2-甲基-3-氨基-5-硝基吡啶的合成研究

硝基吡啶类化合物广泛用于有机合成,特别是杂环药物及细胞因子抑制剂的合成。本文以粘溴酸为原料,分别经与亚硝酸钠反应、与3-氨基巴豆酸乙酯环合、水解、与DPPA反应、脱保护等五步反应最终得到目标产物2-甲基-3-氨基-5-硝基吡啶。此方法仅需要最后一步进行柱纯化,操作简单,后处理方便,总收率为9.1%。     

铜催化N-芳基丙烯酰胺与丙酮成环合成吲哚酮

发展了一种高效、简单的铜催化活泼烯烃羰基化成环合成吲哚酮的方法.以氯化亚铜为催化剂,二叔丁基过氧化物（DTBP）为氧化剂,丙酮为溶剂兼反应物,在100 ℃条件下与N-芳基丙烯酰胺类化合物发生自由基串联环化反应,高效地合成了一系列吲哚酮衍生物.探索不同温度、催化剂、溶剂等因素对反应的影响,并推导此环化反应的机理过程.     

Expanding the diversity of chemical protein modification allows post-translational mimicry

One of the most important current scientific paradoxes is the economy with which nature uses genes. In all higher animals studied, we have found many fewer genes than we would have previously expected. The functional outputs of the eventual products of genes seem to be far more complex than the more restricted blueprint. In higher organisms, the functions of many proteins are modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). These alterations of amino-acid side chains lead to higher structural and functional protein diversity and are, therefore, a leading contender for an explanation for this seeming incongruity. Natural protein production methods typically produce PTM mixtures within which function is difficult to dissect or control. Until now it has not been possible to access pure mimics of complex PTMs. Here we report a chemical tagging approach that enables the attachment of multiple modifications to bacterially expressed (bare) protein scaffolds: this approach allows reconstitution of functionally effective mimics of higher organism PTMs. By attaching appropriate modifications at suitable distances in the widely-used LacZ reporter enzyme scaffold, we created protein probes that included sensitive systems for detection of mammalian brain inflammation and disease. Through target synthesis of the desired modification, chemistry provides a structural precision and an ability to retool with a chosen PTM in a manner not available to other approaches. In this way, combining chemical control of PTM with readily available protein scaffolds provides a systematic platform for creating probes of protein-PTM interactions. We therefore anticipate that this ability to build model systems will allow some of this gene product complexity to be dissected, with the aim of eventually being able to completely duplicate the patterns of a particular protein's PTMs from an in vivo assay into an in vitro system.     

Novel renin inhibitors containing the amino acid statine

The proteolytic enzyme renin (EC3.4.99.19) cleaves the protein substrate angiotensinogen to yield angiotensin I, the decapeptide substrate transformed by converting enzyme into the pressor substance angiotensin II. Although the contribution of this pathway to the maintenance of normal blood pressure is unclear, it seems to be a major factor in various hypertensive states. Important progress in the control of hypertension has been achieved by development of the potent inhibitors SQ-14,225 (captopril) and MK-421 (enalapril maleate), which block the generation of angiotensin II by the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme. An attractive alternative to the inhibition of converting enzyme would be the blockade of the preceding step in the cascade, the renin reaction. We report here new highly potent (IC50 = 10(-9)-10(-8) M) competitive inhibitors of renin in which statine, (3S,4S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid, is incorporated into analogues of the pig renin substrate (Fig. 1).     

Active-site remodelling in the bifunctional fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase/phosphatase is a bifunctional, thermostable enzyme that catalyses two subsequent steps in gluconeogenesis in most archaea and in deeply branching bacterial lineages. It mediates the aldol condensation of heat-labile dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) to FBP, as well as the subsequent, irreversible hydrolysis of the product to yield the stable fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and inorganic phosphate; no reaction intermediates are released. Here we present a series of structural snapshots of the reaction that reveal a substantial remodelling of the active site through the movement of loop regions that create different catalytic functionalities at the same location. We have solved the three-dimensional structures of FBP aldolase/phosphatase from thermophilic Thermoproteus neutrophilus in a ligand-free state as well as in complex with the substrates DHAP and FBP and the product F6P to resolutions up to 1.3??. In conjunction with mutagenesis data, this pinpoints the residues required for the two reaction steps and shows that the sequential binding of additional Mg(2+) cations reversibly facilitates the reaction. FBP aldolase/phosphatase is an ancestral gluconeogenic enzyme optimized for high ambient temperatures, and our work resolves how consecutive structural rearrangements reorganize the catalytic centre of the protein to carry out two canonical reactions in a very non-canonical type of bifunctionality.     

The essential bacterial cell-division protein FtsZ is a GTPase.

