Intracellular transport of microinjected 5S and small nuclear RNAs

The mechanism by which some RNAs are segregated in the cell nucleus was analysed by microinjecting 32 P-labelled total RNA from HeLa cells into the cytoplasm of Xenopus oocytes. Small nuclear RNAs (u1, U2, U4, U5 and U6) migrated into the cell nucleus, where they became 30-60 fold more concentrated than in the cytoplasm. Other RNAs, such as tRNA and 7S RNA, remained in the cytoplasm, while 5S RNA became concentrated in the nucleolus. Studies with lupus erythematosus antibodies showed that the migrating RNAs become associated with oocyte RNA-binding proteins.     

Arrangement of RNA and proteins in the spliceosomal U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle

In eukaryotic cells, freshly synthesized messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) contains stretches of non-coding RNA that must be excised before the RNA can be translated into protein. Their removal is catalysed by the spliceosome, a large complex formed when a number of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) bind sequentially to the pre-mRNA. The first snRNP to bind is called U1; other snRNPs (U2, U4/U6 and U5) follow. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of human U1 snRNP, determined by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy at 10 A resolution. The reconstruction reveals a doughnut-shaped central element that accommodates the seven Sm proteins common to all snRNPs, supporting a proposed model of circular Sm protein arrangement. By taking earlier biochemical results into account, we were able to assign the remaining density of the map to the other known components of U1 snRNP, deriving a structural model that describes the three-dimensional arrangement of proteins and RNA in U1 snRNP.     

Conservation between yeast and man of a protein associated with U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein

The process of nuclear pre-messenger RNA splicing is similar in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and metazoan cells in that the two-step mechanism is identical and the reaction occurs in a large ribonucleoprotein complex, the spliceosome. Little is known, however, about the degree of conservation of splicing factors other than of the small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Yeast counterparts of the metazoan spliceosomal snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6) have been identified but, with the exception of U6, the yeast snRNAs are larger and sequence similarity is limited to short regions. By using antibodies against the yeast PRP8 protein, a pre-mRNA splicing factor of relative molecular mass 280,000 (Mr280K) stably associated with U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), we have now identified an immunologically related protein in HeLa cell nuclear extracts. The HeLa cell protein has an Mr greater than 200K and is associated with purified 20S U5 snRNPs. This is the first report of phylogenetic conservation between yeast and man of a protein splicing factor.     

数学与逻辑的关系及其发展过程中的相互作用

关于数学与逻辑的关系存在着逻辑主义和直觉主义2种观点,逻辑主义学派认为数学可以化归于逻辑,直觉主义学派认为逻辑可化归于数学。利用现代认识论的思想,论述了数学与逻辑之间的同一性、互补性和差异性,并对它们在发展过程中的相互作用进行了比较全面而深刻的揭示。     

交互界面设计在小家电产品设计中的应用研究

交互设计是互动的设计原则。相对于传统设计,在小家电产品中使用交互设计,通俗易懂,能让用户一目了然、愉悦身心,更方便有效地使用产品。小家电产品的交互界面设计中,应该遵循完整易懂、简单易学、有效有序、方便快捷等原则。     

HIV-1感染与树突状细胞相互作用的研究进展(综述)

树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)是目前所知的机体内功能最强的抗原呈递细胞,在免疫应答中发挥重要作用。在AIDS发病机制中有关人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)与宿主细胞之间的作用已经有很多报道,但对树突状细胞与HIV感染之间的作用了解较少。近年来的研究发现HIV-1能诱导树突状细胞分化,改编细胞基因表达,上调细胞因子和趋化因子的产生活化T细胞,而不同的DC亚群表达不同的甘露糖C-型凝集素受体(MCLRs)结合HIVgp120,从而促进病毒感染复制和扩散。     

腺嘌呤与水分子相互作用的理论研究

应用在密度泛函理论和电负性均衡原理基础上发展起来的原子-键电负性均衡方法（ABEEM）,并融合进分子力场中,对比从头计算方法,研究了腺嘌呤（adenine）-水体系中氢键的相互作用,计算了腺嘌呤1水复合物的各种性质,如：优化的几何构型、结合能、稳定性等．揭示了腺嘌呤1水复合物稳定存在的构型是环状的双氢键形式,即水分子与腺嘌呤相互作用时,同时作为受体和供体与腺嘌呤的氢原子和氮原子形成氢键．同时,通过对腺嘌呤1水复合物能量的计算,找到了腺嘌呤与水结合的最优几何位置．计算结果表明,我们的方法和从头计算及实验结果相比有很好的一致性,验证了我们模型的合理性和参数的可靠性．     

