燕山南麓古冰楔的发现

1.位置发现古冰楔的地点在北京市平谷县上镇村东约300m处.那里的地理座标为117°07′E,40°19′N,海拔240m.所在的地貌部位为晚更新世洪积台地边缘人工陡坎的上部(图1).2.古冰楔剖面古冰楔沿洪积台地前缘陡坎断续分布,出露长度不小于500m.其中以靠近南部人工陡坎处的古冰楔发育规模最大,剖面最清楚.其自上而下的岩性特征(图2)为:1)浅黄色粉砂质黄土,层内混杂了小砾石,厚0.25～0.80m,属晚更新世晚期洪积层顶部沉积层.2)砾石层,厚0.20～1.5m,成分以砾岩、     

汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲-走滑作用

2008年5月12日在龙门山映秀-北川断裂带发生的8.0级特大地震,属于逆冲-走滑型地震.作者以地表破裂为切入点,在映秀-北川断裂和彭灌断裂的关键部位,对断错山脊、洪积扇、河流阶地、边坡脊、断层陡坎、河道锴断、冲沟侧缘壁位错、小路位错、公路位错、公路拱曲、构造裂缝、断层偏转、擦痕、挤压脊、坡中槽等汶川地震所导致的地表破裂和断裂带开展了详细的野外地貌测量,标定了映秀-北川断裂带和彭灌断裂的垂向断距和水平断距,结果表明汶川地震的地表破裂带沿北东东向延伸,走向介于NE30°～50°之间,倾向北西,倾角介于30°～40°之间.其中北川-映秀断裂带的破裂带从映秀向北东延伸达180～190 km,属于单侧多点破裂型,以逆冲-右行走滑为特点,垂直位错为1.60～6.00 m,水平位错为0.20～6.50 m;彭灌断裂的地表破裂出露于彭州磁蜂场-绵竹汉旺之间,长度为30～40 km,以逆冲-右行走滑为特点,垂直位错为0.39～2.00 m之间,水平位错为0.20～0.70 m.表明该地震地表破裂带存在逆冲运动分量和右行走滑运动分量,逆冲运动分量略大于或等于右行走滑运动分量.根据历史地震和活动构造地貌的年龄测定资料,作者认为该区单条断裂的强震复发间隔在1～3ka.在此基础上,初步编制了龙门山地区的地质动力模型图,并认为下地壳物质在龙门山的近垂向挤出和垂向运动,导致了龙门山断裂带的向东逆冲运动、龙门山构造带抬升和汶川特大地震.     

甘肃黄土陷穴的形成因素及分布规律研究

黄土陷穴在甘肃中东部地区分布较广,本文主要对甘肃黄土陷穴形成因素及分布规律进行了初步分析研究。笔者认为甘肃黄土陷穴的形成因素主要为物质组成和结构、垂直节理和渗透性、降雨特征、地形、坡面切割和沟蚀发育的程度、人为活动等;甘肃黄土陷穴的分布规律主要受黄土层位控制,发育方向受构造节理控制,表现在地形地貌上主要分布于斜坡与陡坎的交界地带,坡度较缓、排水不便的坡体上,临沟的塬边凹形地段,冲沟沟头,人工填土地段等。     

维西‒乔后断裂通甸‒马登盆地段晚第四纪活动特征

依据野外调查成果, 研究维西?乔后断裂通甸?马登盆地段晚第四纪活动的地质地貌特征和古地震事件。结果表明, 该断裂段属于全新世活动段, 以右旋走滑运动为主, 全新世以来的水平滑动速率为1.8~2.4 mm/a, 垂直滑动速率为0.30~0.35 mm/a。 玉水坪探槽 揭示的断错地层OSL年龄为5.1±0.6, 5.3±0.2, 7.5±0.5和10.3±0.9 ka, 属于全新世堆积。下太平某小河T₂阶地上发育的多条断层断错现代土壤层之下的所有地层, 被错上部地层的OSL年龄为5.3±0.6 ka。上新世以来的断裂活动造成上新统的强烈构造变形, 其运动性质由逆冲转变为右旋走滑。新民村和盖场等探槽揭露地震楔、砂脉和软沉积构造变形等地震现象, 垂直错距多在1 m左右, 属同一期地震事件所为, 其发生时间约为28000 aBP, 震级达到7级。     

