《从相互作用实在到量子力学曲率解释》由武汉出版社出版

华中科技大学-WISCO联合实验室赵国求研究员新著《从相互作用实在到量子力学曲率解释》已于2008年武汉出版社出版。全书由物质观与科学时空观的演变,相互作用原理,宏、微观质点抽象及作用机制的转换,经典概率、量子概率与概率的可视度解释,量子力学曲率解释中的量子测量,康普顿物质波与规范变换的物理实质及哲学思考,结构实在论第四版本等章节组成。书中对相互作用实在论及量子力学曲率解释     

量子测量的玻姆解释语境

本文立足于玻姆对量子测量过程的本体论阐述与量子势和主动信息概念,分析了玻姆理解量子客体的本体论语境和量子测量过程的整体性语境,揭示了玻姆的整体性概念与玻尔的整体性概念之间的区别与联系,剖析了在量子测量的玻姆解释语境中,微观粒子与经典粒子之间存在的异同关系。     

《从相互作用实在到量子力学曲率解释》由武汉出版社出版

华中科技大学-WISCO联合实验室赵国求研究员新著《从相互作用实在到量子力学曲率解释》已于2008年武汉出版社出版。全书由物质观与科学时空观的演变,相互作用原理,宏、微观质点抽象及作用机制的转换,经典概率、量子概率与概率的可视度解释,量子力学曲率解释中的量子测量,康普顿物质波与规范变     

重建量子力学的本体论承诺——俄苏量子力学哲学研究的独特贡献

量子力学的哥本哈根正统解释将测量中的波函数坍缩视为一个真实的物理过程,对这一过程的“无解”导致其走向了工具主义,认为波函数仅仅是有关未来实验可能结果的全部知识。消解波函数物理解释的结果带来了量子力学本体论承诺的问题。遵循正统解释的关系量子力学并不拒绝波函数的本体论承诺,但仍坚持波函数工具主义的解释路线,延续了正统解释的本体论问题。21世纪20年代前后,俄苏学者提出了量子力学的语境实在论的解释方案,认为测量不是导致微观物理系统状态变化的交互作用,而是在语境中对物理实在的识别。语境实在论恢复了波函数的物理解释,重新定义了测量概念,确立起波函数与量子实在的关联,重建了量子力学的本体论承诺,在正统解释的自身框架内解决了正统解释的本体论问题,做出了独特的贡献。     

玻尔的测量实在观

本文从EPR悖论引出了实在观问题，在澄清了科学实在观的概念及简要概括了传统实在观的基本点之后。重点论述了玻尔测量实在观的内容；在测量问题上，突出了测量结构的整体性和测量结果的互补性，以实现理论描述的相对性与客观性的统一；在实在问题上，划定了现象实在与本体实在的界限，在强调建立在测量经验基础上的现象实在的同时也不否认本体实在。玻尔的这种兼容哲学对科学哲学的发展有很大的推动作用。     

延迟选择实验及其引发的实在问题

惠勒提出的延迟选择实验是量子双缝实验的一个扩展，它给出了一个特殊的结论：我们现在的行为对过去产生了影响。观测与实在紧密地缠绕在一起。这个实验深刻地揭示了微观世界在空间、时间乃至实在本体等方面与宏观世界的不一致性，把哥本哈根学派的思想推到了极端。经典物理的实在观不能深入到量子层次，量子理论要求一种新的实在观。     

感觉世界·物理世界·实在世界——M.普朗克三重世界学说探析

普朗克的三重世界学说将世界分为三个相互联系的世界,即感觉世界、物理世界和实在世界.它将物理世界置于感觉世界和实在世界之间,并赋以本体论的意义.物理世界既是对感觉世界的描述,又是对实在世界的反映,在发展过程中不断离开感觉世界,同时不断逼近实在世界.普朗克的三重世界学说是对柏拉图和康德二重世界理论的超越,蕴含着一种新型的科学观.     

语境实在论：量子力学反实在论的瓦解者

围绕量子力学量子实在论和量子反实在论的重大争论，俄苏学者提出了语境实在论的解释方案。语境实在论的目标是向广义哥本哈根解释的回归，克服正统解释之后量子力学各种解释的局限性。语境实在论将物理理论定义为在语言的语境中对物理实在进行识别（测量）的维特根斯坦式的规则，量子对象由量子理论在语境中对其识别来确定，认为对量子系统在给定时刻的状态描述，是给定时刻相对于给定观察者的波函数识别的结果。语境实在论的贡献在于，消减了围绕量子力学的形而上学争论，优化了关系实在论的问题方案，瓦解了流行于当下的量子反实在论。语境实在论有关量子力学的研究对20世纪以来科学实在论的发展形成了重要的支持，语境重建已成为后现代科学实在论走向的一个重要选择。     

