Experimental and numerical study on plasma nitriding of AISI P20 mold steel

In this study, plasma nitriding was used to fabricate a hard protective layer on AISI P20 steel, at three process temperatures (450°C, 500°C, and 550°C) and over a range of time periods (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 h), and at a fixed gas N₂:H₂ ratio of 75vol%:25vol%. The morphology of samples was studied using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the formed phase of each sample was determined by X-ray diffraction. The elemental depth profile was measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, and glow dispersive spectroscopy. The hardness profile of the samples was identified, and the microhardness profile from the surface to the sample center was recorded. The results show that ε-nitride is the dominant species after carrying out plasma nitriding in all strategies and that the plasma nitriding process improves the hardness up to more than three times. It is found that as the time and temperature of the process increase, the hardness and hardness depth of the diffusion zone considerably increase. Furthermore, artificial neural networks were used to predict the effects of operational parameters on the mechanical properties of plastic mold steel. The plasma temperature, running time of imposition, and target distance to the sample surface were all used as network inputs; Vickers hardness measurements were given as the output of the model. The model accurately reproduced the experimental outcomes under different operational conditions; therefore, it can be used in the effective simulation of the plasma nitriding process in AISI P20 steel.     

搅拌槽内三维流动场的RNG k-ε数值模拟

RNG k-ε模型在耗散率方程中通过系数C*1引入描述流场畸变效应的附加源项后,在一定程度上会改善对旋转流、浮力流等较复杂湍流的预报能力.本文应用该模型对六直叶涡轮搅拌桨的三维流动场进行了数值模拟,并将计算结果与实验数据进行了比较.计算结果表明:RNG k-ε模型对桨叶附近速度场的预报较k-ε模型有一定程度改善,但对湍流动能的预报却要比k-ε模型差.若要进一步改进对桨叶附近流动场的预报,必须放弃基于各向同性假设的湍流模型,转而采用能够反映各向异性的模型或采用先进的计算方法.     

节理千枚岩能量传递与动力学特性

采用SHPB装置研究不同节理倾角千枚岩在同一冲击速度下的能量传递规律和强度衰减特征，分析干燥与饱和状态下节理千枚岩的动力学特性.结果表明:节理倾角0°时强度最大，60°时强度最小，饱和状态下千枚岩峰值动强度降低，延性增强；千枚岩的反射能显著大于透射能，且随着节理倾角变化，两者增长变化规律相反；饱和状态下反射能和透射能达到稳定阶段出现时间滞后现象；随着节理倾角的增大，千枚岩反射能比先增后减，透射能比、耗散能比则变化相反，倾角60°时反射能比最大，透射能比、耗散能比最小；随着节理倾角的增长，千枚岩破坏耗能与峰值强度均呈U型分布.     

海洋内波破碎及其能量耗散的研究进展

海洋内波是海洋中普遍存在的波动形式。它的不稳定和破碎会对海洋能量的再分配产生本质的影响,直接将能量从大尺度向小尺度过程传递,产生湍流混合。内波破碎产生的湍流混合又会显著地影响海洋环境。该文就近十五年来对内波的破碎机制以及内波破碎导致的能量耗散研究作一简要综述。     

Reduced mixing from the breaking of internal waves in equatorial waters

In the oceans, heat, salt and nutrients are redistributed much more easily within water masses of uniform density than across surfaces separating waters of different densities. But the magnitude and distribution of mixing across density surfaces are also important for the Earth's climate as well as the concentrations of organisms. Most of this mixing occurs where internal waves break, overturning the density stratification of the ocean and creating patches of turbulence. Predictions of the rate at which internal waves dissipate were confirmed earlier at mid-latitudes. Here we present observations of temperature and velocity fluctuations in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans between 42 degrees N and 2 degrees S to extend that result to equatorial regions. We find a strong latitude dependence of dissipation in accordance with the predictions. In our observations, dissipation rates and accompanying mixing across density surfaces near the Equator are less than 10% of those at mid-latitudes for a similar background of internal waves. Reduced mixing close to the Equator will have to be taken into account in numerical simulations of ocean dynamics--for example, in climate change experiments.     

Investigation into the energy consumption of a data center with a thermosyphon heat exchanger

A data center test model was used to analyze the energy dissipation characteristics and energy consumption of a data center.The results indicate that adequate heat dissipation from a data center cannot be achieved only from heat dissipation through the building envelope during Beijing winter conditions.This is because heat dissipation through the building envelope covers about 19.5% of the total data center heat load.The average energy consumption for an air conditioner is 4 to 5 kW over a 24-h period.The temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor air for the data center with a thermosyphon heat exchanger is less than 20°C.The energy consumption of the thermosyphon heat exchanger is only 41% of that of an air conditioner.The annual energy consumption can be reduced by 35.4% with a thermosyphon system.In addition,the effect of the outdoor temperature on the en-ergy consumption of an air conditioner is greater than the indoor room temperature.The energy consumption of an air conditioner system increases by 5%to 6%for every 1°C rise in the outdoor temperature.     