1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚-磺酸与蛋白质结合反应的光谱法研究

采用荧光光谱法和吸收光谱法研究了1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚-磺酸(PAN-S)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的结合反应.研究表明,PAN-S对BSA的荧光猝灭机理为静态猝灭.测定了反应的结合常数(K=5.32×105～8.53×105L·mol-1)、荧光猝灭常数(Ksv=7.08×105L·mol-1)及结合位点数(n=2.88).进一步通过同步荧光法研究了PAN-S对BSA构象的影响,认为PAN-S主要结合在BSA的色氨酸残基附近.研究发现,PAN-S与BSA之间存在着类似于其同阳离子表面活性剂的静电作用.     

Base pairing between U2 and U6 snRNAs is necessary for splicing of a mammalian pre-mRNA.

Splicing of pre-messenger RNA in eukaryotic cells occurs in a multicomponent complex termed the spliceosome, which contains small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), protein factors and substrate pre-mRNA. Assembly of the spliceosome involves the stepwise binding of snRNPs and protein factors to the pre-mRNA through a poorly understood mechanism which probably involves specific RNA-RNA, RNA-protein and protein-protein interactions. Of particular interest are the interactions between snRNPs, which are likely to be important not only for assembly of the spliceosome but also for catalysis. U1 snRNP interacts with the 5' splice site and U2 snRNP with the branch site of the pre-mRNA; both of these interactions involve Watson-Crick base pairing. But very little is known about how other factors such as the U4/U6 and U5 snRNPs reach the spliceosome and function in splicing. Here we report evidence that U6 snRNA interacts directly with U2 snRNA by a mechanism involving base-pairing, and that this interaction can be necessary for splicing of a mammalian pre-mRNA in vivo.     

Normalization of current kinetics by interaction between the alpha 1 and beta subunits of the skeletal muscle dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channel.

Purification of skeletal muscle dihydropyridine binding sites has enabled protein complexes to be isolated from which Ca2+ currents have been reconstituted. Complementary DNAs encoding the five subunits of the dihydropyridine receptor, alpha 1, beta, gamma, alpha 2 and delta, have been cloned and it is now recognized that alpha 2 and delta are derived from a common precursor. The alpha 1 subunit can itself produce Ca2+ currents, as was demonstrated using mouse L cells lacking alpha 2 delta, beta and gamma (our unpublished results). In L cells, stable expression of skeletal muscle alpha 1 alone was sufficient to generate voltage-sensitive, high-threshold L-type Ca2+ channel currents which were dihydropyridine-sensitive and blocked by Cd2+, but the activation kinetics were about 100 times slower than expected for skeletal muscle Ca2+ channel currents. This could have been due to the cell type in which alpha 1 was being expressed or to the lack of a regulatory component particularly one of the subunits that copurifies with alpha 1. We show here that coexpression of skeletal muscle beta with skeletal muscle alpha 1 generates cell lines expressing Ca2+ channel currents with normal activation kinetics as evidence for the participation of the dihydropyridine-receptor beta subunits in the generation of skeletal muscle Ca2+ channel currents.     

(2+1)维广义Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov方程的新周期波、局域激发之间的相互作用

在分离变量法所得（2＋1）维广义Nizhnik-Novikov—Veselov方程广义解（包含2个任意函数）中引入符合条件的Jacobi椭圆函数以及Jacobi椭圆函数的组合，从而获得了该系统的一些新双周期解．研究了这些周期波之间的相互作用，发现其相互作用是非弹性的．考虑下述2种极限情况：Jacobi椭圆函数的模数部分取0或1，能获得一种称作半局域（在一个方向上是周期的，而在另一个方向上是局域）的新结构，它们之间的相互作用也是非弹性的；Jacobi椭圆函数的模数全部取1，则获得了一些新的局域激发结构（two-dromionsolution），研究表明，这类局域激发之间相互作用后仍然是非弹性的．     

(2+1)维广义Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov方程的新周期波、局域激发之间的相互作用

在分离变量法所得(2 1)维广义Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov方程广义解(包含2个任意函数)中引入符合条件的Jacobi椭圆函数以及Jacobi椭圆函数的组合,从而获得了该系统的一些新双周期解.研究了这些周期波之间的相互作用,发现其相互作用是非弹性的.考虑下述2种极限情况:Jacobi椭圆函数的模数部分取0或1,能获得一种称作半局域(在一个方向上是周期的,而在另一个方向上是局域)的新结构,它们之间的相互作用也是非弹性的;Jacobi椭圆函数的模数全部取1,则获得了一些新的局域激发结构(two-dromion solution),研究表明,这类局域激发之间相互作用后仍然是非弹性的.     

