热处理工艺对高弹高导Cu-Ni-Al合金组织与性能的影响

利用力学与电学性能测试、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al合金的时效过程进行了观察和研究;分析了Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al-0.5Ti合金的组织和性能,分别比较了Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al和Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al-0.5Ti合金在3种形变热处理工艺下的力学和电学性能.性能试验结果表明:Ti的加入能够提高合金的硬度,而对导电率影响不大,经过工艺3试验后,Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al和Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al-0.5Ti合金的维氏硬度分别达到243、317,导电率分别达到19.1%IACS、21.0%IACS.TEM观察结果表明:Cu-9.0Ni-1.4Al合金时效过程中的主要强化过程是γ'相(Ni₃Al)的连续沉淀.     

Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn-0.15Si合金组织与性能研究

研究了在Cu-9.5Ni-2.3Sn合金中添加质量分数为0.15%的Si后对该合金铸态及时效态微观组织、电导率和硬度的影响.结果表明：添加0.15%的Si后,合金出现发达的树枝状晶体,且有Ni₂Si、Ni₃Si、Ni₃Sn和Ni₄Sn相出现.经400℃×4 h时效处理后,Ni₂Si、Ni₃Si相的析出使得合金得到强化.合金电导率随时效时间的延长和温度的提高而升高,硬度在时效初期随时效温度的提高和时效时间的延长而提高,在430℃时效2 h和在400℃时效8 h得到峰值,较佳时效工艺为400℃×8 h.     

Cu/Ni3Ti原位复合材料的显微组织和力学性能

通过真空电弧熔炼法制备了Cu/Ni₃Ti原位复合材料。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计和纳米压痕仪分别测试了Cu/Ni₃Ti原位复合材料的相组成、微观组织形貌、显微硬度和弹性模量。结果显示,Ni₃Ti相在铜基体中呈针状分布,且铸锭边缘与心部平均晶粒直径分别约为1.74和249 μm。Cu/Ni₃Ti原位复合材料在时效温度为550℃时的强化效果最佳,此时铜基体与Ni₃Ti相的显微硬度最大值分别达到了174和209。在热处理后,Ni₃Ti相的最大硬度和弹性模量分别达到10.5 GPa和249.7 GPa,远高于Cu基体,Ni₃Ti相是一种理想的增强相。     

多主元FeNiMnCr0.75Alx高熵合金微观结构和力学性能的研究

研究了合金中Al含量的增加对铸态FeNiMnCr_0.75Al_x（x=0.25，0.5，0.75，原子分数）高熵合金晶体结构及力学性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对合金的微观结构及形貌进行分析，采用维氏硬度计和MTS万能试验机测试合金的硬度和室温压缩性能。试验结果表明，铸态下，FeNiMnCr_0.75Al_x高熵合金均由bcc和fcc两种晶体结构的相构成。随着Al含量的增加，合金中bcc结构的相的相对含量逐渐增加，导致硬度和压缩屈服强度也随之升高，应变量降低；且Al含量的增加最终也促使合金中无序bcc结构的相逐渐转变为Ni：（Mn+Al）=1：1（原子分数比）型有序bcc结构的相。     

磁控溅射表面镀膜对Nd2Fe14B稀土永磁体抗腐蚀性能的影响

在Nd₂Fe₁₄B稀土永磁体基体表面,采用磁控溅射（直流+射频）技术制备了Ti/Ni,Ti/Al和Al/Ni等二元合金薄膜和Ti/Al/Ni三元合金薄膜。并通过中性盐雾试验、腐蚀失重计算、电化学腐蚀试验、金相观察等方式,对比研究了不同表面处理对Nd₂Fe₁₄B稀土永磁体基体抗腐蚀性能的影响,并构建了腐蚀模型。研究发现：Ti/Ni,Ti/Al和Al/Ni等二元合金薄膜和Ti/Al/Ni三元合金薄膜均有效地提高了Nd₂Fe₁₄B稀土永磁体基体耐中性盐雾腐蚀和电化学腐蚀的能力;Ti/Al/Ni三元合金薄膜较Ti/Ni,Ti/Al和Al/Ni等二元合金薄膜有更优良的综合耐腐蚀性能,其磁控溅射工艺参数为：Ar流量60 sccm,基片温度常温,Ni,Al,Ti的溅射功率都为250 W,基片转速20 r·min^-1,镀膜均速0.3 nm·s^-1,总计溅射时间1 h。     

