柴油机废烟气驱动的热管废热溴化锂制冷机运行特性

热管废热溴化锂制冷机可以直接利用烟气废热或化学反应热来驱动生产65℃的热水和7℃的冷水,对利用柴油机排烟废热驱动热管废热溴化锂制冷机的运行特性进行了实验和分析,结果表明热管废热溴化锂制冷机可以直接利用烟气废热、化学反应热来驱动,该系统具有能源利用率高,能源可以得到综合利用等优点.     

柴油机废烟气驱动的热管LiBr制冷机的(火用)分析

工业过程中的废热排放造成了可用能的损失,又造成热污染和环境污染.针对一种利用热管回收废热的LiBr制冷机,采用柴油机烟气废热制冷实测后,对该系统的实测结果进行了火用分析,分析结果表明了这种新型废热LiBr制冷机有效利用了柴油机烟气余热,提高了系统的火用效率.     

变温热源不可逆联合热机循环的性能优化

建立了受外部热源有限热容、热阻和工质内不可逆性影响的不可逆联合热机循环新模型。应用对数平均温差(LMTD)和最优控制论方法,研究了循环的性能特性,导出了效率与输出功率间的优化关系,进而获得最大输出功率及其相应的效率,从而确定了输出功率和效率的优化区域,并通过数值算例和图形详细分析了高、低温端热交换因子和工质内不可逆因子对联合热机循环性能的影响。所得结论对改善联合热机循环性能有重要的指导意义。     

一种燃气机热泵速度检测方法

本文提出了一种测量燃气机热泵系统中发动机转速的方法,该测试系统由测速齿轮、磁电传感器、电平变换装置、频/压转换装置和A/D转换器构成.经过实验验证,该方法具有较高的测量精度和较好的工作稳定性.     

中国大气Ca~(2 )传输和沉降模拟

盐基阳离子(Ca2 ,Mg2 ,K ,Na )在缓解土壤和水体酸化中起着重要作用。为了满足中国酸沉降控制的需要,该研究利用建立的多层动态Euler模型,模拟了中国大气Ca2 传输和沉降。结果表明,2000年中国的Ca2 总沉降量为5.29Mt,其中湿沉降1.45Mt,干沉降3.84Mt。人为源排放对全国总沉降、湿沉降和干沉降的贡献率分别为67.1%、92.4%和57.6%,对东南部地区的贡献率更大;而自然源仅对西北地区的沉降起重要作用。中国酸沉降较为严重的东南部地区,Ca2 沉降量普遍大于0.10kmol.hm-2.a-1,甚至超过0.25kmol.hm-2.a-1,能够中和大部分的SO42-沉降。     

中国大气Ca2+传输和沉降模拟

盐基阳离子(Ca2 ,Mg2 ,K ,Na )在缓解土壤和水体酸化中起着重要作用。为了满足中国酸沉降控制的需要,该研究利用建立的多层动态Euler模型模拟中国大气Ca2 传输和沉降。结果表明:2000年中国的Ca2 总沉降量为5.29 Mt,其中湿沉降1.45 Mt,干沉降3.84 Mt。人为源排放对全国总沉降、湿沉降和干沉降的贡献率分别为67.1%、92.4%和57.6%,对东南部地区的贡献率更大,而自然源仅对西北地区的沉降起重要作用。中国酸沉降较为严重的东南部地区,Ca2 沉降量普遍大于0.10 kmol.hm-2.a-1,甚至超过0.25 kmol.hm-2.a-1,能够中和大部分的SO42-沉降。     

生物制气-柴油发动机放热规律的影响因素

采用气化炉热解气化各种农林废弃的生物质,产生可燃生物制气,作为以柴油引燃的双燃料发动机的主要燃料．双燃料发动机由一单缸、四冲程、水冷、直喷式柴油机改装而成,生物制气通过发动机进气管,在进气过程中被吸入气缸．实测生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机气缸压力,根据气缸压力计算放热规律并分析转速、负荷及供油提前角对它的影响．负荷增大时,双燃料发动机燃烧始点提前,最大燃烧放热率增高,最高燃烧温度升高,后燃加重;转速增大时,燃烧推迟;供油提前角增大时,最大放热率降低,对应相位提前,后燃减少．     

A high pressure-ratio, energyfocused thermoacoustic heat engine with a tapered resonator

Heat energy with temperature difference may lead to self-excited acoustical oscillation under appropriate condition, which is called “thermoacoustic phenomenon”. The physical phenomenon was observed about two hundreds years ago. However, the research on high-energy thermoacoustic devices was begun only about a decade ago.Thermoacoustic machines use inert gases as working medium and have no moving mechanical pans; consequently they are really environment-friendly and highly reliable.The efficiencies of thermoacoustic machines are now greatly improved, close or even higher than that of conventional heat engines.     

