3′–5′-cAMP and lysosome membrane labilization

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass 3–5-cAMP (10^–3 M) und Theophyllin (10^–4 M) die Permeabilität derjenigen Lysosmen-Membranen steigern, die aus Rattenleberzellen in bezug auf saure Phosphatase and in bezug auf -Glucuronidase-Enzyme präpariert wurden.     

ATP-dependent Ca++-Extrusion from human red cells

Zusammenfassung In einer Lösung mit 1,39M/ml Ca⁺⁺ waren rekonstituierte menschliche Erythrozyten im Stande, ihren ursprünglichen Ca-Gehalt von 2,39M/ml Zellen in 60 min bei 37 °C auf 0,46M/ml Zellen zu senken, sofern sie Mg-ATPat enthielten. Dieser aktive Transport war durch g-Strophanthin nicht hemmbar, konnte aber mit 5 · 10^–4 M Salyrgan unterdrückt werden.     

Leydig cell andΔ 5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the testis of toad (Bufo melanostictus) following cold exposuredehydrogenase activity in the testis of toad (Bufo melanostictus) following cold exposure

Summary Leydig cell nuclear area and ⁵-3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity were increased in the testis ofBufo melanostictus 2 days after a single short-term cold exposure. Both parameters returned to normal values 4 days later.     

Starfish saponins VII. Structure of luzonicoside,a further steroidal cyclic glycoside from the pacific starfishEchinaster luzonicus

Summary On the basis of comparative chemical and spectral data, the structure of the major saponin, luzonicoside, from the starfishEchinaster luzonicus has been elucidated as2. This is a further example of a novel class of steroidal cyclic glycoside from starfish of the genusEchinaster. Its structure includes a ⁷, 3,6-dioxygenated-23-oxosteroidal moiety, already found in the saponins ofEchinaster sepositus, and a trisaccharide moiety, -D-galactopyranosyl-(12) -L-arabinopyranosyl-(12)--D-glucuronopyranosyl, bridging C-3 and C-6 of the steroid.This contribution is part of the Progetto Finalizzato Oceanografia e Fondi Marini del C.N.R., Roma.Acknowledgments. We wish to thank Mrs M. Pusset, Laboratoire des Plantes Médicinales du C.N.R.S., Nouméa, for the extraction of starfish and the divers of the Centre Q.R.S.T.O.M. de Nouméa for collection.     

MammalianX-chromosomes: A new kind of composite-typeX in the voleArvicola scherman exitus miller

Zusammenfassung Autoradiographische Untersuchungen mit H³-Thymidin deckten bei der WühlmausA. scherman exitus (2n = 36) eine ungewöhnliche Geschlechtschromosomensituation auf. DasX-Chromosom misst 6,8% von (nA + X). Sein funktioneller Anteil ist zweigeteilt, daneben verfügt es über einen strukturell heterochromatischen und einen stets euchromatisch bleibenden Anteil. DasY ist für ein Säugetier aussergewöhnlich gross (2/3 desX).

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This investigation was in part supported by the Swiss National Foundation and for M.F.L. by the Roche-Studien-Stiftung.     

Transfer of cantharidin (1) during copulation from the adult male to the femaleLytta vesicatoria (‘Spanish flies’)

Summary Adult males of the spanish flyLytta vesicatoria (Meloidae, Coleoptera) are able to biosynthesize cantharidin (1) in copula after injection of E, E-11-(³H,¹⁴C)-farnesol and 2-¹⁴C-methylfarnesoate. During mating, the cantharidin biosynthesized in the males is transferred to the females, who are unable to biosynthesize cantharidin from any terpenoid precursors. After injection of (³H,¹⁴C)-cantharidin into males during copulation, more than 10% is transferred into the female sex organs. Males injected with 2-(³H,¹⁴C)-mevalonate 24–30 h prior to copulation transferred 93–98% of the biosynthesized cantharidin to the females during mating. After mating, the males continue to produce cantharidin. It seems that in the male the biosynthesis of cantharidin is stimulated during copulation.III. Communication on the Biosynthesis of Cantharidin; II. Communication¹⁶.Dedicated to ProfessorKurt Mothes' (Halle/Saale, DDR) 75th birthday, 4.11.1975. J. R. Sierra, Thesis in preparation University Zürich. J. R. S. thanks the Eidgenössischen Stipendienkommission für ausländische Studierende for a fellowship.Research supported by the Schweizerische Nationalfonds.     

