有机蒙脱土的制备及其结构表征

为增加蒙脱土与有机相的相容性,制备有机蒙脱土,并观察蒙脱土的层状结构在有机化前后的变化.以钠基蒙脱土为原料,用季铵盐、有机胺和复合试剂作为有机插层剂与蒙脱土层间的Na+交换,制备出一系列有机蒙脱土,并对其结构进行表征.FTIR证明有机插层剂已进入蒙脱土的层间.XRD结果表明蒙脱土的层间距由1.2 nm增加到1.7～4.2 nm.TEM观察也表明蒙脱土的层间距增大,粒层厚度约为50 nm左右.研究结果表明选择高交换容量的钠基蒙脱土和合适的插层剂,制备的有机蒙脱土层间距增加明显.     

聚合物/蒙脱土纳米复合材料研究进展

简要概述了聚合物/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的结构及性能和蒙脱土的有机改性机理,详细介绍了对聚烯烃/蒙脱土、聚苯乙烯/蒙脱土和橡胶/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的研究进展.对各种制备方法进行了分析比较,指出了对聚合物进行接枝改性,提高其与有机蒙脱土的相容性是制备聚合物/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的关键.     

蒙版浅议

介绍了蒙版在图像处理中的应用，详细阐述了快速蒙版、Alpha通道蒙版、图层蒙版的特点及示例操作。     

季鏻盐改性蒙脱土的制备及性能

采用离子交换法将不同的季鏻盐交换到钠基蒙脱土的层间得到改性蒙脱土, 并对改性蒙脱土的结构和性能进行了研究. 热重量法和X射线衍射分析的结果表明, 季鏻盐已插入蒙脱土的层间, 并且季鏻盐改性蒙脱土中有机物的热分解起始温度比季铵盐改性蒙脱土的热分解起始温度提高30 ℃;解吸试验的结果表明, 改性蒙脱土中的季鏻盐在水和0.9%NaCl溶液中都很稳定. 钠基蒙脱土对金黄色葡萄球菌（S. aereus）和大肠杆菌（E. coli）的最低抑菌浓度均大于2 g/L, 而当插入季鏻盐后, 其最低抑菌浓度大幅度降低, 如十四烷基三丁基季鏻盐改性蒙脱土对S. aereus和E. coli的最低抑菌浓度分别为12.5 mg/L和200.0 mg/L. 随着季鏻盐改性蒙脱土浓度的增加和接触时间的延长, 改性蒙脱土的抗菌性能增强.     

混炼插层法制备天然橡胶/蒙脱土纳米复合材料

采用有机改性蒙脱土和新型补强性促进剂，通过混炼插层法制备了天然橡胶／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，用X射线衍射和透射电镜表征了纳米复合材料的结构和形态，用表观交联密度测定和红外光谱研究了蒙脱土与橡胶的相互作用，同时用X射线衍射法研究了混炼和硫化过程中天然橡胶分子链对蒙脱土的插层过程．结果表明，蒙脱土在橡胶基体中以纳米级厚度片层分散；补强性促进剂能加强蒙脱土与橡胶间的结合；天然橡胶分子链在混炼过程中便开始对蒙脱土进行插层，并主要在焦烧时间前的硫化诱导期内完成大部分插层过程，硫化开始后蒙脱土的纳米级分散进一步完善，直至硫化完成．添加2％～10％有机蒙脱土的天然橡胶／蒙脱土纳米复合材料的力学性能和动态力学性能优于40％N770炭黑补强的硫化胶．     

Photoshop中图层蒙版的使用

蒙版是Photoshop中的一项重要工具，图层蒙版是蒙版的常用方式之一，通常用于图像的融合，在处理图形图像的过程中广泛使用。本文以实例来解析图层蒙版的使用方法，通俗易懂、简洁明了。     

Photoshop中快速蒙版的使用

蒙版是Photoshop中的一项重要工具，快速蒙版是蒙版的常用方式之一，使用起来灵活方便。它与选区相关联，可用画笔、橡皮甚至滤镜等工具来配合修改。本文是以实例解析快速蒙版的使用方法，简洁易懂。     

三乙烯四胺/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备与表征

将蒙脱土的硅酸盐晶层空间作为形成配合物的微反应场所,利用微波加热和水溶液加热的方法将钠基蒙脱土转化为镍基蒙脱土,再在不同的溶剂配比条件下引入三乙烯四胺配体,使三乙烯四胺与镍离子在蒙脱土层间原位反应生成配合物,制得蒙脱土纳米复合体.XRD结果表明蒙脱土的层间距在引入三乙烯四胺后明显变大.红外光谱分析结果表明,三乙烯四胺与Ni2 离子在蒙脱土层间形成了配合物,且层间配合物的立体结构与溶液中制备的[Ni2trien3]Cl4的结构不同.     

有机蒙脱土的制备及应用研究

以蒙脱土(MMT)为原料,用两种不同类型的有机插层剂与蒙脱土层间的离子进行交换,制备了两种有机蒙脱土.FTIR、XRD结果表明插层剂进入蒙脱土的纳米层间且层间距均可达到4nm以上,其中与蒙脱土有化学作用的有机硅插层剂插层效果更好;TGA分析表明两种有机蒙脱土都具有很好的热稳定性,分解温度达到200℃以上,分解温度的高低与插层剂的结构以及所处的介质环境有关.初步研究了有机蒙脱土在有机硅乳液中的应用.     

聚苯胺蒙脱土导电复合材料的制备与性能研究

采用电化学聚合法制备了插层聚苯胺钠基蒙脱土复合材料.探讨了复合材料前躯体插层苯胺-钠基蒙脱土的制备过程,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电化学方法对复合材料的形貌结构和性能进行了表征.XRD结果表明,经苯胺插层后钠基蒙脱土的层间距明显增大,插层苯胺经电化学聚合后,其层间距仍比纯钠基蒙脱土层间距大,但小于苯胺插层的钠基蒙脱土.SEM照片表明,经电化学聚合后,钠基蒙脱土复合材料的致密程度高于未经电化学聚合的钠基蒙脱土的致密度.由插层聚苯胺-钠基蒙脱土复合材料修饰的电极对甲醇的电化学氧化和铁氰化钾的氧化还原具有优异的电催化性能.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the