Al-Cu-Mn合金铸锭均匀化工艺及组织性能分析

采用光学金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析、电导率等检测手段,对铸态和均匀化态的2219合金微观组织、第二相分布及电导率进行研究分析。结果表明,2219合金铸态组织存在着枝晶偏析,在晶界上聚集大量的Al₂Cu相,并有长条状的脆性相Al₇Cu₂（Fe、Mn）穿插在晶界上。经525 ℃均匀化处理22 h后,晶界上Al₂Cu相回溶到基体中,枝晶网络被破坏,枝晶偏析消除,Cu元素从晶界到晶内的分布趋于平稳;处于亚稳态的溶质原子从过饱和固溶体中析出,在晶内呈细小、弥散地分布,基体溶质原子固溶度降低,电子散射作用减弱,电导率提高10 %IACS。     

SiC对C19400铸态合金摩擦磨损性能的影响

试验以SiC含量对C19400铸态合金摩擦磨损性能的影响为研究目的,将SiC(质量分数w_SiC,分别为0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%)添加到C19400铸态合金中,然后对其成分、组织、硬度和摩擦系数进行测试.试验结果表明:在C19400铸态合金中加入SiC能使合金晶粒尺寸减小;合金的硬度随SiC含量增加而提高;C19400铸态合金的摩擦系数随着SiC添加量的增加逐渐降低,当w_SiC为0.8%时,合金摩擦系数降低到1.48,比未添加SiC的C19400铸态合金摩擦系数(5.44)降低了72.8%,有效提高了合金的耐磨性能.     

微量稀土对铸态Cu-3.0Si-2.0Ni合金组织及性能的影响

加入适量的稀土元素能有效改善铜合金的组织和性能.铸态Cu-3.0Si-2.0Ni合金中添加稀土Ce后,进行熔炼及热处理试验,再通过室温拉伸、导电率试验和金相观察,研究了微量Ce对铸态Cu-3.0Si-2.0Ni合金组织与性能的影响.结果表明：铸态合金晶粒随着Ce含量的升高呈现先减小后递增的趋势;铸态合金的抗拉强度和导电性随着Ce的增加分别先升高后减低;当Ce的质量分数为0.06%时,铸态合金的抗拉强度最高、导电性最强.     

三元Fe-Sn-Ge和Cu-Pb-Ge偏晶合金相分离与快速凝固研究

采用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法研究了三元Fe-43.9%Sn-10%Ge和Cu-35.5%Pb-5%Ge偏晶合金的相分离与枝晶生长特征, 实验中分别获得了245和257 K的最大过冷度. 两种合金熔体均发生液相分离, 快速凝固组织呈现出显著的宏观偏析. X射线衍射分析表明, Fe-43.9%Sn-10%Ge合金的凝固 组织由α-Fe 和(Sn)固溶体以及 FeSn 和 FeSn₂金属间化合物等四相组成, 而Cu-35.5%Pb-5%Ge合金的凝固组织由(Cu)和(Pb)两相组成. 在快速偏晶凝固过程中, α-Fe 和(Cu)相均以枝晶方式生长, 并且深过冷条件下皆发生了“枝晶®偏晶胞”转变. 实验发现, α-Fe 和(Cu)相的枝晶生长速度都随过冷度的增大呈现出指数函数变化规律.     

Cu-Fe-P-Zn合金铸态及均匀化组织

采用大气熔炼的方法制备3种成分的Cu-Fe-P-Zn合金,并利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析等测试手段对合金的铸态组织及成分偏析进行了研究.结果表明:Cu-2.3Fe-0.03P-0.12Zn合金合适的均匀化处理制度为960℃保温6h.Cu-2.3Fe-(0.4～0.6)P-0.12Zn合金的铸态组织除存在明显的枝晶外,还有大量未溶解的富Fe和P的Fe2P和Fe3P相,最大粒径可达15μm.随着P含量的增加,未溶相也逐渐增多.经过960℃均匀化退火处理后,各合金的枝晶组织可基本消除,但Cu-2.3Fe-(0.4～0.6)P-0.12Zn合金的未溶相熔点高,很难通过均匀化退火来消除.模拟得到铜铁合金的均匀化动力学计算公式为:1/T=3.835×10-5 ln(1.2×10-3 t/L2).     

