椒江中下游沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征

自椒江中下游采集了14个表层沉积物样品,以研究该区域中多溴联苯醚（PBDEs ）的含量、分布及其来源．研究结果表明,椒江中下游是PBDEs的高污染区,Σ9 PBDEs（包括BDE28、47、66、99、100、138、153、154、183）浓度范围分别在8．93-45．04 ng/g （干重）,平均浓度分别为22．31 ng/g ,是目前世界上已报道沉积物中含量最高的区域之一．此外,在所有被分析的样品中BDE209都是最主要的同系物,表明十溴联苯醚已进入环境并成为污染水平最高的一类PBDEs ．     

贵屿表层土壤中多溴联苯醚的水平与儿童健康风险

在广东省贵屿镇采集了12个地点的表层土壤样品, 测定了其中14种多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs)同系物的含量. 结果表明: 该地区已受到了PBDEs 的污染, PBDEs 浓度在76.5～13 354.0 ng/g干重之间, 远高于国内外其他地区. BDE209 为最主要的同系物, 其次为BDE47, BDE99 和BDE183, 说明该地区污染主要源于十溴工业品, 其次为五溴和八溴工业品. 通过总日摄入量和日吸收量来评估儿童通过土壤暴露PBDEs 的量, 并采用非致癌危险商数(hazard quotient, HQ)对其带来的风险进行评估. 结果表明: 通过皮肤接触和口服暴露的PBDEs 的平均日摄入量分别为31.1～5 430.0 和7.7～1 335.0 ng,皮肤接触摄入是其暴露人体的主要途径; 若考虑到吸收率, 则平均日摄入量降到0.3～54.3 和1.3～184.0 ng, 口服摄入是其主要暴露途径. 在两种情况下, HQ 值均小于1, 表明土壤中的PBDEs 并不会给当地儿童带来显著的非致癌健康风险.     

深圳市表层土壤中PBDEs空间分布特征及蓄积量估算

为了解深圳30年快速城市化过程引发的土壤有机污染现状, 同时调查城市化过程有机污染历史累积情况,在深圳市收集了 110 个表层土壤样品, 分析了深圳市土壤多溴联苯醚(PBDEs) 的空间分布特征, 并对其表层土壤PBDEs 蓄积总量进行 了估算。结果表明,深圳市土壤 中6 12 PBDEs 及 BDE209 的含量水平范围分别为 1.1 ～ 85.8 ng/g (dw) 和1. 2 ～1931ng/g(dw)。PBDEs 总含量在不同土地利用功能分区上表现为工业用地 > 居住用地> 商业用地 > 城市公园> 郊野公园的分布规律。深圳市土壤中PBDEs 含量整体表现出从西部的南山区和宝安区向东南方向的龙岗区和盐田区递减的趋势, 且 PBDEs 含量水平与各行政区的城市化水平呈显著的指数函数关系( r = 0. 98, p < 0. 01) , 表明城市化水平是影响深圳市土壤 PBDEs 污染程度的主要因素。采用基于行政区单元和基于土地利用类型两种估算方法对深圳市表层土壤 PBDEs 蓄积量进行估算的差异较大, 研究认为基于土地利用类型所估算出的数值更为准确, 以此估算出深圳市表层土壤中6 12 PBDEs 和 BDE209 蓄积量分别为1.51t和15.9t。     

Distribution and partition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in water of the Zhujiang River Estuary

The spatial, temporal, and vertical distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in water columns from the Zhujiang River Estuary were examined, and the partition behavior of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases was investigated in the present study. The results show that the distributions of PBDEs concentrations in the water varied with the sampling seasons. The PBDEs concentrations in water samples were lower in May 2005, when the brackish water was dominant in the estuary, than in October 2005, when fresh water from river runoff dominated the estuary. The spatial distribution of PBDEs in October 2005 indicated that the river runoff was the major mode to input PBDEs to the estuary, and the concentration of PBDEs in water might be dissolved organic carbon （DOC） dependence. The spatial and vertical distributions of PBDEs in May 2005 were relatively homogeneous, and SPM was the major factor on controlling the levels of PBDEs in this sampling time. Both DOC and POC could play certain roles in determining the distribution and partition of PBDEs between particle and dissolved phases, but their effects varied with the water properties.     