Dissociation-constants of metal-ion-complexes with alkaline phosphatase from pig kidney

Summary Using metal-ion buffers it was possible to remove Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions of pig kidney alkaline phosphatase reversibly. The dissociation constants obtained are K_EMg:4·10^–7 M, K_EMn:4·10^–8 M and K_EZn:8·10^–13 M (22°C, pH:9.6, :0.07).Acknowledgement: The authors thank Dr.H. U. Wolf for helpful suggestions and valuable discussion and MissH. Köth for technical assistance.     

Activité tuberculostatique de thiouréesortho- etméta-substituées

Summary A large number of substituted thioureas and related compounds, the molecular structure of which diverges more or less from that of the classical 4-4-disubstituted thiocarbanilides, have been tested forin-vitro tuberculostatic activity; many of them have proved effective at a concentration of 10^–5.     

Area and degree of occupation of the surface of precipitates of barium sulphate

Zusammenfassung Die spezifische Oberfläche von BaSO₄-Niederschlägen wurde bestimmt durch Messung des Austausches von Oberflächen-Ba-Ionen mit-radioaktiven Ba¹³¹-Ionen (spezifische Aktivität etwa 1 mc/g) einer gesättigten BaSO₄-Lösung. Die spezifische Oberfläche war 5150 cm²/g.Dann wurden die Adsorptionsisothermen von Farbstoffen (Kristallviolett, Methylenblau und Pikrinsäure) an der Oberfläche von BaSO₄-Teilchen bestimmt. Unter der Annahme, dass jedes Farbstoffmolekül im adsorbierten Zustand eine Oberfläche von 100 A² einnimmt, ergab sich ein maximaler Besetzungsgrad von 22–30%.     

Dynamic laser light scattering studies of the effects of pyrophosphate on cyclic motions of cross-bridges in isolated thick myofilaments fromLimulus striated muscle

Pyrophosphate (PP_i) is a non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue known to affect the binding between myosin heads and actin. By using a dynamic laser light scattering method, we have shown that 1–2 mM PP_i enhances the increase in values induced by Ca²⁺ in isolated thick myofilaments fromLimulus striated muscle. However, similar treatment has no effect on the values of filaments suspended in either relaxing solution or ATP-free solution. is the average linewidth of the photoelectron count autocorrelation function of the light scattered. PP_i had no effect on the increase of values by Sr²⁺ but it substantially increased the values of the thick myofilaments suspended in Ba²⁺-substituted Ca²⁺ activating solution. The results show that PP_i also affects the energy-requiring cyclic cross-bridge motions.     

Selection for class IIMhc heterozygosity by parasites in subterranean mole rats

Mhc organization and polymorphism have previously been studied²⁶ in the four chromosomal species of theSpalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel, serologically, and at the DNA, RFLP and sequence levels of class I and class II genes. Here we demonstrate that the observed heterozygosity ofMhc class II genesP₁ with 11 alleles, andQ, with at least 14 alleles, is positively and significantly correlated with infectivities of ectoparasites (gamasid mites)¹⁷ and endoparasites (helminths)¹⁸.Mhc heterozygosity is highest in the most infected area, which is in the most humid-warm region of the superspecies range, or where two zoogeographic regions overlap. We conclude that the evolutionary forces responsible for theMhc class II two-gene polymorphisms include selection for increased heterozygosity as a defense strategy against ecto- and endoparasite infections.     

