国内外系统科学研究差异的比较研究

"整体研究思路的不同"导致国内外系统科学研究状况出现诸多差异。国内外系统科学界在"系统科学的研究群体"、"对相关学科关系的关注"、"对系统科学功能的理解"、"系统科学的认识论基础"和"系统科学范式"元研究等方面存在明显不同。"比较之后的融合与发展"是系统科学未来研究的必由之路。     

建构统一复杂信息系统理论的几个问题

20世纪中叶以来爆发的第三次科学革命提出了四大科学研究纲领:系统科学研究纲领、信息科学研究纲领、自组织科学研究纲领、复杂性理论研究纲领。然而,在20世纪的研究风格中,这四大科学研究纲领却是相互割裂的。要克服这一研究倾向所带来的种种缺陷,有必要深化信息哲学、信息科学的一般理论、复杂性研究纲领的研究,并从复杂性研究纲领和信息科学研究纲领的综合视角出发对系统科学研究纲领和自组织研究纲领进行再造性、综合性解读,从而建构出一种统一的复杂信息系统理论。这一新的统一理论,无论在相关基本概念的解读方面,还是在相关基本观点、理论的阐释方面,都将体现出其全新而独特的意义和价值。     

复杂性科学研究述评

复杂性科学是研究复杂系统行为与性质的科学。本文在阐述熵增原理的基础上,对复杂性科学研究的演进和复杂性科学主要流派的观点进行了追溯,并对复杂性科学的主要流派——耗散结构理论的研究对象和耗散结构的形成条件进行了述评。     

21世纪的中子科学及其应用的发展趋势

本文从基础科学、核能及核工程、核医学等几个方面回顾了20世纪中子科学的成就,概述了中子科学研究平台的发展趋势.作者认为(1)中子科学在20世纪对科学技术的发展和人类社会经济发展作出了举世公认的贡献;(2)中子科学研究平台--中子源的强度和品质决定了中子科学研究的广度、深度和水平,21世纪中子科学研究平台的发展趋势是强流加速器驱动的散裂中子源;(3)这样一个先进的中子科学装置将覆盖21世纪大量的科学前沿问题和国家迫切需要解决的重大工程技术问题;(4)根据国家的诸多需要,建设一台先进的多用途的加速器驱动的散裂中子源非常必要.     

复杂系统的隐喻描述与模型描述

由隐喻描述走向模型描述是复杂性科学成熟的标志.本文重点介绍了复杂系统的两种模型描述方法:形式化系统模型与关联论模型,并比较它们各自的优缺点.两种模型是从不同的角度对复杂系统的描述,在复杂系统的理论研究与实际运用中都有着重要的、不可替代的意义.复杂系统的未来研究方向并不是对于两种模型的"整合",而是两种模型交替并用,以多元视角科学地揭示复杂系统的本质.     

中国地球系统科学数据共享服务网的构建

一、重要意义 1.重要性 地球系统科学是人类认识、利用和改造我们唯一生存环境——地球的基础科学。地球系统科学研究大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈和日地空间的过程与变化以及这些过程之间的相互作用,致力于不同层圈研究的各个分支学科相互交叉渗透非常突出;地球系统科学发展依赖于应用现代观测、探测、实验和信息技     

约瑟夫.亨利的哲学思想与科学观

本文介绍了美国19世纪物理学家约瑟夫·亨利对科学研究活动本身、科学和宗教的关系、科学的社会作用、科学和技术的关系以及科学研究和社会发展之间关系的许多独到见解,特别是关于“抽象研究”与“实用研究”关系的一系列论述。他的一些观点是当今流行的“研究”与“发展”关系理论的重要源泉。     

科学研究中的项目管理思想--大科学时代科研项目的管理方法论

我们已经步入了大科学研究的时代,与传统的科学研究不同,它面对着更复杂的研究对象或研究领域,涉及到更复杂的环境与过程.为此迫切需要提供一套与之相协调的科学研究方法,特别是大科学时代的科研项目管理方法.20世纪中期发展起来的项目管理方法,在处理复杂问题方面具有很大的优势,它所提供的时间管理、质量管理和人力资源管理等模块,完全能被借鉴到大科学时代的科研项目管理中.     

系统科学哲学理论范式的发展与构建

系统科学哲学在不同的研究阶段形成了不同的理论范式,主要有一般系统理论范式、自组织理论范式和复杂适应系统理论范式。一种力图运用系统概念、以复杂系统整体论理念为核心、以超越还原论的系统方法论认识和处理系统复杂性问题的系统科学哲学体系正在逐步成熟。中国系统科学哲学理论范式的构建,需要在科学哲学的层面,对各个理论范式进行新的分析和概括。特别是,需要挖掘中国传统文化中蕴含的整体论思想,用现代系统科学的语言重新阐释,吸收融入系统科学哲学的思想和方法论之中;以认识和处理复杂性为核心,提炼出复杂系统整体论、复杂系统原理和复杂系统方法论;在中国社会实践中发挥和发展其独特的方法论价值。     

分子技术与分子科学刍议

对分子科学和分子技术的发展简况、研究内容及其相互关系进行了初步讨论,指出在发展分子科学研究的同时必须注意加强相应的技术发展.这将对促进分子科学的发展及推动分子科学为国民经济服务是十分重要的.     

