樟疫霉(Phytophthora cinnamomi)的研究进展

我国樟科植物众多,国外有关樟疫霉对樟科植物造成严重危害的报道较多,而国内对其研究较少。笔者从樟疫霉的分类地位、危害分布情况以及鉴定方法、遗传关系、生活史等方面进行综述,在此基础上认为应从以下方面深入研究:(1)对极易受到樟疫霉危害地区的樟属重要种植地的樟疫霉病害发生情况进行调查,明确樟疫霉的危害状况;(2)对来自不同地区的樟疫霉进行亚磷酸盐敏感程度研究;(3)对亚磷酸盐不同敏感程度菌株之间的遗传特性进行研究,明确亚磷酸盐的作用机制。     

Evidence of giant sulphur bacteria in Neoproterozoic phosphorites

In situ phosphatization and reductive cell division have recently been discovered within the vacuolate sulphur-oxidizing bacteria. Here we show that certain Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation (about 600 million years bp) microfossils, including structures previously interpreted as the oldest known metazoan eggs and embryos, can be interpreted as giant vacuolate sulphur bacteria. Sulphur bacteria of the genus Thiomargarita have sizes and morphologies similar to those of many Doushantuo microfossils, including symmetrical cell clusters that result from multiple stages of reductive division in three planes. We also propose that Doushantuo phosphorite precipitation was mediated by these bacteria, as shown in modern Thiomargarita-associated phosphogenic sites, thus providing the taphonomic conditions that preserved other fossils known from the Doushantuo Formation.     

Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils

Structures resembling remarkably preserved bacterial and cyanobacterial microfossils from about 3,465-million-year-old Apex cherts of the Warrawoona Group in Western Australia currently provide the oldest morphological evidence for life on Earth and have been taken to support an early beginning for oxygen-producing photosynthesis. Eleven species of filamentous prokaryote, distinguished by shape and geometry, have been put forward as meeting the criteria required of authentic Archaean microfossils, and contrast with other microfossils dismissed as either unreliable or unreproducible. These structures are nearly a billion years older than putative cyanobacterial biomarkers, genomic arguments for cyanobacteria, an oxygenic atmosphere and any comparably diverse suite of microfossils. Here we report new research on the type and re-collected material, involving mapping, optical and electron microscopy, digital image analysis, micro-Raman spectroscopy and other geochemical techniques. We reinterpret the purported microfossil-like structure as secondary artefacts formed from amorphous graphite within multiple generations of metalliferous hydrothermal vein chert and volcanic glass. Although there is no support for primary biological morphology, a Fischer--Tropsch-type synthesis of carbon compounds and carbon isotopic fractionation is inferred for one of the oldest known hydrothermal systems on Earth.     

越南槐与多叶越南槐的叶形态研究

【目的】为了快速准确鉴别越南槐(Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep.)与其变种多叶越南槐(Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep.var.polyphylla S.Z.Huang et Z.C.Zhou),对这两个物种的叶形态特征进行比较研究。【方法】通过性状鉴别法和显微鉴别法,对越南槐和多叶越南槐的叶形态进行观察和比较,并利用扫描电镜和体式显微镜分别对叶脉和叶片表皮进行显微观察和微形态研究。【结果】越南槐和多叶越南槐的叶形态可从叶片形状、叶片大小、叶片数目、叶被毛、叶脉的一级脉和二级脉、叶片表皮的蜡质和角质层等特征加以区别。【结论】叶片数目和叶被毛为首要分类性状,可快速鉴别越南槐和多叶越南槐的成年植株;叶脉和叶表皮的微形态可以作为较好的分类和鉴别依据,再结合其他形态特征可准确鉴别包括幼年植株在内的越南槐和多叶越南槐;本文结果支持《广西中药材标准》(1990年版)及《全国中草药汇编》(1996年版)中对中药材山豆根基源种越南槐和多叶越南槐的划分。     

The oldest known dinoflagellates： Morphological and molecular evidence from Mesoproterozoic rocks at Yongji, Shanxi Province

Abundant and well-preserved organic-walled microfossils including acanthomorphic acritarchs have been found in Mesoproterozoic Beidajian Formation in the Yongji area of Shanxi Province, North China. The morphological and ultrastructural features of these acanthomorphic acritarchs resemble living dinofiagellates (e.g. double-walled and polygonal structures), which leads to the interpretation of these fossils as probably the oldest dinofiagellates. The detection of dinosterane, a dinofiagellate biomarker, from pyrolytic product of these fossils further supports the morphological inference. This finding is consistent with molecular clock estimate that dinofiagellates may have diverged 700 to 900 million years (Ma) before previously known fossil record.     