关于奇素数方幂中的孤立数

设n是正整数,用σ(n)表示n的所有正因数的和。对于给定的正整数a,如果不存在正整数b适合σ(a)=σ(b)=a+b,则称a是孤立数。文章运用初等数论的方法证明了pr都是孤立数。这里p为奇素数,满足p>2r~(1+ε),0<ε≤1,ε是任意实数,r是正整数,满足r>((1+ε)/ε)~1/ε     

热处理对N36锆合金腐蚀与吸氢性能的影响

将N36锆合金样品分别进行1 020 ℃/20 min WQ+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC、820 ℃/2 h AC+580 ℃/50 h AC、820 ℃/2 h AC+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC、700 ℃/4 h AC+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC 4种不同的热处理.用透射电镜观察了它们的显微组织,用高压釜腐蚀试验研究了它们在400 ℃/10.3 MPa过热水蒸气中的腐蚀与吸氢行为.结果表明：经1 020 ℃/20 min WQ+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC处理后样品的耐腐蚀性能最好,其原因在于合金中第二相细小弥散分布在晶界及晶内;而经820 ℃/2 h AC+580 ℃/50 h AC处理后样品的耐腐蚀性能最差,第二相主要集中在晶界上,且比较粗大.经820 ℃/2 h AC+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC、700 ℃/4 h AC+C.R.+580 ℃/50 h AC处理的样品的腐蚀性能介于两者之间.热处理对N36锆合金腐蚀时的吸氢行为有一定的影响,但不如对Zr 4合金的影响大,这可能是因为N36锆合金中的第二相吸氢能力不如Zr 4合金中的Zr(Fe,Cr)2第二相强的缘故.     

连续高速分散混合器流体流动的数值模拟

采用计算流体力学（CFD）软件FLUENT6.1的标准k-ε双方程湍流模型及多重参考系（MRF）法对连续高速分散混合器内的流场进行了数值模拟，得到了不同操作转速下的压力场和速度场。所得压力模拟结果与实验数据相符，表明压力与转速成反比关系；速度场的模拟计算结果与文献值相符；同时研究了不同转速下混合器内的最大剪切速率、最大湍流动能及最大能量耗散速率随操作转速的变化规律。     

亚热带地区越冬期小叶榕和红叶石楠叶片叶绿素荧光成像特性的比较

以冷敏感植物小叶榕和耐冷植物红叶石楠为材料,比较了两种常绿阔叶植物阳生叶和阴生叶的叶绿素荧光成像特性,以探索亚热带地区不同耐冷性常绿阔叶植物的越冬光保护策略。结果表明,越冬期小叶榕阳生叶具有较低的光化学反应和热耗散能力,低温强光导致小叶榕阳生叶严重光抑制的发生,并引起其光合活性面积的减少。处于弱光环境下的小叶榕阴生叶仅发生轻微光抑制,也未引起光合活性区域的减少,可通过维持相对较高的热耗散能力防御低温光抑制。越冬期的红叶石楠阳生叶和阴生叶均仅发生轻微光抑制,也未引起光合活性区域的减少。红叶石楠通过维持较强的光化学反应和热耗散能力,而阴生叶则主要是通过热耗散途径防御低温光抑制。两种植物的阳生叶和阴生叶均能够通过主动关闭叶片部分光合活性区域PSII反应中心,并提高剩余有活性的PSII反应中心光化学反应能力来防御低温光抑制。尤其是小叶榕阳生叶,低温强光显著提升了少数光合活性区域的光化学反应和热耗散能力,采取重点保护部分叶片区域的越冬光保护策略。     

Redistribution of energy available for ocean mixing by long-range propagation of internal waves

Ocean mixing, which affects pollutant dispersal, marine productivity and global climate, largely results from the breaking of internal gravity waves--disturbances propagating along the ocean's internal stratification. A global map of internal-wave dissipation would be useful in improving climate models, but would require knowledge of the sources of internal gravity waves and their propagation. Towards this goal, I present here computations of horizontal internal-wave propagation from 60 historical moorings and relate them to the source terms of internal waves as computed previously. Analysis of the two most energetic frequency ranges--near-inertial frequencies and semidiurnal tidal frequencies--reveals that the fluxes in both frequency bands are of the order of 1 kW x m(-1) (that is, 15-50% of the energy input) and are directed away from their respective source regions. However, the energy flux due to near-inertial waves is stronger in winter, whereas the tidal fluxes are uniform throughout the year. Both varieties of internal waves can thus significantly affect the space-time distribution of energy available for global mixing.     

