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1.
Neural measures reveal individual differences in controlling access to working memory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The capacity of visual short-term memory is highly limited, maintaining only three to four objects simultaneously. This extreme limitation necessitates efficient mechanisms to select only the most relevant objects from the immediate environment to be represented in memory and to restrict irrelevant items from consuming capacity. Here we report a neurophysiological measure of this memory selection mechanism in humans that gauges an individual's efficiency at excluding irrelevant items from being stored in memory. By examining the moment-by-moment contents of visual memory, we observe that selection efficiency varies substantially across individuals and is strongly predicted by the particular memory capacity of each person. Specifically, high capacity individuals are much more efficient at representing only the relevant items than are low capacity individuals, who inefficiently encode and maintain information about the irrelevant items present in the display. These results provide evidence that under many circumstances low capacity individuals may actually store more information in memory than high capacity individuals. Indeed, this ancillary allocation of memory capacity to irrelevant objects may be a primary source of putative differences in overall storage capacity. 相似文献
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Limits on the storage capacity of working memory significantly affect cognitive abilities in a wide range of domains, but the nature of these capacity limits has been elusive. Some researchers have proposed that working memory stores a limited set of discrete, fixed-resolution representations, whereas others have proposed that working memory consists of a pool of resources that can be allocated flexibly to provide either a small number of high-resolution representations or a large number of low-resolution representations. Here we resolve this controversy by providing independent measures of capacity and resolution. We show that, when presented with more than a few simple objects, human observers store a high-resolution representation of a subset of the objects and retain no information about the others. Memory resolution varied over a narrow range that cannot be explained in terms of a general resource pool but can be well explained by a small set of discrete, fixed-resolution representations. 相似文献
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Our capacity to process and respond behaviourally to multiple incoming stimuli is very limited. To optimize the use of this limited capacity, attentional mechanisms give priority to behaviourally relevant stimuli at the expense of irrelevant distractors. In visual areas, attended stimuli induce enhanced responses and an improved synchronization of rhythmic neuronal activity in the gamma frequency band (40-70 Hz). Both effects probably improve the neuronal signalling of attended stimuli within and among brain areas. Attention also results in improved behavioural performance and shortened reaction times. However, it is not known how reaction times are related to either response strength or gamma-band synchronization in visual areas. Here we show that behavioural response times to a stimulus change can be predicted specifically by the degree of gamma-band synchronization among those neurons in monkey visual area V4 that are activated by the behaviourally relevant stimulus. When there are two visual stimuli and monkeys have to detect a change in one stimulus while ignoring the other, their reactions are fastest when the relevant stimulus induces strong gamma-band synchronization before and after the change in stimulus. This enhanced gamma-band synchronization is also followed by shorter neuronal response latencies on the fast trials. Conversely, the monkeys' reactions are slowest when gamma-band synchronization is high in response to the irrelevant distractor. Thus, enhanced neuronal gamma-band synchronization and shortened neuronal response latencies to an attended stimulus seem to have direct effects on visually triggered behaviour, reflecting an early neuronal correlate of efficient visuo-motor integration. 相似文献
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The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is responsible for executive functions, including planning, goal setting, problem solving, inhibitory control, monitoring, and action adjusting. Executive functions also include selective attention and the flexibility or switching of attention; therefore, attention is an executive function in which the PFC participates. Working memory (WM), which is the temporary maintenance and processing of particular information, is usually considered to be a basic neural mechanism underlying the executive functions. This review systematically discusses the relationship between the prefrontal WM and attention and emphasizes two forms of prefrontal attention. The first form occurs in the dlPFC, which encodes the location of objects with respect to the position of the head, thereby providing a frame of reference from which the focus of attention can be centered. The second occurs in the inferior convexity of the prefrontal cortex (IFC), which encodes the different attributes (shape, texture, color) of objects to enable the ability to focus on one or to switch attention between sensory attributes of objects. 相似文献
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Humans and monkeys have similar abilities to discriminate the difference in frequency between two mechanical vibrations applied sequentially to the fingertips. A key component of this sensory task is that the second stimulus is compared with the trace left by the first (base) stimulus, which must involve working memory. Where and how is this trace held in the brain? This question was investigated by recording from single neurons in the prefrontal cortex of monkeys while they performed the somatosensory discrimination task. Here we describe neurons in the inferior convexity of the prefrontal cortex whose discharge rates varied, during the delay period between the two stimuli, as a monotonic function of the base stimulus frequency. We describe this as 'monotonic stimulus encoding', and we suggest that the result may generalize: monotonic stimulus encoding may be the basic representation of one-dimensional sensory stimulus quantities in working memory. Thus we predict that other behavioural tasks that require ordinal comparisons between scalar analogue stimuli would give rise to monotonic responses similar to those reported here. 相似文献
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《暨南大学学报(自然科学与医学版)》2015,(5)
目的:探索抑郁症患者工作记忆损害及其与血清微量元素的关系.方法:采用数字广度、数字2-back、视觉再生及数字-符号转换测试方法,评估30例符合美国精神障碍统计与诊断手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的抑郁症患者(患者组)和30例健康志愿者(对照组)的工作记忆,同时,检测两组研究对象的血清钙、磷、镁、铜、锌和铁六种微量元素与工作记忆之间的相关性.结果:抑郁症患者数字广度(顺背、倒背、总分)、数字2-back(正确率、反应时)和数字-符号测试成绩显著低于正常对照组(P0.05),差异有统计学意义;抑郁症组血清中铜含量明显高于对照组,差异具有显著性(P0.05);数字2-back任务正确率和视觉再生测验得分与镁离子含量呈正相关;数字-符号测验得分与铜离子含量呈正相关;视觉再生测验得分与锌离子含量呈负相关.其他工作记忆测试成绩与离子无相关.结论:抑郁症患者确实存在工作记忆的缺陷,主要体现在工作记忆容量变小,言语工作记忆及中央执行系统功能受损;且抑郁症工作记忆损害可能与血清微量元素锌、铜、镁离子浓度密切相关. 相似文献
7.