藏药星状凤毛菊、藏蒲公英的生药学鉴定

采用原植物、性状、显微、薄层鉴定的方法对藏药星状凤毛菊、藏蒲公英进行系统的生药学鉴定,为其鉴别及应用提供科学依据.结果表明：通过原植物、性状、显微、薄层色谱图研究能够很好的鉴定原植物.     

Palaeontology: undressing and redressing Ediacaran embryos

Bailey et al. propose that the Ediacaran microfossils Megasphaera and Parapandorina, previously interpreted as animal resting eggs and blastula embryos, represent Thiomargarita-like sulphide-oxidizing bacteria, claiming that this interpretation better explains their abundance and taphonomy. Here we highlight important observations that significantly weaken the authors' conclusions.     

检疫性有害生物香蕉果实蝇的形态学与生物学

本文阐述了检疫性有害生物香蕉果实蝇的分布、形态特征、寄主植物、危害、生物学特性、传播途径、检疫及防治方法,为检疫鉴定和制定针对性检疫措施提供资料依据。     

The microfossils in phosphate deposit in Doushantuo stage, Sinian System, Weng’ an, Guizhou Province

The aim of this study is to discuss the microfossils in phosphate deposit in the Doushantuo stage, Sinian System, Weng’an, Guizhou Province. Based on the detailed observation in morphology and microstructures, it is considered that those acritarchs with interior spicules probably belong to sponge animals. However, some explanations for a part of soft-tissue are still controversial. The reliable conclusion still needs more evidence to study. The scientific significance of this study and the key questions for further studies are suggested here.     

Doushantuo embryos preserved inside diapause egg cysts

Phosphatized microfossils in the Ediacaran (635-542 Myr ago) Doushantuo Formation, south China, have been interpreted as the embryos of early animals. Despite experimental demonstration that embryos can be preserved, microstructural evidence that the Doushantuo remains are embryonic and an unambiguous record of fossil embryos in Lower Cambrian rocks, questions about the phylogenetic relationships of these fossils remain. Most recently, some researchers have proposed that Doushantuo microfossils may be giant sulphur-oxidizing bacteria comparable to extant Thiomargarita sp. Here we report new observations that provide a test of the bacterial hypothesis. The discovery of embryo-like Doushantuo fossils inside large, highly ornamented organic vesicles (acritarchs) indicates that these organisms were eukaryotic, and most probably early cleavage stage embryos preserved within diapause egg cysts. Large acanthomorphic microfossils of the type observed to contain fossil embryos first appear in rocks just above a 632.5 +/- 0.5-Myr-old ash bed, suggesting that at least stem-group animals inhabited shallow seas in the immediate aftermath of global Neoproterozoic glaciation.     

藏药材重冠紫菀的质量标准研究

目的:建立特色藏药材重冠紫菀的药材质量控制方法.方法:采用原植物形态鉴定、性状鉴定、显微鉴定,薄层色谱鉴别和水分、灰分及浸出物等方法对重冠紫菀进行定性鉴别.结果:原植物、性状和显微等能够很好地鉴定重冠紫菀药材,薄层色谱鉴别专属性较强.结论:所建立的质量控制方法操作简便、结果准确、重复性好,可控制重冠紫菀药材的质量.     

