丁基糖苷合成工艺的研究

以葡萄糖和正丁醇为原料合成了丁基糖苷表面活性剂.研究了催化剂、剂糖比、醇糖比和反应温度对反应的影响.结果表明,以对甲苯磺酸与硫酸的摩尔比为3∶1的混酸作催化剂时,最佳反应条件是剂糖摩尔比为0.008∶1,醇糖摩尔比为6∶1,反应温度为110℃.     

固体超强酸—阳离子树脂负载Al2Cl3催化合成乙酸乙酯

制备了固体超强酸－阳离子树脂负载ＡｌＣｌ３催化剂。探讨了催化乙酸与乙醇脂化反应的最佳工艺条件；催化剂乙本能和量为２８ｇ／ｍｏｌ，酸醇摩尔比为１：１．２￣１：１．５，反应温度７８℃，反应时间５．０ｈ，催化剂与反应物易分离和再生，连续催化活性基本保持不变。     

高效松香乳化剂AES—TEA的合成

研究了脂肪醇三聚氧乙烯醚为原料利用氯磺酸磺化法三乙醇胺低温呼法，合成了高效松香化剂脂肪酸三醇乙烯醚硫酸三乙醇胺盐。讨论了各种反应条件对硫酸化率及产品色泽的影响。实验表明，硫酸化反应在３０℃，ＡＥＯ３与ＣｌＳＯ３Ｈ的摩尔比为１．００：１．０５，滴加氯磺酸时间为３０ｍｉｎ，并在４０℃下用三乙醇胺中和为最佳的工艺条件。     

再谈乙酸乙酯合成实验的改进

改进了文献＾（１－３）乙酸乙酯合成的实验方法。操作条件为：底料醇／酸（摩尔比）３．２：１，滴加料醇／酸（摩尔比）１：１，总原料醇／酸（摩尔比）１．５：１，Ｖ硫酸：Ｖ底料＝１：２．５，反应温度１００℃￣１１０℃，改进后的合成方法克服了原实验方法的缺点，显著减少了浓硫酸的用量，从而降低了反应温度，避免了碳化现象，减少了成醚副反应的发生，并提出了收率。     

乙酸和正丁醇在强酸性阳离子交换树脂上酯化反应的动力学行为

以大孔强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂进行了乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应，研究了不同的催化剂用量、醇／醇摩尔比和温度对酯化反应的影响，得出较佳的工艺条件为２．５２ｇｃａｔ／ｍｏｌＨＡｃ、醇／酸摩尔比为１和１１０～１２０℃，并从温度与酯化速度的关系求出反应级数（ｎ），反应速度常数（ｋ）和反应活化能（Ｅ）．     

固体超强酸TiO2／SO4^2—催化合成丁酸异戌酯的研究

报道固体超强酸ＴｉＯ２／ＳＯ４＾２－作为催化剂进行了酸与异戌醇酯化反应的合成路线和工艺条件，实验结果表明；使用合适条件制备的固体超强酸ＴｉＯ２／ＳＯ４＾２－在１３５￣１４２℃，酸与醇比为１：２和适量（３％ｗｔ）催化剂下，反应１．５小时，丁酸异戌酯产率可达９０％左右。     

稀土固体超强酸SO^2—4／TiO2／La^3＋催化合成苯乙丁酯

研究了以固体超强酸ＳＯ＾２－４／ＴｉＯ２／Ｌａ＾２＋为催化剂，苯乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成苯乙酸丁酯，并考察了影响反应的因素。结果表明，醇酯比为２．０：１，催化剂用量为２％，本为１５ｍＬ，反应时间为３．０ｈ是最适宜的反应条件，酯化率达９８．５％。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成癸二酸二异辛酯

在合成癸二酸二异辛酯时，用强酸性阳离子交换树脂作为液固相酯化反应的催化剂，７３２树脂优于Ｄ７２树脂。在异辛醇与癸二酸的摩尔比为３：１和催化剂加入量为３．６ｇ／ｍｏｌ癸二酸的条件下，７３２树脂显示了较高的催化活性，且可再生，反复使用，是较好的液固相脂化催化剂。     

对羟基苯甲酸乙酯合成的新方法

研究了以ＦｅＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ为固体催化剂,由既作反应物又作溶剂的９５％乙醇和对羟基苯甲酸为原料合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯,并讨论了催化的各种影响因素,实验表明,固体ＦｅＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ是合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的良好催化剂,最佳的反应条件为：醇酸摩尔比为２：１、催化剂与酸的摩尔比为０．１２：１、反应时间为３ｈ、回流温度。上述条件下,其收率高于７７．５％,含量９８％以上。     

五元瓜环催化合成亚磷酸二烷基酯

以五元瓜环为催化剂,用三氯化磷与无水醇进行酷化反应合成亚磷酸二烷基酯。通过正交试验,得到最佳工艺条件：在以四氯化碳作为溶剂,醇／三氯化磷摩尔比为3,催化剂的用量为反应物总质量的1％,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为120min。在该条件下,合成了亚磷酸二乙酯、亚磷酸二甲酯、亚磷酸二正丙酯、亚磷酸异丙酯和亚磷酸二正丁酯,收率较好。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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