东营凹陷北带古冲沟古近系多物源沉积模式

利用地震反射结构、碎屑组分以及聚类分析等方法,提出东营凹陷北部陡坡带东部Y920古冲沟沙河街组沙四上亚段多物源叠加模式。研究结果表明:沙四上亚段沉积时期,Y920冲沟呈西陡东缓的不对称箕状构造形态。地震相呈东西分带的特点,冲沟西部发育楔形反射、东部发育前积反射、中部发育透镜状反射。冲沟内砂岩充填物的碎屑矿物组成在平面上具有明显的差异性,冲沟西部砂岩的石英含量低、岩屑含量高,岩屑以火成岩岩屑为主;冲沟东部,砂岩的长石和岩屑含量均较高,岩屑以变质岩岩屑为主;中部长石和石英含量较高,岩屑含量较低,含有较多的灰岩岩屑。Y920古冲沟存在3个方向的物源,分别为自北向南、沿冲沟长轴方向的北部物源以及来自冲沟西部和东部的短轴、侧向物源。冲沟西部发育近岸水下扇沉积,东部扇体以扇三角洲为主。     

玉树巴塘断裂晚第四纪滑动速率及其构造意义

玉树巴塘断裂是甘孜-玉树断裂带玉树段的一条主要的分支断裂, 沿线发育第四纪巴塘盆地、波洛滩和当涌滩。通过遥感影像解译、野外构造地貌填图、断层剖面分析以及断错地貌面的光释光和14C年代测定, 发现该断裂沿线河流阶地、洪积扇断错明显, 是一条以左旋走滑为主, 兼具逆冲分量的全新世活动断裂。该断裂最新活动时代为全新世晚期, 距今2.72 ka。晚更新世晚期以来的左旋滑动速率为2.3~3.7 mm/a, 垂直滑动速率为0.2~0.6 mm/a, 该断裂在甘孜-玉树断裂带玉树段起着变形分解作用, 吸收了玉树段内约1/3的走滑变形。研究结果可以解释甘孜-玉树断裂带内玉树断裂走滑速率偏小的构造现象, 并为评价甘孜-玉树断裂带玉树段的地震危险性提供基础资料。     

玛纳斯河流域地貌初步研究

玛纳斯河是天山北麓最大的一条河流,由于天山的隆升,在天山北麓形成了一系列的褶皱和断层,这一构造格局控制着玛纳斯河地貌的发育和演化.根据野外调查,玛纳斯河流域地貌由南向北横穿流域内的5个地貌带,即山地地貌带,山前褶皱低山丘陵带,串珠状冲积扇带,平原曲流带,玛纳斯河尾闾沙漠、湖泊带.同时玛纳斯河在不同地貌带塑造出了不同的河谷地貌.流域内新构造活动比较显著,表现为近东西向的活动褶皱与活动逆断裂,而且构造对地貌发育有明显控制作用,如山前褶皱丘陵形态为南翼缓,北翼陡,河流阶地发生拱曲和错断变形,冲积扇串珠状发育等.     

河南孟津地区中全新世环境变化及其对人类活动的影响

在河南孟津地区发现全新世古土壤－黄土沉积剖面和湖沼相沉积剖面。作者对这2个剖面之间进行了野外调查,绘制了其间的地层图,并在古土壤-黄土沉积剖面采样,对样品做了粒度、磁化率以及CaCO₃含量分析。通过古土壤－黄土沉积剖面与湖沼相沉积剖面的对比,研究了中全新世孟津地区环境变化及其对人类活动的影响。结果表明孟津地区在7020～5660aBP和4610～3755aBP是古湖泊形成和古土壤发育的时期,气候温暖湿润;在5660～4610aBP孟津地区经历了一次气候波动,湖泊缩小为零星湖沼, 古土壤发育中断;3755～3055aBP湖泊萎缩干涸,黄土开始沉积,气候转向冷干。河南龙山文化时代晚期,湖面水位较高,人类在古土壤上活动;二里头文化时期湖泊萎缩,人类活动向低处转移,湖泊完全干涸时人类开始在干涸的湖相沉积层上活动。     

济阳坳陷侏罗纪岩相古地理演化特征

在系统观察岩心的基础上并结合测井、地震等资料对济阳坳陷侏罗系岩相古地理演化特征及其控制作用进行了研究。结果表明,侏罗纪济阳坳陷为一受北西向断层控制而相互分割的山间盆地,早、中侏罗世以冲积平原和滨浅湖沉积为主,晚侏罗世以冲积平原沉积为主。对应于早-中侏罗世早期—早-中侏罗世中期—早-中侏罗世晚期—晚侏罗世早期—晚侏罗世晚期,北西向断层的活动依次表现为较强—弱—消失—极微弱—较强5个不同的阶段。相应的沉积表现为:在北西向断层的东北侧,扇三角洲-滨浅湖沉积体系逐渐演化为冲积扇-河流-三角洲沉积体系;在北西向断层的南西侧,冲积扇-河流-三角洲沉积体系不断向盆地中进积;滨浅湖发育范围逐渐变小,沉积中心逐渐向北西向断层的南西侧迁移。     