Persistent organic pollutants PCNs and PBDEs in sediments from coastal waters of Qingdao,Shandong Peninsula

Thirty-one congeners of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and 21 congeners of polybrominated diphenylethers(PBDEs)in surface sediments at 5 stations and one mussel sample from Qingdao coastal waters were analyzed. The maximum contents occur at the station near the Haibo River mouth. The total PCNs contents are in the range of 212-1209 pg/g dw, dominated by tri-Cl CN. The total PBDEs contents are in the range of 117-5510 pg/g dw,dominated by tri- to hexa-BrBDEs. The local sources of PCNs are likely from combustion processes such as incinerations and coal burnings. The sources of PBDEs are molecular diffusion from the materials containing them. Except for the area near the river mouth where is affected by the sewage sludges, an important source of PCNs and PBDEs in this area is believed to be the atmospheric deposition. Mussels enrich PCNs and PBDEs relative to the sediments. The total TEQs of PCNs in mussels are lower than the total TEQs of PCBs.     

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in surface sediments of the Yangtze and Yellow River Estuaries, China

The concentrations and congener profiles of poly-chlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in surface sediment samples collected from the Yangtze and Yellow River Estuaries were inves-tigated. PCN congeners (from MoCNs to OCN) were determined by isotope dilution/high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). The total concentrations of PCNs were 34.3-303.0 pg/g (dry weight, dw) in the Yangtze Estuary samples and 6.2-408.0 pg/g (dw) in the Yellow River Estuary samples, which were lower compared with that in other sediments reported by previous studies. In addition, the remarkably different homologue or congener profiles of PCNs have been obtained in this study. Samples dominated with MoCNs to TrCNs might be attributed to atmospheric deposition and global fractionation, while in other samples taken from the surrounding industrial areas the enrichment of higher chlorinated homologues suggested that the industrial and human activities should be the main potential sources.     

UAE-DLLME-SFO-HPLC测定沉积物中的十溴联苯醚

在正交试验设计基础上, 采用GANN模型及Matlab遗传算法工具箱对超声辅助萃取（ultrasonic assisted extraction, UAE） 上浮溶剂固化（solidification of floating organic drop, SFO） 分散液液微萃取（dispersive liquid liquid microextraction, DLLME）的萃取条件进行优化, 建立了沉积物中十溴联苯醚的液相色谱测定方法. 结果表明: 所建方法线性范围为2~9 595 ng/g, 相关系数R₂=0.999 4, 检出限（S/N=3）及定量限（S/N=10）分别为0.6 ng/g及2.0 ng/g; 在434.4 ng/g质量比下, 方法加标回收率为98.20%（RSD=5.2%, n=3）.     

国内人群对多溴联苯醚的人体暴露研究

在定义暴露人群和综合考虑各项暴露途径的情况下,利用概率分布暴露模型分别对国内城市中普通人群和职业人群(电子废弃物回收从业人员)对多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的人体暴露情形进行了模拟和评估。结果显示:职业人群的潜在暴露量为普通人群潜在暴露量的3～5倍,暴露量的分布与现有人体内暴露的实例研究结论取得了较好的一致性。普通人群的PBDEs最高暴露量约为20 000 ng,而2%的职业人群高于此值,极端高值可达60 000 ng。在研究的5种PBDEs同系物中,BDE-209的比例最高。     

广东家庭室内飞尘十溴二苯乙烷和十溴联苯醚的含量及其人体暴露评估

2009年1~2月,在广东省韶关、清远等11个地区采集了65个家庭室内飞尘样品,分析了其DBDPE和BDE209的残留状况,评估了室内飞尘所含十溴联苯醚（BDE209）及其替代物十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）对人体的暴露风险. 结果表明,DBDPE和BDE209在所有样品中均可检出,其范围分别为30.9~16 370、5.44~955ng/g,均值分别为3 020 、167 ng/g;采样家庭室内飞尘BDE209的含量处于较低水平,而DBDPE却处在较高水平;DBDPE残留量可能已超过BDE209. 成人和儿童通过室内飞尘摄入的DBDPE平均日暴露量分别为0.72、14.5 ng/（kg?day）,而BDE209则分别为0.80、0.040 ng/（kg?day）,儿童DBDPE和BDE209的最高日暴露量分别达58.0、3.21 ng/（kg?day）,显示儿童处于相对较高的DBDPE和BDE209暴露风险.     