Correlations between T-cell specificity and the structure of the antigen receptor

The derived amino-acid sequences of the heterodimeric antigen receptors expressed by a series of murine T-cell clones are presented. A comparison of the receptor sequences indicates that several mechanisms for generating receptor diversity can influence T-cell specificity, including junctional diversity, combinatorial joining, and combinatorial chain associations.     

以XPS研究谢一矿矸石粉表面与非离子表面活性剂间的相互作用

本文用XPS分析比较了非离子型表面活性剂司班—80和吐温—85对谢一矿矸石粉的表面改性处理效果,发现在所讨论的情况下,表现处理过程主要是一个物理过程.然而,在矸石粉的Ca与处理剂分子中的O之间,存在着较明显的化学作用.     

CO2与水表面相互作用的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法,研究了CO₂分子与水表面的相互作用,发现CO₂分子会被水的表面束缚一段时间,给出了CO₂在水气界面两侧的概率分布以及平均束缚时间和浓度等随温度的变化趋势,还估算得出风对水气界面与CO₂作用的影响有限.所得结果对于深入认识海气间CO₂的传输机制有一定的指导意义.     

应用ABEEM／MM模型研究甘氨酸与水的氢键作用

应用原子-键电负性均衡方法中的浮动电荷分子力场（ABEEM／MM）,我们构建了1个新的甘氨酸（Glycine）-水势能函数,并将其应用到甘氨酸与水组成的二聚体的研究中．首先研究了甘氨酸单体的几何构型,构型结果与可获得的实验数据显示了很好的一致性;根据对甘氨酸中氮原子和氧原子的孤对电子电荷分布的ABEEM／MM方法分析,可以解释水与作用点形成氢键的强弱;进而研究了甘氨酸与1个水作用的结合能,ABEEM／MM模型与从头计算方法得到的结果显示了很好的一致性．表明我们势能函数的合理性以及参数的正确性．     

兰州市经济发展与生态环境互动作用机理研究

河谷型大城市是在地理位置较好、水土资源组合条件良好的河谷阶地地带上形成的．河谷地形的封闭性特征削弱了河谷生态环境的自净能力,使城市经济发展过程中产生的废气、工业废水和固体废弃物的环境污染效应增强,城市经济发展与生态环境的矛盾突出．本文主要应用环境库兹涅茨曲线方法分析河谷型大城市兰州市的经济发展与生态环境的互动作用机理,认为兰州市经济发展对生态环境的影响途径主要体现存经济发展对污染物排放总量、产业结构对污染物排放种类和组成以及产业布局对局地生态环境的影响等办面,而河谷生态环境也对兰州市产业结构、产业布局和经济发展过程与方向产生制约作用．     

Netrin-1-mediated axon outgrowth and cAMP production requires interaction with adenosine A2b receptor

The netrins, a family of laminin-related secreted proteins, are critical in controlling axon elongation and pathfinding. The DCC (for deleted in colorectal cancer) protein was proposed as a receptor for netrin-1 in the light of many observations including the inhibition of netrin-1-mediated axon outgrowth and attraction in the presence of an anti-DCC antiserum, the similitude of nervous system defects in DCC and netrin-1 knockout mice and the results of receptor swapping experiments. Previous studies have failed to show a direct interaction of DCC with netrin-1 (ref. 10), suggesting the possibility of an additional receptor or co-receptor. Here we show that DCC interacts with the membrane-associated adenosine A2b receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor that induces cAMP accumulation on binding adenosine. We show that A2b is actually a netrin-1 receptor and induces cAMP accumulation on binding netrin-1. Finally, we show that netrin-1-dependent outgrowth of dorsal spinal cord axons directly involves A2b. Together our results indicate that the growth-promoting function of netrin-1 may require a receptor complex containing DCC and A2b.