Wettability and pressureless infiltration mechanism in SiC-Cu systems

The wetting behavior of copper alloys on SiC substrates was studied by a sessile drop technique. The microstructure of SiC_p/Cu composites and the pressureless infiltration mechanism were analyzed. The results indicate that Ti and Cr are effective elements to improve the wettability, while Ni, Fe, and Al have minor influence on the improvement of wettability. Non-wetting to wetting transition occurs at 1210 and 1190℃ for Cu-3Al-3Ni-9Si and Cu-3Si-2Al-1Ti, respectively. All the copper alloys react with SiC at the interface forming a reaction layer except for Cu-3Al-3Ni-9Si. High Si content favors the suppression of interracial reaction. The infiltration mechanism during pressureless infiltration is attributed to the decomposition of SiC. The beneficial effect of Fe, Ni, and Al is to favor the dissolution of SiC. The real active element during pressureless infiltration is Si.     

高速铁路接触线用高强高导Cu-Cr-Co/Ti合金的组织性能研究

采用真空熔炼制备了Cu-0.50Cr-xCo合金和Cu-0.50Cr-0.07Ti合金,研究了Co含量、变形量、时效温度和合金元素Co、Ti对合金的组织性能的影响。结果表明：随着Co含量的增加,Cu基体中的晶界处逐渐出现未固溶的Cr颗粒;随着变形量的增加,Cu-0.50Cr-xCo合金的显微硬度、抗拉强度分别从129.1 HV和379 MPa增加到146.2 HV和440 MPa,分别增加了13%和16%。而电导率仅从66.8 %IACS下降到65.1 %IACS;提高Cu-0.50Cr-0.10Co合金的时效温度并不能提高合金的综合性能。在实际生产中,Cu-0.50Cr-0.10Co合金的时效温度要控制在450 ℃以下;Cu-0.50Cr-0.07Ti合金的抗拉强度和电导率分别达到450 MPa和73.1 %IACS,Ti元素的强化效果明显优于Co元素的,且对Cu-0.50Cr合金的导电性能影响更小。     

Mg-8Zn-4Al-(0～1)Sr镁合金铸态组织中的第二相研究

通过扫描电镜观察(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)以及差热分析(DSC)等实验手段,系统地研究了添加微量Sr元素(质量分数0～1%)对铸态Mg-8Zn-4Al(ZA84)镁合金组织中的第二相种类的影响,并阐明了第二相形成与演变的内在机理。实验结果表明:未添加Sr元素的铸态Mg-8Zn-4Al合金组织由Q准晶相和少量Mg_(32)(Al, Zn)_(49)相组成。添加Sr元素后,合金铸态组织中均存在Al_4Sr和Mg_(32)(Al, Zn)_(49)相;其中Al_4Sr相随Sr含量增加而增加,Mg_(32)(Al, Zn)_(49)相随Sr含量增加而减少。在Mg_(32)(Al, Zn)_(49)相中Sr元素以未固溶和固溶两种形式存在,其中未固溶Sr元素的Mg_(32)(Al, Zn)_(49)相具有相对较高的Zn原子浓度和较低的Al原子浓度。相关结果将为第二相析出强化型Mg-8Zn-4Al合金的高强化与耐热化设计提供必要的理论支撑。     

Hydrogen storage performance of LaNi3.95Al0.75Co0.3 alloy with different preparation methods

Rare-earth AB₅-type La–Ni–Al hydrogen storage alloys are widely studied due to their extensive application potentials in hydrogen isotope storage, hydrogen isotope isolation and hydrogen compressors, etc. Good hydriding/dehydriding kinetics, easily activation, high reversibility are important factors for their practical application. However, their overall hydrogen storage performance, especially plateau pressure and hydrogen absorption/desorption durability need to be further optimized. In this study, the microstructures and the hydrogen storage properties of as-cast, annealed, and melt-spun LaNi_3.95Al_0.75Co_0.3 alloys were investigated. The experimental results of XRD and SEM showed that all alloys contained a pure CaCu₅ type hexagonal structure LaNi₄Al phase. The cell volume increased in an order of annealed ?> ?melt-spun ?> ?as-cast, resulting in a lower hydrogen absorption/desorption plateau pressure and a more stable hydride phase. The hydrogen storage capacity of three alloys was almost the same. The slope factor of the annealed and melt-spun alloys is smaller than the as-cast alloy, indicating that heat-treatment process can make the alloys more uniform. For the cycle stability of the alloys, the hydrogen absorption rate of the annealed alloy and melt-spun alloy was much faster than that of the as-cast alloy after 500 cycles. The melt-spun alloy showed high pulverization resistance during hydrogen absorption/desorption, and exhibited an excellent cycling retention of 99% after 500 cycles, suggesting that melt-spinning process can enhance the cycle stability and improve the cycle life of the alloy.     