贵州红枫湖表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布研究

分别自贵州红枫湖7个采样点采集2个水文期的表层沉积物样品,以研究贵州红枫湖中PBDEs的含量、分布特征及来源。研究结果表明,贵州红枫湖中∑PBDEs为ND-9.04 ng/g(dw),与已有的文献报道相比,贵州红枫湖中PBDEs的污染还处于一个较低的水平。在所有被分析的样品中,BDE47为最主要的同系物,大气沉降是红枫湖中PBDEs的主要来源。     

哈尔滨市室内空气中多溴联苯醚的研究

为了研究哈尔滨市不同室内空气中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的污染,于2011年冬季采集了哈尔滨市12个不同类型的室内空气样品,通过索氏萃取的方式对空气中的PBDEs进行提取,采用GC/MS进行定性和定量分析.结果表明,Σ12PBDEs的平均质量浓度为5.33 pg/m3,其中BDE-47是主要的污染物,其平均质量浓度为2.83 pg/m3,其次是BDE-28(1.85 pg/m3).不同类型的室内空气比较发现,实验室空气中PBDEs的质量浓度最高,家庭空气中PBDEs的质量浓度最低.主成分分析表明,哈尔滨室内空气中PBDEs的来源主要是商用五溴和商用八溴.通过计算空气吸入的PBDEs的暴露分析表明,婴儿的PBDEs暴露量最高,说明婴儿受PBDEs的潜在危害较大.     

长江口潮滩沉积物中磷的分布和形态特征

研究了长江口潮滩表层沉积物中磷的含量、分布及其形态特征．结果表明,沉积物中总磷（TP）的含量在539．6-3379．5mg／kg之间,石洞口（SDK）排污口处含量最高;磷的沿程空间变化明显,某些岸段夏季和冬季季节性变化较大,这主要受人类活动（排污）、沉积环境和水动力条件控制．除SDK样点有机磷含量偏高（43．6％）外,沉积物中有机磷（OP）含量较低;磷主要以无机磷（IP）形态存在,其中钙结合态磷（Ca—P）在IP中占主要地位,占54．4％～94．3％．沉积物中生物可利用磷（BAP）主要受人类活动控制,可以作为长江口潮滩环境潜在生态风险评价指标之一．     

九龙江口红树林湿地沉积物中有机碳和氮的分布特征及来源辨析

【目的】探讨九龙江口红树林湿地沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)的影响因素及来源,加深对红树林湿地中碳和氮的生物地球化学过程的认识。【方法】测定九龙江口红树林湿地表层沉积物粒度、TOC和TN含量,并对其分布特征进行分析。利用TOC/TN比值分析有机质来源及不同来源的贡献率。【结果】九龙江口红树林湿地沉积物中TOC和TN的含量分别为1.24%~3.81%和1.19~2.05mg/g,TOC/TN比值为11.6~26.3,TOC、TN含量和TOC/TN的平面分布均呈现出由陆向海方向逐渐降低的趋势。沉积物中TOC和TN含量没有表现出明显的粒度效应。【结论】控制沉积物中TOC和TN含量分布的主要因素并不是粒度效应,而可能是其来源。沉积物中TOC和TN的主要来源可能是红树林植物碎屑、养殖废水输入的有机碳和氮污染,以及海洋浮游植物碎屑。     

Concentrations, profiles and gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in the ambient air of an E-waste dismantling area, southeast China

Polychlorinated diebenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs）, polychlorinated diebenzofurans （PCDFs）, polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） and polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） were monitored in the ambient air of Taizhou, an E-waste dismantling area of southeast China to evaluate their concentrations, profiles and gas-particle partitioning. The ∑PCDD/Fs concentrations ranged from 2.91 to 50.6 pg/ma, with an average of 14.3 pg/ma. The I-TEQs for PCDD/Fs were in the range of 0.20-3.45 pg/ma, with an average of 1.10 pg/ma, The ∑PCBs concentrations and TEQs ranged from 4.23 to 11.35 ng/ma, 0.050 to 0.859 pg（TEQ）/ma, respectively. The concentrations of ∑PBDEs ranged from 92 to 3086 pg/ma, with an average of 894 pg/ma, The pollution levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were higher than other urban sites, which may be associated with the E-waste dismantling activities. The PCDD/Fs were found exclusively in the particle phase whereas PCBs distributed dominantly in the gas phase. The gas-partilce partitioning was also assessed by correlating the gas-particle partition coefficient （Kp） with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure （pL^0）. The measured particulate sorptions of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were compared with the predictions from Junge-Pankow model and Koa absorption model. The Junge-Pankow model well estimated the particulate fractions of PCBs. However, it underestimated the sorptions of PCDD/Fs and overestimated the fractions of PBDEs. The predicted particulate fractions of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from Koa model fitted well with the measured data.     