非同型热机的非线性响应关系及其最大功率对应的效率?

现有的典型热机模型均表现出同型性:对于循环热机而言,热机的工质与高温热库和低温热库之间的热交换规律具有相同的函数形式;对于自治热机来说,正向速率流和逆向速率流遵从相同的函数形式满足这类条件的热机被称为同型热机.本文提出非同型热机的概念,着重研究非同型循环热机,即热机的工质与高温热库和低温热库之间的热交换规律具有不同的函数形式,并导出这类热机的非线性响应关系:J_m=LA[1+ΛλA-δ(1+λ~2)/2A]+O(A~3),其中J_m和A分别是热机的机械流和亲合力,L和Λ与一阶和二阶昂萨格系数相关,λ和δ分别代表热机的非对称度和非同型度.本文导出非同型循环热机最大功率对应的效率为ηmaxP=ηC/2+η~2/8+2λ(1-Λβξ)+δ(1+λ~2)βξ/16η_C~2+O(η_C~3),其中ηC代表卡诺效率,β是加权逆温度,ξ是流过热机的热流的特征能量.由此可见,最大功率时热机取普适效率(ηC/2+η_C~2/8)的充要条件为2λ(1-Λβξ)+δ(1+λ~2)βξ=0.这表明非同型循环热机不满足现有文献中热机最大功率对应效率存在普适性的充分条件.     

常压吸附流化冷冻干燥过程的理论分析

为探索节能型的冷冻干燥方式,进行了在常压下利用流化床中吸附剂吸附水分同时放出热量实现冷冻干燥的研究。以粒状物料为例,建立了球坐标下常压冷冻干燥的传热过程理论模型,计算了物料干燥过程中的温度和升华界面的移动距离,并对床温、物料尺寸和吸附剂粒径等影响因素进行了理论分析。实验测量了物料内的温度分布变化,验证了数学模型的可靠性。结果表明,通过适当提高床温、采用小尺寸物料和吸附剂,可以提高干燥速率。     

常压吸附流化冷冻干燥过程的理论分析

为探索节能型的冷冻干燥方式,进行了在常压下利用流化床中吸附剂吸附水分同时放出热量实现冷冻干燥的研究.以粒状物料为例,建立了球坐标下常压冷冻干燥的传热过程理论模型,计算了物料干燥过程中的温度和升华界面的移动距离,并对床温、物料尺寸和吸附剂粒径等影响因素进行了理论分析.实验测量了物料内的温度分布变化,验证了数学模型的可靠性.结果表明,通过适当提高床温、采用小尺寸物料和吸附剂,可以提高干燥速率.     

Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations and dynamic programming for power-optimization of a multistage heat engine system with generalized convective heat transfer law

A multistage endoreversible Carnot heat engine system operating between a finite thermal capacity high-temperature fluid reservoir and an infinite thermal capacity low-temperature environment with generalized convective heat transfer law [q∝(ΔT) m ] is investigated in this paper.Optimal control theory is applied to derive the continuous Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations,which determine the optimal fluid temperature configurations for maximum power output under the conditions of fixed initial time and fixed initial temperature of the driving fluid.Based on the universal optimization results,the analytical solution for the Newtonian heat transfer law (m=1) is also obtained.Since there are no analytical solutions for the other heat transfer laws (m≠1),the continuous HJB equations are discretized and dynamic programming algorithm is performed to obtain the complete numerical solutions of the optimization problem.The relationships among the maximum power output of the system,the process period and the fluid temperature are discussed in detail.The results obtained provide some theoretical guidelines for the optimal design and operation of practical energy conversion systems.     

Least dissipation principle of heat transport potential capacity and its application in heat conduction optimization

The heat conduction following the Fourier law widely exists in nature and engineering. Usually, the thermal resistance is applied to evaluating the perform-ance of the heat conduction, i.e. the less resistance corre-sponds to the better performance. Therefore, the heat conduction is often enhanced by means of using high conductivity materials or reducing the thermal contact resistance. The more general performance criterion is the heat duty for the given temperature difference DT, or the temp…     

小型直喷柴油机燃用生物柴油的放热规律

利用发动机试验台架和燃烧分析仪,测录了燃烧压力随曲轴转角的变化关系,计算并对比分析了发动机燃用生物柴油和柴油时的燃烧放热规律.结果表明:与燃用柴油相比,生物柴油的最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率在低速、小负荷时明显较高;在高速、小负荷时与柴油发动机的基本相同;在大负荷时低于柴油机的水平,对应的曲轴转角略有提前;生物柴油的瞬时燃烧放热率峰值随转速和负荷的变化趋势与最高燃烧压力基本相同,对应的曲轴转角提前2° CA～3° CA;生物柴油的燃烧始点比柴油早1° CA～2° CA,整个燃烧过程有所前移;生物柴油发动机在小负荷时工作粗暴,而在大负荷时工作柔和.     