Effects of Ce-rich RE on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Nd alloy with duplex structure

The effects of Ce-rich RE on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Nd-x RE(x = 0, 1, 2, 3 wt%) alloys were investigated. The results indicated that the as-cast Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Nd alloy mainly consisted of α-Mg, β-Li, AlLi, MgLi2 Al and Al2 Nd phases. With the addition of Ce-rich RE in the alloy,Al3 RE and Al2 RE phases generated and gradually grew into net-like or block-like structure. With the addition of RE, Al-RE phases generated by consuming Al element and, thus, less Al element was dissolved in the matrix and less AlLi phase formed. Furthermore, less AlLi phase means that more Li element released to cause the increase ofβ-Li phase and refine the α-Mg phase. Under the influence of these factors, adding more RE led to higher elongation and lower tensile strength and hardness. With the addition of Ce-rich RE, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the as-cast Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Nd alloy gradually decreased from 180 to 152 MPa and from 215 to 193 MPa, respectively, while the elongation was remarkably improved from 21.1% to 40.2%.     

Tuning microstructure,transformation behavior,mechanical/functional properties of Ti-V-Al shape memory alloy by doping quaternary rare earth Y

The microstructure features, martensitic transformation behavior and mechanical/functional properties of Ti–V–Al alloy were tailored by changing rare element Y content in the present investigation. The results showed that Y doping resulted in the grain refinement and formation of Y-rich phase mainly distributing along grain boundary in Ti–V–Al alloys. The martensitic transformation temperatures of Ti–V–Al alloys slightly increased due to the variation of matrix composition induced by the presence of Y-rich phase. The mechanical and functional properties of Ti–V–Al alloys doped moderate Y addition were significantly improved, which can be ascribed to grain refinement, solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening. The 1.0 at.%Y-doped Ti–V–Al alloy exhibited the highest ultimate tensile stress of 912 MPa and largest elongation of 17.68%. In addition, it was found that the maximum recoverable strain of 5.42% can be obtained in Ti–V–Al alloy with adding 1.0 at.%Y,under the pre-strain of 6% condition, which is enhanced by approximate 0.6% than that of Ti–V–Al alloy without Y addition.     

Sintering mechanism of Cu-9Al alloy prepared from elemental powders

The sintering behavior of Cu-9Al alloys prepared from die pressing of elemental powders was investigated. The experimental results and kinetic analysis showed the formation of three consecutive layers of Al₂Cu, Al₄Cu₉, and AlCu phases, with Al₂Cu appearing first in the initial solid phase sintering stage. A liquid phase formed in the intermediate stage, resulting from the eutectic reaction between Al and Al₂Cu phases at 500 °C, which is 47 °C lower than the equilibrium reaction temperature. Swelling occurred when the liquid phase infiltrated the gaps between the copper particles, leaving pores at the original sites of Al particles and Al₂Cu. In the final stage of sintering, the Al-rich phases (Al₂Cu and AlCu) transformed to Al-poor phases (Al₄Cu₉ and α-Cu) in the temperature range of 500–565 °C. Al₄Cu₉ and α-Cu then transformed to AlCu₃ (β) above the eutectoid reaction temperature (565 °C), whereas AlCu₃ transformed to α-Cu and eutectoid phases (α-Cu + Al₄Cu₉) during cooling. The pure copper transformed to AlCu₃, and the pore volume decreased at 1000 °C. The microstructure study helps manipulate precisely the sintering process of Cu-Al alloys and optimize the microstructure with a high dimensional accuracy.     

Influence of nickel and copper on liquid structure of CuAINi shape memory alloys

Liquid structure of molten pure Cu, Cu-12Al, Cu-12Al-4Ni (mass fraction, %) alloys has been investigated using the X-ray diffraction method. It is found that the main peak of the structure factor of pure Cu is symmetrical. In the front of main peak, the curve takes on a shape of parabola, whereas a distinct pre-peak has been found around a scattering vector magnitude of 18.5 nm^-1 in the structure factor of the liquid Cu-12Al alloy. This pre-peak increases its intensity with the addition of Ni in the liquid Cu-12Al-4Ni alloy. The appearance of a pre-peak is a mark of the mediate-range order. Based on Daken-Gurry theory and according to mutual interaction between unlike atoms, the analysis of correlation between different composition and liquid structure was done: the strong interaction exists between Cu and Ni, so Cu-Al can form strong chemical bond which causes compound-forming behavior. Therefore, the medium-range size clusters can form in melt. The presence of the pre-peak corresponds to these clusters. The addition of Ni can strengthen the interaction between unlike atoms and increase the sizes of clusters, thus result in the height of pre-peak increasing.