为什么量子力学会引起我们的困惑?——兼谈玻尔的“现象”概念及互补原理

量子物理所描述的微观世界(量子实在)与经典物理所描述的宏观世界(经典实在)有着巨大的差异,从而让人感到困惑,需要解释。经典实在与人类的日常经验是相协调的,可以用日常语言进行描述。物理学试图将在这个实在进行扩展,但是在超宏观的宇宙尺度上,以及微观的亚原子尺度下都遇到了障碍。量子物理所描述的对象已经不是物理实体,而是物理"现象"。这些现象不可能构建成为经典实在中的单一的可视模型,而必须采用两种矛盾的模型,这就是玻尔的互补原理。     

格罗夫算法、量子控制及其对量子测量的意义

波函数具有可控性。量子算法是幺正算法,能够对一个量子系统进行变换(量子控制),且变换前后的经典物理意义并不发生变化。格罗夫算法具有放大波函数的系数的能力。量子算法对被测量子系统的控制,在一定程度上体现为对量子测量进行控制,于是,测量后显现的经典实在并不是量子实在的任意所为。量子控制是面对实事本身,是一种现象学式的处理方式,它不去追究量子系统有什么样的结构。     

量子逻辑解释优于哥本哈根解释吗——围绕投影法则的争论

弗里德曼和普特南认为,哥本哈根解释只能特设性地引入投影法则来符合实验事实,然而由量子逻辑则可以推导出投影法则,因此量子逻辑解释比哥本哈根解释更加优越。这一论断提出后不久就遭到了许多学者的反驳。海尔曼认为由量子逻辑推导投影法则的过程也是特设性的,巴布则认为由哥本哈根解释也可以推导出投影法则。随后,斯戴尔斯提出了由哥本哈根解释推导出投影法则的更加令人信服的论证。在这个意义上,三人的论证都反对弗里德曼和普特南的观点,而支持量子逻辑解释与哥本哈根解释处于同等地位的结论。尽管如此,斯戴尔斯仍试图从解释力的角度来论证量子逻辑的优越性。然而,对更广泛意义上的理论解释力问题的分析将有助于揭露这种优越性论证的缺陷,使我们重新考虑多种量子力学解释的平等地位。     

Quantum Mechanics in a New Light

Although the present paper looks upon the formal apparatus of quantum mechanics as a calculus of correlations, it goes beyond a purely operationalist interpretation. Having established the consistency of the correlations with the existence of their correlata (measurement outcomes), and having justified the distinction between a domain in which outcome-indicating events occur and a domain whose properties only exist if their existence is indicated by such events, it explains the difference between the two domains as essentially the difference between the manifested world and its manifestation. A single, intrinsically undifferentiated Being manifests the macroworld by entering into reflexive spatial relations. This atemporal process implies a new kind of causality and sheds new light on the mysterious nonlocality of quantum mechanics. Unlike other realist interpretations, which proceed from an evolving-states formulation, the present interpretation proceeds from Feynman’s formulation of the theory, and it introduces a new interpretive principle, replacing the collapse postulate and the eigenvalue–eigenstate link of evolving-states formulations. Applied to alternatives involving distinctions between regions of space, this principle implies that the spatiotemporal differentiation of the physical world is incomplete. Applied to alternatives involving distinctions between things, it warrants the claim that, intrinsically, all fundamental particles are identical in the strong sense of numerical identical. They are the aforementioned intrinsically undifferentiated Being, which manifests the macroworld by entering into reflexive spatial relations.     

Embedding Quantum Mechanics into a Broader Noncontextual Theory

Scholars concerned with the foundations of quantum mechanics (QM) usually think that contextuality (hence nonobjectivity of physical properties, which implies numerous problems and paradoxes) is an unavoidable feature of QM which directly follows from the mathematical apparatus of QM. Based on some previous papers on this issue, we criticize this view and supply a new informal presentation of the extended semantic realism (ESR) model which embodies the formalism of QM into a broader mathematical formalism and reinterprets quantum probabilities as conditional on detection rather than absolute. Because of this reinterpretation a hidden variables theory can be constructed which justifies the assumptions introduced in the ESR model and proves its objectivity. When applied to special cases the ESR model settles long-standing conflicts (it reconciles Bell’s inequalities with QM), provides a general framework in which previous results obtained by other authors (as local interpretations of the GHZ experiment) are recovered and explained, and supports an interpretation of quantum logic which avoids the introduction of the problematic notion of quantum truth.     