At any instant, our visual system allows us to perceive a rich and detailed visual world. Yet our internal, explicit representation of this visual world is extremely sparse: we can only hold in mind a minute fraction of the visual scene. These mental representations are stored in visual short-term memory (VSTM). Even though VSTM is essential for the execution of a wide array of perceptual and cognitive functions, and is supported by an extensive network of brain regions, its storage capacity is severely limited. With the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show here that this capacity limit is neurally reflected in one node of this network: activity in the posterior parietal cortex is tightly correlated with the limited amount of scene information that can be stored in VSTM. These results suggest that the posterior parietal cortex is a key neural locus of our impoverished mental representation of the visual world. 相似文献
8.
The fly Drosophila melanogaster can discriminate and remember visual landmarks. It analyses selected parts of its visual environment according to a small number of pattern parameters such as size, colour or contour orientation, and stores particular parameter values. Like humans, flies recognize patterns independently of the retinal position during acquisition of the pattern (translation invariance). Here we show that the central-most part of the fly brain, the fan-shaped body, contains parts of a network mediating visual pattern recognition. We have identified short-term memory traces of two pattern parameters--elevation in the panorama and contour orientation. These can be localized to two groups of neurons extending branches as parallel, horizontal strata in the fan-shaped body. The central location of this memory store is well suited to mediate translational invariance. 相似文献
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Neuronal correlate of visual associative long-term memory in the primate temporal cortex 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
Y Miyashita 《Nature》1988,335(6193):817-820
In human long-term memory, ideas and concepts become associated in the learning process. No neuronal correlate for this cognitive function has so far been described, except that memory traces are thought to be localized in the cerebral cortex; the temporal lobe has been assigned as the site for visual experience because electric stimulation of this area results in imagery recall and lesions produce deficits in visual recognition of objects. We previously reported that in the anterior ventral temporal cortex of monkeys, individual neurons have a sustained activity that is highly selective for a few of the 100 coloured fractal patterns used in a visual working-memory task. Here I report the development of this selectivity through repeated trials involving the working memory. The few patterns for which a neuron was conjointly selective were frequently related to each other through stimulus-stimulus association imposed during training. The results indicate that the selectivity acquired by these cells represents a neuronal correlate of the associative long-term memory of pictures. 相似文献
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The global record of memory in hippocampal neuronal activity 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
In humans the hippocampal region of the brain is crucial for declarative or episodic memory for a broad range of materials. In contrast, there has been controversy over whether the hippocampus mediates a similarly general memory function in other species, or whether it is dedicated to spatial memory processing. Evidence for the spatial view is derived principally from the observations of 'place cells'-hippocampal neurons that fire whenever the animal is in a particular location in its environment, or when it perceives a specific stimulus or performs a specific behaviour in a particular place. We trained rats to perform the same recognition memory task in several distinct locations in a rich spatial environment and found that the activity of many hippocampal neurons was related consistently to perceptual, behavioural or cognitive events, regardless of the location where these events occurred. These results indicate that nonspatial events are fundamental elements of hippocampal representation, and support the view that, across species, the hippocampus has a broad role in information processing associated with memory. 相似文献
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基于生态足迹模型的舟曲县生态承载力空间差异 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
基于生态足迹模型,对甘肃南部地质灾害多发区的舟曲县进行生态足迹和生态承载力分析.舟曲县2012年人均生态足迹均衡值为1.885 7 ha/人,而人均生态承载力均衡值为1.020 2 ha/人,整体处于生态赤字状态.其中草地产生生态赤字最为严重,水域和林地处于生态盈余.舟曲县有6乡呈现生态赤字,处于生态赤字的乡镇体现了对区域内白龙江流域水资源利用的依赖性.运用生态足迹模型分析舟曲县各乡镇生态承载能力,可为进一步开展定量化区域生态风险评估和流域的生态环境治理提供科学依据. 相似文献