Cytokinesis defines the last stage in the division cycle, in which cell constriction leads to the formation of daughter cells. The biochemical mechanisms responsible for this process are poorly understood. In bacteria, the ftsZ gene product, FtsZ, is required for cell division, playing a prominent role in cytokinesis. The cellular concentration of FtsZ regulates the frequency of division and genetic studies have indicated that it is the target of several endogenous division inhibitors. At the time of onset of septal invagination, the FtsZ protein is recruited from the cytoplasm to the division site, where it assembles into a ring that remains associated with the leading edge of the invaginating septum until septation is completed. Here we report that FtsZ specifically binds and hydrolyses GTP. The reaction can be dissociated into a GTP-dependent activation stage that is markedly affected by the concentration of FtsZ, and a hydrolysis stage in which GTP is hydrolysed to GDP. The results indicate that GTP binding and hydrolysis are important in enabling FtsZ to support bacterial cytokinesis, either by facilitating the assembly of the FtsZ ring and/or by catalysing an essential step in the cytokinetic process itself.     

Enzymatic catalysis of anti-Baldwin ring closure in polyether biosynthesis

Polycyclic polyether natural products have fascinated chemists and biologists alike owing to their useful biological activity, highly complex structure and intriguing biosynthetic mechanisms. Following the original proposal for the polyepoxide origin of lasalocid and isolasalocid and the experimental determination of the origins of the oxygen and carbon atoms of both lasalocid and monensin, a unified stereochemical model for the biosynthesis of polyether ionophore antibiotics was proposed. The model was based on a cascade of nucleophilic ring closures of postulated polyepoxide substrates generated by stereospecific oxidation of all-trans polyene polyketide intermediates. Shortly thereafter, a related model was proposed for the biogenesis of marine ladder toxins, involving a series of nominally disfavoured anti-Baldwin, endo-tet epoxide-ring-opening reactions. Recently, we identified Lsd19 from the Streptomyces lasaliensis gene cluster as the epoxide hydrolase responsible for the epoxide-opening cyclization of bisepoxyprelasalocid A to form lasalocid A. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of Lsd19 in complex with its substrate and product analogue to provide the first atomic structure-to our knowledge-of a natural enzyme capable of catalysing the disfavoured epoxide-opening cyclic ether formation. On the basis of our structural and computational studies, we propose a general mechanism for the enzymatic catalysis of polyether natural product biosynthesis.     

结焦抑制剂中间体磷酸二异辛酯的合成

 乙烯裂解生产过程中存在的一个突出问题是结焦,在裂解原料中添加抑制剂是抑制结焦的一种重要方法,磷酸二异辛酯的吗啉盐是一种新型的结焦抑制剂。本实验以磷酸和异辛醇为原料,分别以活性氧化铝、活性硫酸钠、钨磷酸为催化剂,合成磷酸二异辛酯。通过改变催化剂的种类,选择催化性能良好的杂多酸钨磷酸为催化剂。实验结果表明,反应条件对目标产物收率有很大影响,钨磷酸含量为5%,催化剂用量为原料质量的2.0%,异辛醇与磷酸的物质的量之比为2.3,反应时间为4h时,磷酸二异辛酯收率最高,达72.8%。IR谱图分析结果表明产物为目标产物磷酸二异辛酯。     

Structural basis for the selectivity of the external thioesterase of the surfactin synthetase

Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and polyketide synthases (PKS) found in bacteria, fungi and plants use two different types of thioesterases for the production of highly active biological compounds. Type I thioesterases (TEI) catalyse the release step from the assembly line of the final product where it is transported from one reaction centre to the next as a thioester linked to a 4'-phosphopantetheine (4'-PP) cofactor that is covalently attached to thiolation (T) domains. The second enzyme involved in the synthesis of these secondary metabolites, the type II thioesterase (TEII), is a crucial repair enzyme for the regeneration of functional 4'-PP cofactors of holo-T domains of NRPS and PKS systems. Mispriming of 4'-PP cofactors by acetyl- and short-chain acyl-residues interrupts the biosynthetic system. This repair reaction is very important, because roughly 80% of CoA, the precursor of the 4'-PP cofactor, is acetylated in bacteria. Here we report the three-dimensional structure of a type II thioesterase from Bacillus subtilis free and in complex with a T domain. Comparison with structures of TEI enzymes shows the basis for substrate selectivity and the different modes of interaction of TEII and TEI enzymes with T domains. Furthermore, we show that the TEII enzyme exists in several conformations of which only one is selected on interaction with its native substrate, a modified holo-T domain.     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae THI4p is a suicide thiamine thiazole synthase

Thiamine pyrophosphate 1 is an essential cofactor in all living systems. Its biosynthesis involves the separate syntheses of the pyrimidine 2 and thiazole 3 precursors, which are then coupled. Two biosynthetic routes to the thiamine thiazole have been identified. In prokaryotes, five enzymes act on three substrates to produce the thiazole via a complex oxidative condensation reaction, the mechanistic details of which are now well established. In contrast, only one gene product is involved in thiazole biosynthesis in eukaryotes (THI4p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Here we report the preparation of fully active recombinant wild-type THI4p, the identification of an iron-dependent sulphide transfer reaction from a conserved cysteine residue of the protein to a reaction intermediate and the demonstration that THI4p is a suicide enzyme undergoing only a single turnover.     