一株堆肥高效解磷菌的筛选、鉴定及其溶磷特性

磷是植物必需的营养元素之一,但大多数耕地土壤中磷素易与Ca²⁺、Fe³⁺、Fe²⁺、Al³⁺等结合成无效态磷,植物难以直接吸收利用。解磷微生物可活化难溶性磷,将其接种于堆肥,有助于提高堆肥产品磷素植物可利用程度。从鸡粪好氧堆肥中筛选获得高效解磷细菌,为生物强化富磷堆肥的制备提供菌种。利用NBRIY培养基初筛获得解磷菌,利用蒙金娜(PVK)培养基复筛获得高效解磷菌株,对其进行16S rDNA分子生物学鉴定,并研究不同碳源、氮源、初始pH、难溶性磷种类、难溶性磷添加量、可溶性磷浓度对菌株溶磷能力的影响。初筛获得7株解磷细菌,分别命名为PSB1～PSB7;复筛后,PSB6的溶磷量最大(126.37 mg/L);其余菌株的溶磷量在50.12～109.56 mg/L。PSB6经16S rDNA初步鉴定为Bacillus sp.(MW513386)。PSB6最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适N源为硫酸铵,最适生长初始pH为7.0,不同难溶性磷中,PSB6对磷酸三钙溶解效果最好,溶磷量为126.37 mg/L。当磷酸三钙添加...     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组7段泥页岩储层特征及其控制因素

厘清鄂尔多斯盆地延长组7段泥页岩储层发育特征及其与不同成岩作用的关系,能够为分析页岩气储层储集性能以及“甜点区”预测评价提供指导。本次研究在大量岩石薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等分析实验基础上,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组7段泥页岩储层的矿物含量变化、组成类型、纵向分布规律、储集空间分布以及成岩作用类型进行研究。结果显示：研究区泥页岩可划分为富伊利石型、富伊利石和伊蒙混层型、含长石富伊蒙混层型、含长石富伊利石型四种类型;纵向上,随着埋深增加,伊蒙混层的含量变化由高到低,伊利石的含量变化由低到高。泥页岩中微观储集空间相对发育,类型多样,发育有压实作用、黄铁矿形成作用、黏土矿物转化作用、溶蚀作用以及有机质生烃等成岩作用,不同成岩作用对储集空间的影响有一定的差异;分析不同成岩作用对储集空间发育的影响,对认识研究区储层特征和进一步勘探均具有重要意义。     

REARING DRIED FRUIT BEETLE Carpophilus hemipterus ON AN ARTIFICIAL DIET

Dried fruit beetles can be cultured easily using an artificial diet,therefore it is notnecessary to provide fruit.The ingredient are:Torula yeast,54g:Dried carrot,162g;Nipagin,2.4g;HCL Conc.7ml;Rain water,800ml.About60g of diet in pressed against one side of ahalf litre yogurt and sprinkled with a teaspoonful of active yeast.Two teaspoons full of diet ontop of the gauze lid and sprinkled with active yeast granules for the adults to eat and also to layeggs into.Up to2000 larvae should be produced from400 parents each week.About200 eggscan be collected,when making observations.The culture is rejuvenated each year with beetlescollected from the wild,kept isolated to avoid contamination of the culture room with mites.     

圆尾肖蛸的生物学和它对害虫的控制作用

圆尾肖蛸Tetrognatha vermiformis(Okuma)在武汉一年可发生四代,以低龄幼蛛在杂草丛中越冬.雌蛛一生最多可产6个卵袋,单雌平均产卵量154粒,最多可产466粒,卵的平均孵化率在85%以上.食物影响产卵量、幼蛛发育历期和存活率.温度对幼蛛蜕皮次数、成蛛产卵量、孵化率和寿命均有较大影响.幼蛛和成蛛能捕食蚊子、棉田和稻田的多种害虫.     

河南西峡盆地红层划分及沉积相研究

从岩性岩相出发，结合恐龙蛋化石的组合特征及其它生物化石、同位素年龄等，对西峡盆地红层进行了划分，自下而上依次为：高沟组、马家村组、寺沟组，并对其沉积相进行了研究。研究认为高沟组沉积环境有三类，其沉积相为冲击扇相、洪积扇相及河流相组成的混合相；马家村组为较稳定的河流沉积环境，沉积物巨厚，发育交错层理；寺沟组的沉积环境为冲积滨浅湖相，见有小型交错层理和水平层理。     

民族药白花丹和红花丹的药材比较研究

目的:对民族药白花丹和红花丹进行系统的药材比较研究,为其鉴别提供科学依据.方法:采用原植物、性状、显微、薄层鉴定方法.结果:通过原植物、性状鉴别、显微鉴别、薄层色谱鉴别能够很好地鉴定两种原植物.结论:原植物、性状鉴别、显微鉴别方法简便易操作,可作为两种民族药材定性鉴别.     

