水稻杂种优势及其多代利用研究

一、水稻杂种优势(一)杂交水稻的群体优势与基因效应前人研究植物杂种优势方面创立了“显性学说”、“超显性学说”、“杂种生活力学说”和其他解释杂种优势产生的可能机理的理论(4)(7),这些学说的理论观点,直到现今还普遍地被应用来解释任何生物杂种优势起源的遗传机理.如果把前人的理论归纳起来,不论动植物的数量性状及其杂种优势,都是由两类基因在起作用,(9)(12):(一)加性基因的加性效应和线性表现,产生我们所分析的数量性状.这些基因的活动受算术定律支配,以至P、F_1、F_2的算术平均数皆相等,因此不能产生杂种优势或超亲优势.(二)非加性基因,包括显性基因、超显性基因和上位性基因的积进效应和非线性表现,也可作用我们所分析的数量性状.这些基因的效应,就不一定导致P、F_1、F_2的平均数皆相等.因此可以普遍产生杂种优势或超亲优势.     

活性基因效应假说

根据前人的研究和杂交育种实践，结合基因组印迹的遗传理论，提出杂种优势产生的活性基因效应的假说．认为生物体的基因分为活性基因和无活性基因两类，杂种优势来源于活性基因的加性效应和互作效应；并将杂种优势部分为一般杂种优势和特殊杂种优势两部分，这有利于对杂种优势作深入的分析研究．     

小麦(Triticum asetivum L.)杂交种下调表达的GTP结合蛋白基因TaRab的克隆与鉴定

杂种优势的形成与杂种一代中亲本基因的表达方式改变有关.为深入研究小麦杂种优势形成的分子机理,利用通过抑制性差减杂交(SSH)方法获得的小麦Rab类GTP结合蛋白基因片段为探针,筛选普通小麦品系3338三叶期叶片cDNA文库,获得了一个小麦Rab家族基因TaRab.同源性比较和序列分析显示,该基因与拟南芥Rab类GTP结合蛋白基因具有90%氨基酸序列相似性.结构分析表明,它具有GTP结合蛋白4个典型结构以及Rab家族成员特有的YYRGA结构域.半定量RT-PCR表达检测结果显示,TaRab基因在叶片的表达水平要高于其他组织器官.研究还发现,该基因在三叶期、分蘖盛期的根系和叶片中为杂种下调表达.采用电子定位方法,将TaRab基因初步定位在7B染色体的着丝粒区域和C-7DS5-0.36两个区域.在此基础上,对Rab蛋白基因差异表达与杂种优势表现的关系进行了讨论.     

Mapping and characterization of two relevance networks from SNP and gene levels

Variations of gene expression and DNA sequence are genetically associated. The goal of this study was to build genetic networks to map from SNPs to gene expressions and to characterize the two different kinds of networks. We employed mutual information to evaluate the strength of SNP–SNP and gene–gene associations based on SNPs identity by descent (IBD) data and differences of gene expressions. We applied the approach to one dataset of Genetics of Gene Expression in Humans, and discovered that both the SNP relevance network and the gene relevance network approximated the scale-free topology. We also found that 12.09% of SNP–SNP interactions matched 24.49% of gene–gene interactions, which was consistent with that of the previous studies. Finally, we identified 49 hub SNPs and 115 hub genes in their relevance networks, in which 27 hub SNPs were associated with 25 hub genes.     

Adeno-associated virus-mediated integration and expression of human P-globin gene with the core fragment of locus control region in erythroid cells

To improve the integration stability and expression of the transferred human p-globin gene, the two recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors containing the human [3-globin gene with a single or multiple DNase I hypersensitive site (HS) core fragment of the LCR were constructed. These recombinants were respectively introduced into MEL cells via AAV-mediated gene transfer to investigate their integration and expression. The results suggested that following AAV vector-mediated gene transfer, the human [3-globin gene with the multiple HS core fragment of the LCR could steadily integrate into MEL cells and confer an expression level comparable with endogenous mouse a-globin gene.     

Activity of the truncated promoter of pollen-specific G9 gene of cotton and the transgenic recessive nuclei-sterile tobacco

A 557 bp fragment from the translation initiation site of the G9 gene expressed in maturing pollens of cotton was isolated from genomic DNA of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cv. “Zhongkang 17”, and two expression vectors for plant transformation were constructed via fusing this fragment with β-glucuronidase gene (Gus) and cytotoxin gene Barnase. The promoter activity of this fragment was demonstrated via transient expression of Gus gene in cotton and by the integrated expression of Barnase gene in tobacco. This promoter can initiate the expression of exogenous gene specifically and efficiently in plant pollen. The transgenic tobacco plant containing G9-Barnase fusion gene showed the characteristics of recessive nuclei-sterility.     

Discovery of mitochondrial chimeric-gene associated with cytoplasmic male sterility of HL-rice

The mitochondrial genome libraries of HL-type sterile line (A) and maintainer line (B) have been constructed. Mitochondrial gene, atp6 , was used to screen libraries, due to the different Southern and Northern blot results between sterile and maintainer line. Sequencing analysis of positive clones proved that there were two copies of atp6 gene in sterile line and only one in maintainer line. One copy of atp6in sterile line was same to that in maintainer line; the other showed different flanking sequence from the 49th nucleotide downstream of the termination codon of atp6 gene. A new chimeric gene, orfH79 , was found in the region. orfH79 had homology to mitochondrial gene coxⅡ and orfH79, and was special to HL-sterile cytoplasm.     