FGH96合金双道次热变形及其热加工图

采用 Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对 FGH96合金进行双道次真应变量为0.6+0.6和0.3+0.9的等温间断热压缩试验,研究了变形温度为1050~1125℃、变形速率为0.001~0.1 s -1时合金的热变形行为和组织演变.热变形过程中合金发生了再结晶,第一道次较小的真应变量减轻了合金的开裂.当第一道次真应变量小时,随着温度和变形速率的上升,合金道次间再结晶软化率增加.不同应变量以及不同道次真应变量均对合金热加工图产生明显影响.在相同变形条件下,当能量耗散率随应变量的增加而下降时,合金中组织由细晶向粗晶转变,反之则由粗晶向细晶转变;当能量耗散率不随应变量的变化而变化时,能量耗散率低于20%的合金中出现大量的不完全再结晶组织,能量耗散率高于35%的合金中出现细小完全再结晶组织.     

青藏高原当雄地区湍流脉动耗散率特征研究

利用1998年第2次青藏高原气象科学实验（TIPEX）当雄地区观测站的湍流资料,分析了青藏高原中部地区湍流动能、温度脉动和湿度脉动耗散率的特征规律。结果表明,无量纲湍能耗散率φ_ε、无量纲温度脉动耗散率φ_N和无量纲湿度脉动耗散率φ_γ分别比风速梯度产生的能量、温度和湿度梯度产生的脉动约小20%,且随稳定度参数的绝对值的增加而呈增加的趋势;湍流输送和压力脉动项的影响贯穿于整个稳定度区间, 数值与z/L相联系。青藏高原中部地区湍流动能、温度脉动和湿度脉动耗散率的方程中系数与前人结果的差异,反映其对下垫面特征的依赖性。     

运动疲劳后人体脑区脑电功率谱特征的反应分析

分析在运动疲劳状态下人体脑电信号的反应特征。在某体育院校中随机选择30名健康男性志愿者,在开始实验前,首先令受试者熟悉实验流程,对受试者强迫高强度运动,在对受试者脑电信号进行测试时,电极依据国际10/20系统安放,将人体两个耳垂看作参考电极,前额正中接地。正式实验包括两部分:第一部分是受试者分别以20%、60%MVC进行静态屈肘诱发屈肘肌疲劳实验;第二部分为疲劳运动后脑电波脑电功率谱百分比变化实验。不同脑区脑电功率谱能量通常集中于5~20 Hz频率区间中,每个脑区脑电信号功率谱能量曲线的峰值均为10 Hz左右。60%MVC运动疲劳实验中不同脑区脑电功率谱能量处于3~60 Hz的广泛频率区间中,功率谱能量曲线峰值均约为14 Hz;和运动前半段脑电功率谱能量比较,运动后半段左侧脑区和右侧脑区脑电功率谱能量值在一定程度呈上升趋势,中间脑区无显著变化,前、后脑区整体呈增加趋势,但在部分频率下有所降低。20%MVC与60%MVC运动疲劳实验后半段各脑区各频段能量平均值较前半段均在一定程度上有所增加。运动疲劳后γ波指数在第10 min和安静值相比显著增加,P0.05,运动疲劳后θ波指数在第10、20和30 min和安静值相比显著降低,P0.05;运动疲劳后α波指数均低于安静值,但无显著性差异,P0.05;运动疲劳后β波指数在第30 min和安静值相比显著降低,P0.05。说明运动能够提高神经系统功能,促进大脑发育。     

中国荨麻科植物地理分布

结合文献资料研究和在各地开展荨麻科植物调查,对荨麻科植物的物种丰富度、特有性指数、相似性系数、垂直分布和水平分布进行数据处理,结果表明:该科植物的分布中心在滇、桂一带;特有性中心在台、滇、藏、桂等地;相似性系数较大是地理上相近、环境异质性较小的地区;垂直分布中心为500～2 000m;水平分布中心为东经90°～120°和北纬20°～35°.受地理环境、气候因素等影响,荨麻科植物主要分布在高原地区,平原、丘陵地区种植较少,且品种缺乏.     

不同导叶预旋角下离心压缩机径向间隙区雷诺应力的测量

使用X热膜技术,研究了离心压缩机设计流量下3个不同进口导叶预旋角对径向间隙区雷诺应力的影响.结果表明:进口导叶为-20°时,径向间隙区的湍流强度和雷诺应力最大,0°预旋角其次,20°预旋角最小;湍动能大的区域,相应的雷诺剪应力也较大.在3个预旋角下,10％和50％叶高处的时间平均径向雷诺应力均明显大于切向雷诺应力,显示出明显的流动各向异性,叶轮出口处的时间平均径向雷诺应力为切向雷诺应力的1.5倍以上,但在扩压器进口处减少到1.25倍左右;90％叶高处的时间平均径向雷诺应力和切向雷诺应力值相差不到10％,流动更接近各向同性.0°预旋角下流动的各向异性最强.研究显示,需要更好的湍流模型来预测流动中复杂的混合过程.     