汶川地震地表破裂带宽度与断层上盘效应

以汶川地震产生的地表破裂宽度为研究对象, 以地表微变形、裂隙和鼓包、叠瓦状断层及反冲断层等为标志界定破裂的宽度, 查明中央破裂带和前山破裂带宽度的分布。结果表明, 中央断裂带与汉旺?白鹿断裂带的地表破裂宽度不同, 中央断裂带不同段落的地表破裂宽度也不相同。断层还表现出明显的断层上盘效应, 北川?映秀断裂上盘最小避让距离为70 m, 下盘最小避让距离为23.5 m, 断层两侧避让总宽度不应小于108 m; 汉旺?白鹿断裂上盘最小避让距离为35 m, 下盘最小避让距离20 m, 总避让宽度不应小于58 m。地表破裂宽度及断层上盘效应与破裂带陡坎高度、地震烈度分布、强震记录具有较好的一致性。     

Colluvial wedges associated with pre-historical reverse faulting paleoearthquakes

Colluvial wedges collapsed from fault scarp can also be used to study reverse faulting paleoearthquakes. Generating processes of reverse faulting colluvial wedges are much more complex than those associated with normal faulting earthquakes. Reverse faulting colluvial wedge is also in triangle shape, and dies away from the fault. Contact between the fault and the colluvial wedge may be a simple straight reverse fault or a combination of an erosive surface in the upper part and a reverse fault in the lower part. Contents and grain sizes increase near the fault and along the base of a colluvial wedge. Based on examples from the piedmont reverse fault and fold along the northern Tainshan, we studied characteristics of reverse faulting colluvial wedges, and discussed the generating processes of reverse faulting colluvial wedges. Reverse faulting generates an unstable scarp hanging in the air immediately after an earthquake. Fallen material deposits along the base of newly formed fault scarp. Erosive surface and surface of colluvial wedge form an antithetic scarp with an opposite direction to underlain reverse fault. If the later stage colluvium covers both the early stage colluvium and the erosive surface, the colluvial wedge will have a curved vertical edge with reverse fault in the lower part and erosive surface in the upper part. If the erosive surface is not covered by later stage colluvium, the colluvial wedge will only have a simple straight vertical edge, which is the reverse fault. A colluvial wedge represents a paleoearthquake event, but the height of the wedge is not equal to vertical offset of the paleoearthquake.     

Near-field postseismic deformation along the rupture of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and its implications

At first time, we observed the postseismic deformation, which actually is a kind of creep after slip, along the intra-plate active fault associated with the Wenchuan earthquake. To understand the near-field postseismic deformation following 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province of China, we compared the fault scarp or flexure scarp profiles measured in different campaigns. Our result shows that among total 19 observation sites, on 13 sites (68% of 19) fault scarps fall back with an average about 9.7% decrease; on 5 sites (26% of 19) fault scarps present no change; and on one site (6% of 19) fault scarp continues to uplift with 12.8% increase. The variety of fault scarp we observed results mainly from near-field postseismic deformation, after slip occurred in shallow. Based on our observations, the following are demonstrated: except for the southwestern end near Yingxiu Town where coseismic slip deficit and some elastic energy residue exist there, fall back (68%) or non-changing (26%) of fault scarp shows energy balance or energy deficit due to overthrust, implying that the likelihood of occurrence of strong aftershocks of ≥ M7 becomes very small in these energy-released areas. Moreover, we suggest that a minimum of 10% error due to near-field postseismic deformation should be considered when evaluating the magnitude of historic and paleoearthquake or slip rate based on the fault scarp dis-placement, even though the error caused by erosion has been accounted already.     

Quaternary folding in the south piedmont of central segment of Tianshan Mountains

The Tianshan Mountains are an important active structural belt in the interior of Eurasia. By integrated methods of surface geology survey and interpretation of seismic profiles, we distinguish fold scarps located at the south limb of the Kuqatawu anticline and the north limb of the Dongqiulitag anticline in the Kuqa rejuvenation foreland thrust belt, south piedmont of central segment of the Tianshan Mountains. Fold scarp is a newly found structural phenomenon. Because of the bend of thrust plane and the movement of hanging wall above the thrust plane, the original horizontal deposits of hanging wall and their surface become a monocline structure, resulting from the separating and migration of the active and fixed axial surfaces. Measuring the geometry of fold scarp and using the data of age of the deformed deposits, the crustal shortening rate resulting from the deeply seated subsurface thrust is calculated. The crustal shortening rate reflected by the fold scarp located at the north limb of the Dngqiulitag anticline is (1±0.1) mm/a. The fold scarps of the Dongqiulitag anticline and the Kuqatawu anticline identify that the deformation process of the crustal compressive structures in the Kuqa area extends into the Late Quaternary.     