棉花无腺体品系在杂种优势利用中的应用

杂种优势是生物界普遍存在的现象,在毛主席革命路线指引下,华主席的亲切关怀下,我国农作物杂种优势的利用取得了巨大成就。陆地棉杂种优势也已在各地生产上开始应用。为了简化制种手续,大量产生杂交种子,我们在研究陆地棉杂种优势的同时,进行了陆地棉无腺体品系在棉花杂种优势利用中的应用。     

植物转基因技术（一）

植物转基因技术(gene transfer)也称遗传转化技术(genetic transformation),是植物基因工程的一个重要组成部分;它通常是指将依据人们一定的需要已经分离、克隆并组建成一定载体形式的外源基因,借助于物理、化学或生物的手段,转入受体植物细胞,实现在新背景下(如细胞、组织、整株水平)表达和遗传的过程。它不仅为基因的表达调控和遗传的研究提供了一个理想的实验体系,更重要的是为植物,尤其是农作物的定向改良和分子育种提供了一个有效的途     

Detection of a new mutation (1467-A) for the pedigree withmucopolysaccharidosis type Ⅱ from a Chinese family

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a disabling, fatal monogenic disease caused by abnormal metabolism of the mucopolysaccharides[1]. Gene mutation is the basic cause of MPS II and investigation of the IDS gene muta-tion is the premise for prenatal gene diagnosis and gene therapy. MPS II is worldwide distributed with high inci-dence and serious results. To study the IDS gene of Chi-nese MPS II patients is important not only in carrying out one-family policy but also in upraisi…     

植物杂种优势形成的分子遗传机理研究进展

杂种优势是普遍存在的一种复杂生物学现象,在农业生产中获得了广泛应用,但对其形成机理迄今尚未阐述清楚．随着基因组学研究的深入和发展,植物杂种优势的分子遗传机理研究也取得了重要进展,证实显性、超显性和上位性对杂种优势都有所贡献,并克隆了水稻第2染色体上控制产量杂种优势的QTI。位点qGY2-1．建立了水稻、玉米、小麦和拟南芥等植物重要杂种优势性状的转录和蛋白质组表达谱,发现杂交种与亲本之间存在明显的基因表达差异,表现为加性和非加性等差异表达模式,这可能与等位基因变异和表观遗传调控有关．基因表达调控网络解析是未来杂种优势机理研究的重要发展方向,最近在拟南芥生长杂种优势研究上已经取得了突破性的研究进展．     

Prediction of eukaryotic gene structures based on multilevel optimization

Computational gene structure prediction, which is valuable for finding new genes and understanding the composition of genomes, plays a very important role in various kinds of genome projects. For eukaryotic gene structures, however, the prediction accuracy of existing methods is still limited. This paper presents a method of predicting eukaryotic gene structures based on multilevel optimization. The complicated problem of predicting gene structure in eukaryotic DNA sequence containing multiple genes can be decomposed into a series of sub-problems at several levels with decreasing complexity, including the gene level (single-exon gene, multi-exon gene), the element level (exon, intron, etc.), and the feature level (functional site signals, codon usage preference, etc.). On the basis of this decomposition, a multilevel model for the prediction of complex gene structures is created by a multilevel optimization process, in which the models dealing with sub-problems at low complexity level are first optimized respectively, and then optimally combined together to form models for those sub-problems at higher complexity level. Based on the multilevel model, a dynamic programming algorithm is designed to search for optimal gene structures from DNA sequences, and a new program GeneKey (1.0) for the prediction of eukaryotic gene structures is developed. Testing results with widely used datasets demonstrate that the prediction accuracies of GeneKey (1.0) at the nucleotide level, exon level and gene level are all higher than that of the well known program GENSCAN. A web server of GeneKey(1.0) is available at http://infosci.hust.edu.cn     

Multiple intron gain and loss events occurred during the evolution of Cenp-A gene

Centromere protein A(CENP-A) is a histone H3 like protein,and it plays a very important role in chromosomal segregation during mitosis and meiosis.The analyses on the exon-intron organization of the Cenp-A gene in representative genomes revealed that multiple intron gain and loss events have occurred during the evolution of Cenp-A gene in opisthokonta(common ancestor of fungi and animals).Moreover,our results revealed that at least two positions were conserved in the intron gain and loss events during the evolution of the Cenp-A gene.     

利用大麦寡核苷酸芯片分析小麦种间杂交种与亲本之间根系基因表达谱

大量报道表明，杂种优势的形成与杂种一代中亲本基因的表达方式改变有关.为了深入研究小麦杂种优势形成机理，分析了小麦种间杂交种3338/2463在分蘖盛期地上部以及9个根系性状的杂种优势.结果表明总根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重和叶干重等5个性状表现明显的杂种优势.在测定小麦种间杂交种3338/2463根系性状杂种优势基础上，利用大麦寡聚核苷酸芯片，研究了上述杂交种与其亲本之间根系基因差异表达.结果发现，有1187个基因在杂种与亲本之间存在表达差异.差异表达模式可以分为8种类型，即杂种特异型、杂种沉默型、亲本特异型、亲本沉默型、杂种上调型、杂种下调型、杂种偏高亲和杂种偏低亲.利用半定量RT-PCR技术对14个差异表达基因的表达模式进行验证，发现9（64.29%）个基因与芯片的表达类型完全一致.利用GeneOntology分析对差异表达的基因进行分类，表明差异表达基因涉及植物生长代谢的各个过程.将差异表达基因进行电子定位分析，发现差异表达基因散布在小麦的各条染色体的Bin上，分布在第一到第七部分同源群上的差异表达ESTs分别为158，148，121，140，132，94，127个.