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Cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome c oxidase; ferrocytochrome c: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.2.1) has been introduced as an oxidative metabolic marker for neurones in the central nervous system. Previous studies have shown that mature neurones remained sensitive to altered functional demands, and that both developing and adult neurones responded to sensory deprivation or deafferentation by reducing their cytochrome oxidase (Cyt. Ox.) activity. More recently, we showed that the blockage of retinal impulse transmission with tetrodotoxin led to a reversible reduction in Cyt. Ox. staining of affected lateral geniculate (LGN) and striate neurones in adult cats. The present study sought to extend these findings to adult monkeys, where Cyt. Ox. 'puffs' or 'blobs' are uniquely present in the visual cortex. We found that, while the retina remained histologically intact, with only moderate decreases in Cyt. Ox. staining of large ganglion cells and the two plexiform layers, subtle changes occurred in the LGN as early as 1 day post-tetrodotoxin injection, and clear reduction in enzyme levels was evident in both the LGN and the visual cortex by 3 days. Changes became progressively more severe up to 4 weeks post-injection. Within area 17, alternating bands of high and low Cyt. Ox. staining occurred in lamina IV, with alternating rows of dark and lightly reactive puffs superimposed in exact register. Thus, the mature visual neurones in the primate remain extremely sensitive to the cessation of retinal impulse transmission, and plastic metabolic changes occur through several synapses along the sensory pathway. 相似文献
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Multiple forms of synaptic plasticity triggered by selective suppression of activity in individual neurons 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
The rules by which neuronal activity causes long-term modification of synapses in the central nervous system are not fully understood. Whereas competitive or correlation-based rules result in local modification of synapses, homeostatic modifications allow neuron-wide changes in synaptic strength, promoting stability. Experimental investigations of these rules at central nervous system synapses have relied generally on manipulating activity in populations of neurons. Here, we investigated the effect of suppressing excitability in single neurons within a network of active hippocampal neurons by overexpressing an inward-rectifier potassium channel. Reducing activity in a neuron before synapse formation leads to a reduction in functional synaptic inputs to that neuron; no such reduction was observed when activity of all neurons was uniformly suppressed. In contrast, suppressing activity in a single neuron after synapses are established results in a homeostatic increase in synaptic input, which restores the activity of the neuron to control levels. Our results highlight the differences between global and selective suppression of activity, as well as those between early and late manipulation of activity. 相似文献
17.
Ocular dominance shift in kitten visual cortex caused by imbalance in retinal electrical activity 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Monocular lid suture during the sensitive period early in the life of a kitten disrupts normal development of inputs from the two eyes to the visual cortex, causing a decrease in the fraction of cortical cells responding to the deprived eye. Such an ocular dominance shift has been assumed to depend on patterned visual experience, because no change in cortical physiology is produced by inequalities between the two eyes in retinal illumination or temporally modulated diffuse light stimulation. A higher-level process, involving gating signals from areas outside striate cortex, has been proposed to ensure that sustained changes in synaptic efficacy occur only in response to behaviourally significant visual inputs. To test whether such a process is necessary for ocular dominance plasticity, we treated 4-week-old kittens with visual deprivation and monocular tetrodotoxin (TTX) injections to create an imbalance in the electrical activities of the two retinas in the absence of patterned vision. After 1 week of treatment we determined the ocular dominance distribution of single units in primary visual cortex. In all kittens studied, a significant ocular dominance shift was found. In addition to this physiological change, there was an anatomical change in the lateral geniculate nucleus, where cells were larger in laminae receiving input from the more active eye. Our results indicate that patterned vision is not necessary for visual cortical plasticity, and that an imbalance in spontaneous retinal activity alone can produce a significant ocular dominance shift. 相似文献
18.
转炉炼钢厂工序产能和品种钢铸机配置 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以邢钢转炉炼钢厂生产运行研究为基础,从物质量基本参数角度,对转炉、LF、连铸机三者的工序产能进行匹配分析和综合研究.运用OPT技术分析得出连铸机是原流程协调运行的"瓶颈",通过对提升连铸机生产能力的三种方法的分析,提出将连铸机由4流增加至5流是适合邢钢工艺的最佳工序产能匹配方案.最后,对中小吨位转炉流程的转炉、LF和连铸机匹配模式进行探讨,认为三者"一一对应"匹配模式是可行的. 相似文献
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大豆磷脂对小鼠学习记忆及脑内SOD和脂褐素含量的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
邵邻相 《浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版)》2003,26(3):275-277,288
研究了大豆磷脂对小鼠学习记忆及脑内S0D活性和脂褐素含量的影响。结果表明,大豆磷脂能提高小鼠在新环境中的镇静能力,显著增强小鼠的学习能力,但对其记忆保持能力无明显的影响;能显著提高小鼠脑中S0D活性,极显著地降低小鼠脑中丙二醛的含量,但对小鼠脑中脂褐素的含量没有明显的影响。说明大豆磷脂具有抗衰益智的作用,作为食品添加剂和保健食品具有良好的应用前景。 相似文献