测量问题的新单子论方案与退相干解释

退相干解释的"稳定性判据"被认为是解决测量问题的关键一环。作为该解释的最新发展,量子达尔文主义试图对稳定性判据做出解释。该主义虽然部分地被最新物理实验证据所支持,但仍无法彻底解决测量问题。2016年,测量问题的"新单子论"方案被提出,利用"知觉-能量原理"和"意志-能量原理"解决了测量问题中的明确结果问题和优先基矢问题。本文从新单子论的"知觉-能量原理"出发,在不涉及任何退相干过程的情况下,重新导出了稳定性判据所筛选的优先基矢。这一方面说明新单子论在本质上与量子力学、退相干解释相符相容,另一方面说明新单子论揭示了退相干解释背后更深层的物理学哲学本质。     

Schwinger and the Ontology of Quantum Field Theory

An epistemological interpretation of quantum mechanics hinges on the claim that the distinctive features of quantum mechanics can be derived from some distinctive features of an observational basis. Old and new variations of this theme are listed. The program has a limited success in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. The crucial issue is how far it can be extended to quantum field theory without introducing significant ontological postulates. A C*-formulation covers algebraic quantum field theory, but not the standard model. Julian Schwinger’s anabatic methodology extended a strict measurement-based formulation of quantum mechanics through field theory. His extension also excluded the quark hypothesis and the standard model. Quarks and local gauge invariance are postulates that go beyond the limits of an epistemological interpretation of quantum mechanics. The ontological significance ascribed to these advances depends on the role accorded ontology.

Relativity Theory Refounded

We put forward a new view of relativity theory that makes the existence of a flow of time compatible with the four-dimensional block universe. To this end, we apply the creation-discovery view elaborated for quantum mechanics to relativity theory and in such a way that time and space become creations instead of discoveries and an underlying non temporal and non spatial reality comes into existence. We study the nature of this underlying non temporal and non spatial reality and reinterpret many aspects of the theory within this new view. We show that data of relativistic measurements are sufficient to derive the three-dimensionality of physical space. The nature of light and massive entities is reconsidered, and an analogy with human cognition is worked out.     

Quantum Particles as Conceptual Entities: A Possible Explanatory Framework for Quantum Theory

We put forward a possible new interpretation and explanatory framework for quantum theory. The basic hypothesis underlying this new framework is that quantum particles are conceptual entities. More concretely, we propose that quantum particles interact with ordinary matter, nuclei, atoms, molecules, macroscopic material entities, measuring apparatuses,  in a similar way to how human concepts interact with memory structures, human minds or artificial memories. We analyze the most characteristic aspects of quantum theory, i.e. entanglement and non-locality, interference and superposition, identity and individuality in the light of this new interpretation, and we put forward a specific explanation and understanding of these aspects. The basic hypothesis of our framework gives rise in a natural way to a Heisenberg uncertainty principle which introduces an understanding of the general situation of ‘the one and the many’ in quantum physics. A specific view on macro and micro different from the common one follows from the basic hypothesis and leads to an analysis of Schrödinger’s Cat paradox and the measurement problem different from the existing ones. We reflect about the influence of this new quantum interpretation and explanatory framework on the global nature and evolutionary aspects of the world and human worldviews, and point out potential explanations for specific situations, such as the generation problem in particle physics, the confinement of quarks and the existence of dark matter.     

Quantum Superpositions and the Representation of Physical Reality Beyond Measurement Outcomes and Mathematical Structures

In this paper we intend to discuss the importance of providing a physical representation of quantum superpositions which goes beyond the mere reference to mathematical structures and measurement outcomes. This proposal goes in the opposite direction to the project present in orthodox contemporary philosophy of physics which attempts to “bridge the gap” between the quantum formalism and common sense “classical reality”—precluding, right from the start, the possibility of interpreting quantum superpositions through non-classical notions. We will argue that in order to restate the problem of interpretation of quantum mechanics in truly ontological terms we require a radical revision of the problems and definitions addressed within the orthodox literature. On the one hand, we will discuss the need of providing a formal redefinition of superpositions which captures explicitly their contextual character. On the other hand, we will attempt to replace the focus on the measurement problem, which concentrates on the justification of measurement outcomes from “weird” superposed states, and introduce the superposition problem which focuses instead on the conceptual representation of superpositions themselves. In this respect, after presenting three necessary conditions for objective physical representation, we will provide arguments which show why the classical (actualist) representation of physics faces severe difficulties to solve the superposition problem. Finally, we will also argue that, if we are willing to abandon the (metaphysical) presupposition according to which ‘Actuality = Reality’, then there is plenty of room to construct a conceptual representation for quantum superpositions.     

Formalism, Ontology and Methodology in Bohmian Mechanics

The relationship between mathematical formalism, physical interpretation and epistemological appraisal in the practice of physical theorizing is considered in the context of Bohmian mechanics. After laying outthe formal mathematical postulates of thetheory and recovering the historical roots ofthe present debate over the meaning of Bohmianmechanics from the early debate over themeaning of Schrödinger's wave mechanics,several contemporary interpretations of Bohmianmechanics in the literature are discussed andcritiqued with respect to the aim of causalexplanation and an alternative interpretationis proposed. Throughout, the over-arching aimis to exhibit the connections betweenmathematical, ontological and methodologicalquestions in physical theory and to reflect onthe rationality of physical theorizing in lightof the present case.