船舶柴油机工作原理和防止空气污染对策

本文主要介绍船舶柴油机的构成和工作原理,分析其有害气体排放情况,并根据MARPOL公约对污染气体排放的相关规定,为如何有效降低污染提出建议.     

复杂人体组织传热的时间分数阶模型及其解

建立了分数阶Pennes生物传热方程,利用有限Fourier正弦变换和拉普拉斯变换及其相应的逆变换,给出了用广义Mittag-Leffler函数表示的分数阶生物传热方程的解析解。整数阶生物传热方程可作为本文的特例而被包含。     

Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models

Information about regional carbon sources and sinks can be derived from variations in observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations via inverse modelling with atmospheric tracer transport models. A consensus has not yet been reached regarding the size and distribution of regional carbon fluxes obtained using this approach, partly owing to the use of several different atmospheric transport models. Here we report estimates of surface-atmosphere CO2 fluxes from an intercomparison of atmospheric CO2 inversion models (the TransCom 3 project), which includes 16 transport models and model variants. We find an uptake of CO2 in the southern extratropical ocean less than that estimated from ocean measurements, a result that is not sensitive to transport models or methodological approaches. We also find a northern land carbon sink that is distributed relatively evenly among the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, but these results show some sensitivity to transport differences among models, especially in how they respond to seasonal terrestrial exchange of CO2. Overall, carbon fluxes integrated over latitudinal zones are strongly constrained by observations in the middle to high latitudes. Further significant constraints to our understanding of regional carbon fluxes will therefore require improvements in transport models and expansion of the CO2 observation network within the tropics.     

板翅式机油冷却器传热性能和阻力特性的实验

选取了发动机机油冷却器的4个主要厂家生产的同一型号的8个板翅式机油冷却器进行了传热和阻力特性的实验研究.结果表明,由于生产工艺的不同,机油冷却器的传热性能和阻力特性有较大的差异.根据机油冷却器传热性能和阻力特性的实验数据拟合了换热量、阻力、传热系数随机油流速的变化关系,可为机油冷却器的结构设计及选型提供依据.     

地-星上行激光通信中大气折射及色散引起的对准误差

在地一星上行激光通信中,大气折射引起激光束传播方向偏折,使激光束更难对准卫星.根据大气温度垂直分布的线形分段模型,采用数值迭代方法计算了大气的折射及色散.分析了在天顶角、地面站海拔高度、超前对准及激光波长等参数影响下,大气折射及色散引起的对准误差.研究结果表明:对于波长范围较大的多波长激光通信系统,需要考虑大气色散引起的对准误差.     

Interannual atmospheric variability forced by the deep equatorial Atlantic Ocean

Climate variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean is determined by large-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions, which particularly affect deep atmospheric convection over the ocean and surrounding continents. Apart from influences from the Pacific El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, the tropical Atlantic variability is thought to be dominated by two distinct ocean-atmosphere coupled modes of variability that are characterized by meridional and zonal sea-surface-temperature gradients and are mainly active on decadal and interannual timescales, respectively. Here we report evidence that the intrinsic ocean dynamics of the deep equatorial Atlantic can also affect sea surface temperature, wind and rainfall in the tropical Atlantic region and constitutes a 4.5-yr climate cycle. Specifically, vertically alternating deep zonal jets of short vertical wavelength with a period of about 4.5?yr and amplitudes of more than 10?cm?s(-1) are observed, in the deep Atlantic, to propagate their energy upwards, towards the surface. They are linked, at the sea surface, to equatorial zonal current anomalies and eastern Atlantic temperature anomalies that have amplitudes of about 6?cm?s(-1) and 0.4?°C, respectively, and are associated with distinct wind and rainfall patterns. Although deep jets are also observed in the Pacific and Indian oceans, only the Atlantic deep jets seem to oscillate on interannual timescales. Our knowledge of the persistence and regularity of these jets is limited by the availability of high-quality data. Despite this caveat, the oscillatory behaviour can still be used to improve predictions of sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic. Deep-jet generation and upward energy transmission through the Equatorial Undercurrent warrant further theoretical study.