Cu-5.3%Si ternary eutectic alloy was melted using a YAG laser and then solidified while being acoustically levitated. A maximum undercooling to 195 K (0.24 TL) was achieved with a cooling rate of 76 K/s. The solidification microstructure was composed of (Al+θ+Si) ternary eutectics and (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectics. During acoustic levitation, the (Al+θ+Si) ternary eutectics are refined and the (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectics have morphological diversity. On the surface of the alloys, surface oscillations and acoustic streaming promote the nucleation of the three eutectic phases and expedite the cooling process. This results in the refinement of the ternary eutectic microstructure. During experiments, the reflector decreases with increasing alloy temperature, and the levitation distance always exceeds the resonant distance. Because of the acoustic radiation pressure, the melted alloy was flattened, and deformation increases with increasing sound pressure. The maximum aspect ratio achieved was 6.64, corresponding to a sound pressure of 1.8×104 Pa.     

Forming mechanism of refined granular crystalline of Cu70Ni30 alloy by undercooled solidification

Moth glass fluxing and cyclic superheating techniques were adopted to effectively uudercool the Cu₇₀Ni₃₀ alloy in vacuum. Within the undercooling range of 21 K to 270 K, the microstructure evolution ol the alloy was investigated. When the inell was undercooled to △T > △T', (210 K) , the grain refinement took place abruptly, liascd on the observation of the solidified microstructure, the rnierocheinieal-analysis and the calculated results with UCT model, it is found that the secondary grain refinement mechanism consists of two stages. The dendrite is, firstly, broken into hag-ments owing to the stress caused by uneven shrinking during rapid solidilication, then the fragments, under the driving force of surface and strain energies, merge through the migration of l>ouinlaries, i. c. recryslallization, thus leading to the formation of secondary granular-crystalline .     

Dynamic solidification of Sn-38.1% Pb eutectic alloy within ultrasonic field

The dynamic solidification of Sn-38.1% Pb eutectic alloy within an ultrasonic field is investigated at a frequency of 35 kHz.As the sample height H is reduced,the effect of ultrasound on macrosegregation becomes more prominent,and the volume fraction of spherical eutectic cells increases correspondingly.When H equals the wavelength λ in liquid alloy,the introduction of ultrasound enlarges the distribution region of the primary (Sn) phase,but reduces the domains of the Sn-Pb eutectic and primary (Pb) phases.Meanwhile,a "dendritic-equiaxed" structural transition occurs in the primary (Sn) phase,and its grain size is significantly reduced within the ultrasonic field.Once H decreases to λ/2 and λ/4,the ultrasonic field promotes crystal nucleation and suppresses further undercooling of the bulk liquid alloy.Theoretical analyses indicate that the local high pressure induced by the cavitation effect and the stirring effect due to acoustic streaming are the main factors dominating the eutectic growth mechanism during dynamic solidification.     

Ni3Ta合金的微观组织结构和相变特性

采用光学显微镜、背散射电子图像、X射线衍射、电子探针、差示扫描量热法和透射电子显微镜研究了Ni2Ta合金的微观组织结构和相变特性.结果表明:Ni2Ta合金在经过1 200 C保温4h的热处理后,主要由大量Ni2Ta相和少量Ni2Ta析出相组成,其中Ni2Ta相有单斜和四方两种结构.单斜Ni2Ta相为典型的细小板条状马氏体形状,其板条宽度为0.1～0.3μm,且存在以(001)晶面为孪品面的典型孪品结构.Ni3Ta合金在升温和降温过程中存在单斜Ni2Ta相和四方Ni3Ta相的可逆相变,相变开始温度分别约为310和245℃.另外,在升温过程中还存在单斜Ni3Ta相向正交Ni3Ta相的转变,其相变开始温度约为310℃,但降温过程中并不存在由正交Ni3Ta相到单斜Ni3Ta相的逆转变.     

Containerless solidification of Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 glass-forming alloy in drop tube

Droplets of Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 glass form-ing alloys with different sizes are solidified in a drop tubecontainerless processing. Glass transition behavior, crystal-lization kinetics, and the phase evolution during annealing of the Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 glassy spheres are investigated. The experimental results indicate that the apparent activation energy of the glass transition (Eg = 435.5 kJ/mol), and the activation energy of the main crystallization reaction (Ep1 = 249.6 kJ/mol) are obviously different from those of bulk glass samples prepared by water quenched (Eg = 559.1 kJ/mol and Ep1 =192.5 kJ/mol). The difference is discussed in the view point of the atomic configuration of the liquid state of the metallic glass and nucleation mechanism.