格陵兰海冰盖与混合层深度及海表温度之间的关系分析

研究了在北极格陵兰海（20°W-10°E,65°N-85°N）,2003-2012年冰盖（ICE）、混合层深度（MLD）和海表温度（SST）的分布及之间的耦合关系．研究发现,ICE和SST在区域内存在着很强的负相关关系,相关系数达0．9以上,尤其是在750N-800N区域,峰值的时间间隔调整后．相关性更加显著．通过Eviews滞后回归分析发现,SST在70°N-750N和75°N-80°N分别滞后ICE7个月和4个月．而且ICE和SST之间存在着协整。说明这两者长期存在均衡关系．ICE和MLD在区域内为负相关关系．尤其是75°N-80°N区域,相关系数达0．82以上．回归分析发现,MLD在70°N-75°N和75°N-80°N分剐滞后ICE1个月和4个月．而且两者之间也有长期的均衡关系．总体来看：随着温度的升高,冰盖在8—9月达到低谷;海表温度夏天高、冬天低;混合层深度冬季深、夏季浅．冰盖的大量融化和海表温度、混合层深度有着很大的关系．     

Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data

How and where the ocean tides dissipate their energy are long-standing questions that have consequences ranging from the history of the Moon to the mixing of the oceans. Historically, the principal sink of tidal energy has been thought to be bottom friction in shallow seas. There has long been suggestive evidence, however, that tidal dissipation also occurs in the open ocean through the scattering by ocean-bottom topography of surface tides into internal waves, but estimates of the magnitude of this possible sink have varied widely. Here we use satellite altimeter data from Topex/Poseidon to map empirically the tidal energy dissipation. We show that approximately 10(12) watts--that is, 1 TW, representing 25-30% of the total dissipation--occurs in the deep ocean, generally near areas of rough topography. Of the estimated 2 TW of mixing energy required to maintain the large-scale thermohaline circulation of the ocean, one-half could therefore be provided by the tides, with the other half coming from action on the surface of the ocean.     

双重耗能智能框架摇摆墙结构地震响应对比分析

针对框架剪力墙结构在强震作用下存在连接处楼板或连梁破坏以及剪力墙底部出现塑性铰的问题,在课题组开发的智能框架剪力墙双重结构体系中,将剪力墙设置为底部连接金属阻尼器的摇摆剪力墙,形成一种新型双重耗能单元控制的智能框架摇摆墙结构体系.以6层混凝土框架剪力墙结构为原型,应用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,建立传统框架剪力墙结构、智能框架剪力墙双重结构、摇摆墙与框架间连接BRB结构和摇摆墙底部连接金属阻尼器的双重耗能智能框架摇摆墙4种结构对比模型,进行非线性动力时程分析,考察各结构的动力响应.结果表明:新型双重耗能单元控制的智能框架摇摆墙结构体系在BRB屈服强度为0.1f_y~1f_y区间时,结构地震响应均比传统结构有所减小,框架结构层间位移也得到有效控制,进一步说明在合理参数取值下双重耗能单元控制的结构地震动响应小于单一耗能单元结构.     

A giant thunderstorm on Saturn

Lightning discharges in Saturn's atmosphere emit radio waves with intensities about 10,000 times stronger than those of their terrestrial counterparts. These radio waves are the characteristic features of lightning from thunderstorms on Saturn, which last for days to months. Convective storms about 2,000 kilometres in size have been observed in recent years at planetocentric latitude 35° south (corresponding to a planetographic latitude of 41° south). Here we report observations of a giant thunderstorm at planetocentric latitude 35° north that reached a latitudinal extension of 10,000 kilometres-comparable in size to a 'Great White Spot'-about three weeks after it started in early December 2010. The visible plume consists of high-altitude clouds that overshoot the outermost ammonia cloud layer owing to strong vertical convection, as is typical for thunderstorms. The flash rates of this storm are about an order of magnitude higher than previous ones, and peak rates larger than ten per second were recorded. This main storm developed an elongated eastward tail with additional but weaker storm cells that wrapped around the whole planet by February 2011. Unlike storms on Earth, the total power of this storm is comparable to Saturn's total emitted power. The appearance of such storms in the northern hemisphere could be related to the change of seasons, given that Saturn experienced vernal equinox in August 2009.