Contamination trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in sediments from Dagu Drainage River estuary, Tianjin

Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs）, organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） and heavy metals in two sediment cores, taken from the Dagu Drainage River, were determined. The contamination trends of these three kinds of compounds were obtained. The results showed that concentrations of PBDEs increased in recent years; there were new contamination sources for OCPs in this area; contamination levels of heavy metals had no significant change in the last several years. Comparing the results of these two cores, erosion and dilution of seawater had different effects on the transportation of these compounds.     

U-Pb ages of zircon grains reveal a proximal dust source of the Xiashu loess,Lower Yangtze River region,China

Deciphering the eolian sources is critical to understand the paleo-significance of the Quaternary eolian deposits （the Xiashu loess） in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Both a local source from the fluvial sediments of the Yangtze River and a distal source from the northern deserts similar to that of the loess on the Chinese Loess Plateau （CLP） have been proposed. Recent researches show great advantages of detrital zircon ages as a source tracer for Asian dust based on the laser ablation U-Pb isotopic dating technique. This work presents the U-Pb ages of zircon grains extracted from the Xiashu loess. The results indicate that the Xiashu loess has a very different age distribution of zircon grains from that of the loess on the CLP as well as the materials in the arid lands of the Asian Interior. Instead, the zircon ages of the Xiashu loess are indistinguishable from the fluvial sediments of the Yangtze River, indicating the dominance of proximal dust source. Proximal source of the Xiashu loess implies that extensive eolian processes might have existed in the currently wet South China, possibly in response to the full glacial conditions after the middle Pleistocene transition of global climate.     

长江口表层沉积物中多氯联苯残留和风险评价

采用GC-ECD(gas chromatography-electron capture detector)对14种多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)在长江口及东海近岸沉积物中的残留水平进行了测定,对其分布、组分特征、来源及生态风险水平进行了探讨.结果表明:多氯联苯在表层沉积物中的...     

长江中下游河流沉积物磁性特征初探

通过多参数磁性测量分析,探讨长江中下游干、支流河流沉积物的磁性特征,为研究长江水沙环境积累基础资料.研究结果表明,长江中下游干、支流河流沉积物中,磁性矿物类别均以磁铁矿为主,晶粒均以假单畴-多畴为主.与干流相比,支流沉积物中不完整反铁磁性物质含量较多,晶粒较细,Χ值仅是干流的1/10.随着支流泥沙的汇入,入江口以下江段沉积物的磁性特征相应发生变化.支流泥沙物源贡献的研究是探讨长江中下游干流沉积物环境特征的主要因子.     

Elemental composition in the sediments of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers and their tracing implication

Elemental compositions in the surface sediments of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River are quite different. The Yangtze River' s sediment is rich in K, Fe, Mg, Al and most of trace elements, and its elemental composition show remarkable spatial variations, whereas the Yellow River s sediment has higher contents of Ca, Na, Sr, Ba, Zr and Hf, and the elemental composition remains relatively stable. The ratios of some elements are also different in the sediments of the two rivers. The elemental composition of the Yangtze River sediment results from widely distributed igneous rocks and complicated source rocks and strong chemical weathering in the Yangtze River catchment basin, while the main provenance of the Yellow River sediment is the Loess Plateau which has dominant influence on the elemental composition, and the intense physical weathering is another controlling factor. The elements such as Cu, Zn, Sc, Ti, Fe, V, Ni, Cr, Co, Li and element ratios such as La/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co, Ti/Zr and Zr/Y can be used as the tracers to distinguish the Yangtze River sediment from the Yellow River s. The tracers can be used in the study of the mixing and distribution of the substances of the two rivers matters in coastal zones of China.     

基于自组织竞争网络的黄河和长江物源判别

利用黄河和长江在地质历史时期的沉积物与现代黄河长江沉积物应具有一定的相似性这一原理,＂将今论古＂,以现代黄河和长江入海沉积物中部分常量元素的百分含量作为基准数据建立自组织竞争网络,对来自不同时代的黄河和长江的沉积物进行判别和验证,可靠性达到94.4%,并规定了其相应置信度下的置信区间.以此为基础,对南黄海NT2孔的物质来源进行了判别,结果表明钻孔中0～19.36m、28.07～52.88m深度范围内的沉积物为长江沉积物,19.36～28.07m、52.88～70.28m深度范围内以及表层沉积物为黄河沉积物.