微型DNA条形码在鱼类识别上的应用

本研究选用取自怀柔地区的53头鱼类样品作为实验材料,在经典的形态分类基础上,将其DNA条形码分类与微型DNA条形码分类效果进行比较,探讨微型条码技术在鱼类分类鉴定中的效果.将实验得到的COI序列均分为3段,对全条形码和不同的微型条码构建的进化树（NJ）与形态鉴定结果进行比较,得出全条形码鉴定与形态鉴定基本一致,同时发现了形态鉴定中的2处失误;3段不同微型条码的进化树表明,靠近5’端微型条码与DNA条形码分类结果基本一致,另外两段则效果不佳.说明适当的DNA微型条码可用于鱼类的鉴定,这将有利于鱼类的开发和保护.     

草果的生药学鉴定

对草果进行系统生药学鉴定,为其鉴别及应用提供科学依据．采用原植物鉴别、性状鉴别、显微鉴别的方法．结果草果在原植物、性状、显微等方面具有专属性的特征．该方法简便易操作,可作为该药材定性鉴别依据．     

拟松材线虫个体发育研究

【目的】探索拟松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus mucronatus)的繁殖能力,并对其胚胎发育过程中经历的重要阶段和卵的形态变化进行研究,了解胚胎发育和完成整个生活史所需时间,为进一步研究其生长发育并进行有效防控提供参考。【方法】分别挑取3组180条拟松材线虫雌成虫,观察记录雌虫在25 ℃条件下的产卵情况,每隔2 h统计每组线虫的累积产卵量,直至卵的数量基本不再增加。挑取尚未产卵的拟松材线虫雌虫于载玻片上,待其产卵后,将卵置于蔡司体视显微镜下观察。连续观察胚胎的发育过程并使用照片记录不同发育阶段胚胎的形态变化,记录卵发育至不同阶段所需时间。挑取约200个刚产下的拟松材线虫卵,在25 ℃条件下发育24 h后每隔4 h统计其总孵化率,直至孵化数不再增加,设置3组重复。将刚孵化的2龄幼虫接种于灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)上,分为3组,每组设置3个重复,分别在接种1、2、3 d后使用贝尔曼漏斗法收集线虫,计算混合龄线虫中每龄期线虫所占比例,计算拟松材线虫胚后发育及完成整个生活史所需时间。【结果】① 在拟松材线虫产卵能力方面,0~10 h拟松材线虫产卵总量增长较快,16 h后产卵量逐渐趋于稳定,28 h内雌虫平均累积产卵12粒/条。② 拟松材线虫的胚胎发育过程主要经历以下几个关键阶段:单胞期、双胞期、3胞期、4胞期、5胞期、8胞期、16胞期、囊胚期、利马豆期、蝌蚪期、蠕虫期、1龄幼虫(J1),至孵化为2龄幼虫(J2)时结束。③ 在胚胎发育前期,第1次卵裂发生的位置存在两种情况,即卵的1/2和1/3处。双胞发育至5胞时也存在两种不同的发育方式,一种是双胞不移动直接分裂成3胞并列排列,另外一种是细胞进行移动,3胞呈三角形排列。通过观察30个卵的第1次卵裂和100个卵双胞的发育过程发现,这些不同的发育方式均是普遍存在的。④ 在25 ℃条件下,拟松材线虫卵的累积孵化率随时间增加而增加,在32 h时达到最高(93.31%),随后逐渐趋于稳定。⑤ 在25 ℃条件下记录了拟松材线虫卵从单胞发育至各个阶段的时间,完成整个胚胎发育过程需要约28 h。2龄幼虫接种于灰葡萄孢3 d后即可获得新的2龄幼虫,因此拟松材线虫完成整个生活史只需要3 d。【结论】对拟松材线虫卵从单胞阶段直至孵化的整个胚胎发育过程进行观察发现,拟松材线虫完成胚胎发育大约需要28 h,完成整个生活史需要3 d。对拟松材线虫产卵能力和卵的孵化率进行统计,收集拟松材线虫卵和2龄幼虫的最佳时间分别为16 h和36 h。拟松材线虫胚胎发育前期,在第1次卵裂期以及由双胞期发育至5胞期的两个过程中均存在两种与同属线虫不同的发育方式。这种现象还有待进一步研究。