Mid-Holocene climate change in North China, and the effect on cultural development

In this study, to reconstruct the paleoclimatic history, pollen and oxygen isotope were analyzed on the 160 samples of a 2.7 m peat core from Taishizhuang, Huailai County, Hebei Province. Combining our data with other information of climate history and archaeology from this area, we found that there is a close linkage between cultural development and the mid-Holocene (6000-3000 cal. aBP) environment changes. The main results and conclusions are presented as the following: The climate during 5678-5400 cal. aBP was unstable and in general colder and drier than today. From 5400 to 4800 cal. aBP the climate was much warmer and wetter than before. The climate during 4800-4300 cal. aBP was persistently cold, with an exceptional cold event occurring at 4600-4300 cal. aBP. This cold event was recorded at several other localities in Northern China even the Northern Hemisphere and played an important role in the cultural development. After the cold event, there was a return to warmer conditions between 4200 and 3300 cal.aBP.     

中原地区距今5000-4000年间古环境重建的软体动物化石证据

河南孟津邙山黄土台塬上发现的全新世湖沼沉积保存有丰富的古环境信息。根据其中所含水生、两栖与陆生软体动物化石的系统研究,作者着重讨论了距今5000-4000年间古代湖沼演化的历史,并进一步根据软体动物化石的古生态分析,指出古代湖沼的演化与当时气候的变化一致。这一研究为探讨中原地区环境演变的历史及华夏文明起源的环境背景提供了重要的资料。     

断层封闭性定量表征及对油气富集的控制作用

为了厘清LD21油田东盘3个断块平面上、垂向上油气差异富集的原因,从断层封闭的机理入手,建立了工区的埋深泥质体积分数排替压力关系图版,求取了断层岩和储层的泥质体积分数;剖析了压实成岩压力和压实成岩时间对断层岩排替压力的影响,通过计算断-储排替压力差,定量评价了断层的封闭能力;预测了不同油组断层所能封闭的最大油气柱高度,与工区实钻井各油组油气柱高度吻合度高,平均误差9.5%,证实了此断层封闭能力定量评价方法的可行性,最终明确了平面上、垂向上油气差异富集的原因。此外,采用正交试验设计的方法对优选的影响断层岩排替压力因素进行了定量评价,给出了断层埋深、泥质体积分数、断层倾角和作用时间比四因素的显著性排序。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘百口泉区前陆冲断带撕裂断层特征及控藏作用

以理论分析为基础,结合区域构造背景,阐述了撕裂断层的基本特征和识别标志。撕裂断层断面近直立,在地震剖面上多表现为波组错断、同相轴紊乱等特征;在水平时间切片上,表现为同相轴扭曲、宽窄和产状变化等特征;在测井曲线主要表现为隔夹层的频繁出现以及锯齿化程度的增强。研究表明,准噶尔盆地西北缘百口泉区三叠系具有一定规模的撕裂断层8条,延伸长度3～7km。在此基础上,分析认为撕裂断层既可形成有效的运聚通道,又能够起遮挡作用而形成圈闭,对油气的运聚成藏具有重要的控制作用。     

隧道穿越高烈度地震区断层带围岩地震响应分析

考虑地震荷载特征及隧道特点,运用多点同时激振的动力时程分析方法,采用结构面单元与实体单元组合模拟断层带的方法,研究了某穿越断层破碎带铁路隧道在未支护条件下的动力响应特性。分析了沿隧道横向、纵向和竖向激振地震动工况下与断层破碎带接触部位所产生的位移差、加速度放大倍率和屈服单元等。结果表明：结构面单元与实体单元组合合理模拟了断层破碎带的地震响应特性;地震运动引起断层破碎带接触部位产生明显的位移差,横向输入地震动时位移差值最大,达到51.8 mm,而沿纵向和竖向输入时,位移差值仅为横向输入的44.3%和23.1%;同一高程处断裂带的加速度放大倍率明显大于混合花岗岩;断裂带与混合花岗岩过渡段出现明显的剪切屈服区域,且横向、竖向输入地震动时尤其突出;断层破碎带对隧道在地震动作用下的响应规律影响显著,穿越断裂带隧道的断裂带部位与过渡段为抗震设计控制性区域,应深入加强抗震措施研究。