1,3-偶极环加成反应在他唑巴坦合成中的应用

分析了以6－氨基青霉烷酸为原料合成他唑巴坦的反应，并重点对其中的环合反应进行了研究。在此步反应中成功地以醋酸乙烯代替乙炔及其衍生物作为环合试剂进行了1，3－偶极环加成反应，得到了目标产物。同时，对反应条件如溶剂、反应温度等进行了研究，使其色谱收率达70%以上。     

肺炎克雷伯氏菌D-乳酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

以肺炎克雷伯氏菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae）基因组DNA为模板,应用PCR技术扩增并克隆出D-乳酸脱氢酶的基因（ldhD）,将其连接到表达载体pET-22b(+)质粒上,构建pET-22b(+)-ldhD重组质粒,测序结果100%正确。将重组质粒pET-22b(+)-ldhD转化到大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21(DE3)中,通过氨苄霉素抗性平板筛选,构建大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)-pET-22b(+)-ldhD基因工程菌。重组菌株经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE蛋白电泳分析,目标条带出现在分子量约37000处,表明D-乳酸脱氢酶基因ldhD在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中成功表达。采用紫外分光光度法测定其酶活,底物丙酮酸终浓度为10mmol/L时,在丙酮酸还原为D-乳酸反应方向D-乳酸脱氢酶表现出119.04U/mL的酶活力;底物D-乳酸终浓度为50mmol/L时,在D-乳酸转化为丙酮酸的逆反应方向中表现出0.89U/mL的酶活力。比酶活则分别为9.16U/mg和 0.07U/mg。通过Lineweaver-Burk双倒数作图法,计算出酶反应的米氏常数K_M为10.54mmol/L。经摇瓶发酵后,通过高效液相色谱测定产物,D-乳酸的产量达到3.09g/L。     

A cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor attenuates atherosclerosis in rabbits

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a plasma protein that mediates the exchange of cholesteryl ester in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) for triglyceride in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). This process decreases the level of anti-atherogenic HDL cholesterol and increases pro-atherogenic VLDL and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, so CETP is potentially atherogenic. On the other hand, CETP could also be anti-atherogenic, because it participates in reverse cholesterol transport (transfer of cholesterol from peripheral cells through the plasma to the liver). Because the role of CETP in atherosclerosis remains unclear, we have attempted to develop a potent and specific CETP inhibitor. Here we describe CETP inhibitors that form a disulphide bond with CETP, and present one such inhibitor (JTT-705) that increases HDL cholesterol, decreases non-HDL cholesterol and inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Our findings indicate that CETP may be atherogenic in vivo and that JTT-705 may be a potential anti-atherogenic drug.     

Computational redesign of endonuclease DNA binding and cleavage specificity

The reprogramming of DNA-binding specificity is an important challenge for computational protein design that tests current understanding of protein-DNA recognition, and has considerable practical relevance for biotechnology and medicine. Here we describe the computational redesign of the cleavage specificity of the intron-encoded homing endonuclease I-MsoI using a physically realistic atomic-level forcefield. Using an in silico screen, we identified single base-pair substitutions predicted to disrupt binding by the wild-type enzyme, and then optimized the identities and conformations of clusters of amino acids around each of these unfavourable substitutions using Monte Carlo sampling. A redesigned enzyme that was predicted to display altered target site specificity, while maintaining wild-type binding affinity, was experimentally characterized. The redesigned enzyme binds and cleaves the redesigned recognition site approximately 10,000 times more effectively than does the wild-type enzyme, with a level of target discrimination comparable to the original endonuclease. Determination of the structure of the redesigned nuclease-recognition site complex by X-ray crystallography confirms the accuracy of the computationally predicted interface. These results suggest that computational protein design methods can have an important role in the creation of novel highly specific endonucleases for gene therapy and other applications.     

拟南芥 AtTR1 在盐胁迫应答中的功能初探

本研究主要探索油菜中E3泛素连接酶BnTR1在拟南芥中的同源基因AtTR1(At3g47550)的功能.通过体外泛素化实验证明AtTR1具有E3连接酶活性.基因表达分析显示该基因受200mmol/L NaCl显著诱导,说明该基因可能在响应盐胁迫中发挥一定的功能.为了更深入的探究该基因在植物耐盐中的作用,构建了植物表达载体pZH01-AtTR1转化突变体.在含有潮霉素的培养基上筛选阳性苗,并利用荧光定量PCR检测表明AtTR1基因已经成功转入突变体中.     

Reaction path of protein farnesyltransferase at atomic resolution

Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyses the attachment of a farnesyl lipid group to numerous essential signal transduction proteins, including members of the Ras superfamily. The farnesylation of Ras oncoproteins, which are associated with 30% of human cancers, is essential for their transforming activity. FTase inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Here we present a complete series of structures representing the major steps along the reaction coordinate of this enzyme. From these observations can be deduced the determinants of substrate specificity and an unusual mechanism in which product release requires binding of substrate, analogous to classically processive enzymes. A structural model for the transition state consistent with previous mechanistic studies was also constructed. The processive nature of the reaction suggests the structural basis for the successive addition of two prenyl groups to Rab proteins by the homologous enzyme geranylgeranyltransferase type-II. Finally, known FTase inhibitors seem to differ in their mechanism of inhibiting the enzyme.