Inhibition of reduction in female mouse meiosis

Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Hemmungseffekt von Colcemid und Vincristin auf die Méiose bei Mäuseeiern in vitro und in vivo untersucht. Die in vitro wirksame minimale Konzentration für Vincristin wurde bei 4×10^–7 g/ml, für Colcemid bei 4×10^–3 g/ml gefunden. Die in vivo wirksame Minimaldosis von Vincristin war 1 g/g. Körpergewicht, von Colcemid 10 g/g Körpergewicht.

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Part of this data was presented in abstract in Clinical Research, vol. XV, No. 2, April 1967, p. 268.     

Different effects of D-glucose anomers for respiration of bacterial germinated spores

Summary Effects of - or -D-glucose on the respiration of germinated spores (only germinated spores not including swollen spores and elongated spores) ofBacillus subtilis andB. megaterium were studied. In our conditions, net amount of oxygen consumed by 10¹⁰ germinated spores ofB. subtilis per min after addition of - or -D-glucose was 1.6 g or 6.6 g (/=4.13), while that byB. megaterium was 4.5 g or 6.8 g (/=1.51), respectively. However, the net amounts of oxygen consumed by 10¹⁰ vegetative cells per min after addition of - or -D-glucose were identical, forB. subtilis in both cases 443.0 g and forB. megaterium in both cases 604.4 g.     

Experimental immunity against trypanosomiasis

Summary 9 groups of 6 female rats were used in an experiment using fraction 3 ofTrypanosoma rhodesiense. 500 g gave 100% immunoprotection and 1000 and 1500 g gave 66% immunoprotection when challenged with 5×10² T. brucei. 2 groups of 10 female rats were tested for a short period inoculation immune response. In this, 750 g of fraction 3 ofT. rhodesiense gave 70% immunoprotection when challenged withT. brucei.I thank the University of Zambia for support; Dr M. A. Q. Awan, Mazabuka, Zambia, forT. rhodesiense andT. brucei; Prof. J. W. Kibukamusoke, Dr O. Okong'o and Dr W. W. Anokbonggo for advice; Mr L. Nyaliti for technical help.     

Zum Mechanismus derβ-Lysin-Mutase-Reaktion

Summary Using tritium labelled substrates it is shown that in the rearrangement of (S) --lysine to 3,5-diaminohexanoic acid catalysed by-lysine mutase a stereospecific hydrogen migration from C-5 to C-6 of the substrate occurs. When the reaction is carried out in the presence of [5-³H]-coenzyme B₁₂, the heavy isotope is transferred both to C-6 of 3, 5-diaminohexanoate and to C-5 of-lysine. In the latter the labelled atom occupies the same diastereotopic position as the H atom that is transferred to C-6 of the product.     

Inhibition of calcium transport in mitochondria byβ-receptor blocking substances and its reactivation by phospholipids

Zusammenfassung -Rezeptorenblocker hemmen den aktiven Kalziumtransport an isolierten Herzmitochondrien und den phospholipidvermittelten Kalziumtransport in Ausschüttelungsversuchen. Die Hemmung des mitochondrialen Kalziumtransportes lässt sich durch Phosphatidylserin und weniger stark durch Lecithin (10^–4 g/ml) aufheben, während andere Phospholipide und deren Bausteine wirkungslos sind.

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Parts of this study were presented at the Symposium on Calcium and the Heart of the International Study Group for Research in Cardiac Metabolism held at London on the 6th September 1970.     