俄罗斯系统方法研究

对系统方法思想和原则的广泛研究有助于提出一系列新的世界观问题。俄罗斯系统方法的发展趋势是在社会经济学和人文学科等领域,出现了强大的有助于深入思想和原则之中的系统方法运动。正是一些独特的系统方法使所研究对象与其他系统处于相互作用之中,形成新的整体性认识。     

On the Import of Constraints in Complex Dynamical Systems

Complexity arises from interaction dynamics, but its forms are co-determined by the operative constraints within which the dynamics are expressed. The basic interaction dynamics underlying complex systems is mostly well understood. The formation and operation of constraints is often not, and oftener under appreciated. The attempt to reduce constraints to basic interaction fails in key cases. The overall aim of this paper is to highlight the key role played by constraints in shaping the field of complex systems. Following an introduction to constraints (Sect. 1), the paper develops the roles of constraints in specifying forms of complexity (Sect. 2) and illustrates the roles of constraints in formulating the fundamental challenges to understanding posed by complex systems (Sect. 3).     

Reality,Systems and Impure Systems

Impure systems contain Objects and Subjects: Subjects are human beings. We can distinguish a person as an observer (subjectively outside the system) and that by definition is the Subject himself, and part of the system. In this case he acquires the category of object. Objects (relative beings) are significances, which are the consequence of perceptual beliefs on the part of the Subject about material or energetic objects (absolute beings) with certain characteristics.The IS (Impure System) approach is as follows: Objects are perceptual significances (relative beings) of material or energetic objects (absolute beings). The set of these objects will form an impure set of the first order. The existing relations between these relative objects will be of two classes: transactions of matter and/or energy and inferential relations. Transactions can have alethic modality: necessity, possibility, impossibility and contingency. Ontic existence of possibility entails that inferential relations have Deontic modality: obligation, permission, prohibition, faculty and analogy. We distinguished between theorems (natural laws) and norms (ethical, legislative and customary rules of conduct).     

Systems of Logical Systems: Neuroscience and Quantum Logic

Nervous systems are intricately organized on many levels of analysis.The intricate organization invites the development of mathematicalsystems that reflect its logical structure. Particular logical structures and choices of invariants within those structures narrowthe ranges of perceptions that are possible and sensorimotorcoordination that may be selected. As in quantum logic, choicesaffect outcomes. Some of the mathematical tools in use in quantum logic havealready also been used in neurobiology, including the mathematicsof ordered structures and a product like a tensor product. Astheoretical neurobiology is developed on its own foundation, wemay expect a rich dialogue between theoretical neurobiology andquantum logic.     

Belief Systems and the Modeling Relation

The paper presents the most general aspects of scientific modeling and shows that social systems naturally include different belief systems (i.e. different models). Belief systems differ in a variety of respects, most notably in the selection of suitable qualities to encode and the internal structure of the observables. The following results emerge from the analysis: (1) conflict is explained by showing that different models encode different qualities, which implies that they model different realities; (2) explicitly connecting models to the realities that they encode makes it possible to clarify the relations among models; (3) by understanding that social systems are complex one knows that there is no chance of developing a maximal model of the system; (4) the distinction among different levels of depth implicitly includes a strategy for inducing change; (5) identity-preserving models are among the most difficult to modify; (6) since models do not customarily generate internal signals of error, strategies with which to determine when models are out of synch with their situations are especially valuable; (7) changing the form of power from a zero sum game to a positive sum game helps transform the nature of conflicts.     

社会-技术系统视野下的电子健康技术与创新研究

由于电子健康创新与发展的实践需要,电子健康的社会研究备受关注。本文运用社会-技术系统的多层分析框架,分析和探讨了影响电子健康创新与发展的复杂因素以及电子健康与社会的关系问题,认为电子健康系统的推广、应用与创新不只是信息技术向健康领域扩散的简单线性过程,而是动态的复杂的非线性过程即技术与社会活动的协同演化过程,除技术因素之外,更应当关注用户、组织、制度乃至更广泛的异质性社会因素与非技术问题。     

信息系统评价的哲学思考

信息系统评价是当代组织决策中的棘手问题。几十年来，研究人员对这一问题进行了大量的研究，发展了多种方法，但问题始终未能解决。本文分析信息系统评价研究的哲学基础，指出哲学基础的缺陷是导致理论研究中目前困境的内在根源，提出应超越实证论与解释论的研究范式，探索辩证地解决问题的新途径。     

Blindness and Seeing in Systems Epistemology: Alfred Locker’s Trans-Classical Systems Theory

Appreciating the undeniable value of General Systems Theory (GST), Alfred Locker considers the question whether or not GST is able to go beyond a mere scientific point of view. Locker’s own systems theoretical approach, Trans-Classical Systems Theory, proposes not only to include usual observations into a systems view, but likewise their theoretical presuppositions. Locker hereby creates two levels of observation; an ortho- and a meta-level, where otherwise incommensurable viewpoints are united into whole. In this way, Locker is able to articulate a holistic systems theory of seeming opposites, like, for example, creation and evolution.     

How Computational Models Predict the Behavior of Complex Systems

In this paper, we argue for the centrality of prediction in the use of computational models in science. We focus on the consequences of the irreversibility of computational models and on the conditional or ceteris paribus, nature of the kinds of their predictions. By irreversibility, we mean the fact that computational models can generally arrive at the same state via many possible sequences of previous states. Thus, while in the natural world, it is generally assumed that physical states have a unique history, representations of those states in a computational model will usually be compatible with more than one possible history in the model. We describe some of the challenges involved in prediction and retrodiction in computational models while arguing that prediction is an essential feature of non-arbitrary decision making. Furthermore, we contend that the non-predictive virtues of computational models are dependent to a significant degree on the predictive success of the models in question.     

秦汉时制探析

根据敦煌悬泉置出土的木牍,认定除十六时制外,汉代还曾推行过随季节变化的三十二时制.还结合秦简材料,认为秦代曾存在昼十一夜五、昼夜各自均分的十六时制,并对十二时辰制的行用情况做了梳理,认为十二时辰制在东汉至唐代并未在民间得到较好的推行.最后,依托上述结论对秦汉时期时刻制度发展脉络进行了总结和思考.