Der Mathematiker Abraham de Moivre (1667–1754)

Summary Before examining de Moivre's contributions to the science of mathematics, this article reviews the source materials, consisting of the printed works and the correspondence of de Moivre, and constructs his biography from them.The analytical part examines de Moivre's contributions and achievements in the study of equations, series, and the calculus of probability. De Moivre contributed to the continuing development from Viète to Abel and Galois of the theory of solving equations by means of constructing particular equations, the roots of which can be written in the form . He also discovered the reciprocal equations. In the course of this work de Moivre discovered an expression equivalent to (cos +i sin ) ⁿ =cos n +i sin n and, following Cotes, he succeeded in expressing the nth roots of unity in trigonometric form.In the theory of series, de Moivre developed a polynomial theorem encom-passing Newton's binomial theorem and, in particular, a theorem of recurrent series useful in the calculus of probability.The demands of the calculus of probability led de Moivre to an approximation for the binomial coefficients for large values of n. The interaction between de Moivre and James Stirling, particularly in regard to the asymptotic series for log (n!), is treated at length. This work supplied the foundation for de Moivre's limit theorem for the binomial distribution.The calculus of probability, which occupied him from 1708 onward, became in time ever more the center of de Moivre's inquiries. Proceeding from contemporary collections of gambling exercises, de Moivre, by introducing an explicit measure of probability for the so-called Laplace experiments, found the beginnings of a theory of probability. De Moivre expanded the classic application of probability calculus to games of chance by addressing himself to the problem of annuities and by adopting Halley's work with its conception of Probability of life. De Moivre was the first to publish a mathematically formulated law for the decrements of life derived from mortality tables.

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Abkürzungen a.a.O. am angegebenen Ort = Verweis auf das nach Verfassern alphabetisch geordnete Literaturverzeichnis. Eine vor a.a.O. in runden Klammern angegebene Zahl kennzeichnet die entsprechende Nummer der im Literaturverzeichnis aufgeführten Arbeiten eines Autors. - AC Ars conjectandi = Jakob Bernoulli (4) a.a.O. - AE Acta Eruditorum - a.S. alter Stil⁴⁷ - BM Bibliotheca Mathematica - DMV Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung - JL Journal Literaire - MA Miscellanea Analytica, London 1730 - n.S. neuer Stil⁴⁷ - PT Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - r.F. rekurrente Folge - r.R. rekurrente Reihe - SMA Miscellaneis Analyticis Supplementum, London 1730 - v. veröffentlicht (nur im Briefverzeichnis verwendet) Prof. Dr. Kurt Vogel zum 80. Geburtstag Vorgelegt von J. E. Hofmann     

Sequential appearance of α, β, and γ-crystallins in embryonic and metamorphicRana pipiens

Zusammenfassung Immunelektrophoretische und Immundiffusions-Studien zeigen, dass die Linse vonRana pipiens während der Entwicklung (Embryonal-Stadium 25 nachShumway) -und -kristalline Substanzen enthalten. Diese und frühere Ergebnisse¹⁰ sprechen dafür, dass beide Substanzen gleichzeitig auftreten, und beweisen, dass -kristalline Substanzen in diesem Entwicklungsstadium alleine im Linsenepithel vorkommen, während die Kristalline die am spätesten nachweisbaren linsenspezifischen Proteine (Taylor-Kollros-Metamorphosestadium VI) in der Linsenentwicklung vonR. pipiens sind.     

Identification of (3R,4R)-gD 1(6) as an isolation artefact of cannabinoid acids formed by callus cultures ofCannabis sativa L

Summary For the first time we have isolated a major psychoactive cannabinoid, (3R, 4R)- ¹⁽⁶⁾-tetrahydrocannabinol3 from callus cultures ofCannabis sativa L.3 was obtained as an artefact of the actually formed (3R, 4R)- ¹-tetrahydrocannabinol-3- and/or 5-carboxylic acids1 and2 by subjecting the culture material to a decarboxylation step prior to extraction. No attempt was made to isolated acids1 and2. The identity of3 was confirmed by comparison with an authentic sample of (3R, 4R)- ¹-tetrahydrocannabinol. Culture conditions, isolation procedure and identification of the cannabinoid are described.Acknowledgment. The authors are greatly indebted to Dr W. Heller and Dr G. Schroeder-Frey for deriving the callus cultures from seedlings ofC. sativa and to Prof. N. Amrhein for valuable gifts of culture media and growth regulators.