复杂环境下钢筋混凝土桥梁损伤概率模型及可靠度分析

综合考虑氯离子的结合作用、水灰比、温度和湿度因素对钢筋锈蚀的初始时间的影响,对Fick第二定律进行改进,建立了初锈时间模型.并通过Monte Carlo数值模拟技术,对钢筋混凝土桥梁的保护层厚度、表面氯离子浓度、扩散系数和临界氯离子浓度进行随机抽样,进行了正常使用极限状态下的可靠度计算.研究结果表明,钢筋对锈蚀的敏感程度依次为:保护层厚度、临界氯离子浓度、扩散系数、表面氯离子浓度;随着锈蚀率的增加,桥梁在使用年限达到65年之后,失效概率达到1,同时使用年限下降27%.     

基于扩孔理论的混凝土钢筋锈胀开裂分析

采用圆孔扩张理论对钢筋混凝土保护层锈胀开裂过程进行分析,推导不同锈蚀率下的混凝土塑性区边界应力及塑性区半径计算公式,建立保护层锈胀开裂扩孔模型。依据扩孔模型导出与保护层开裂时刻对应的临界钢筋锈蚀率表达式ρ(t),并对临界钢筋锈蚀率模型影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:临界钢筋锈蚀率ρ(t)与混凝土强度等级、相对保护层厚度、钢筋锈蚀速率和铁锈膨胀率相关;随着混凝土相对保护层厚度增大,锈胀开裂临界锈蚀率ρ(t)快速增大;随着铁锈膨胀率增大,临界锈蚀率ρ(t)快速下降;随着混凝土强度等级增大,临界锈蚀率ρ(t)增加不明显。该模型为进一步研究碳化或者氯离子侵蚀的钢筋锈胀开裂寿命预测提供了理论基础。     

计及地方气候的混凝土结构钢筋锈蚀寿命研究

通过拟Monte-Carlo抽样法,计及地方温度和相对湿度影响,研究混凝土结构钢筋锈蚀寿命,并以上海、广州、莆田等沿海城市的混凝土结构为例,分析钢筋锈蚀寿命的概率分布、概率密度,以及混凝土结构保护层厚度C_(cov)、表面氯离子浓度C_s、氯离子扩散系数D_(ref)和钢筋锈蚀时氯离子临界浓度C_(th)等对钢筋锈蚀寿命的影响。研究结果显示:地方气候温度、相对湿度对钢筋锈蚀寿命有一定影响;增加C_(cov)和C_(th),可以提高混凝土结构抗氯离子腐蚀、延长其使用寿命;C_s和D_(ref)的增大会降低钢筋锈蚀寿命。建议在混凝土结构及耐久性设计时,考虑地方气候环境的影响,并采取适当增大混凝土保护层厚度等措施,以提高钢筋锈蚀寿命。     

腐蚀环境下钢筋混凝土的轴向受压承载力研究

通过预测混凝土碳化深度,钢筋的氯离子侵蚀速率及钢筋起始锈蚀时间,建立了腐蚀环境下钢筋混凝土承载力与时间之间的关系.通过算例分析混凝土保护层对钢筋混凝土承载力的影响,得到保护层厚度对钢筋混凝土承载力的影响规律,即钢筋混凝土保护层厚度的增加可以提高腐蚀后钢筋混凝土的承载力,主要原因为保护层厚度的增加推迟了钢筋起始锈蚀时间.并分析了钢筋质量损失率与时间的关系以及钢筋直径对钢筋锈蚀率的影响,得到了钢筋直径对钢筋锈蚀率的影响规律,即直径大的钢筋对锈蚀的抵抗能力更强,钢筋直径越大锈蚀率越低.     

海洋环境下混凝土方桩使用寿命预测模型

基于Fick第二定律,建立了考虑扩散系数时变性、荷载对扩散系数影响和氯离子结合能力的氯离子扩散方程;通过求解扩散方程得到考虑多因素影响的混凝土方桩使用寿命预测模型;并分析了桩的保护层厚度、裂缝控制宽度、表面氯离子浓度和临界氯离子浓度等因素对桩的使用寿命的影响.分析结果表明:得到的氯离子扩散方程与实测数据吻合较好;对于设计使用寿命为50年的混凝土方桩,保护层厚度应大于45mm,桩身裂缝宽度不宜大于0.1mm.     

混凝土结构保护层开裂时钢筋的临界锈蚀率模型

基于弹性理论与Bazant理论模型,引入拉伸损伤的概念,对混凝土保护层内环向应力进行修正,建立了混凝土保护层开裂时的临界锈胀力与钢筋临界锈蚀率模型.考虑钢筋混凝土界面间隙及锈蚀产物在裂缝中的填充效应,探讨了完全弹性、Bazant理论模型与拉伸损伤3种不同的环向应力下,钢筋直径、保护层厚度、锈胀系数对临界锈蚀率的影响.结果表明:临界锈蚀率随钢筋直径的增大而减小,随保护层厚度、锈胀系数的增大而增大.弹性下的临界锈蚀率大于Bazant理论模型与拉伸损伤下的临界锈蚀率.最后,与Morinaga的基于试验的临界锈蚀率模型比对,验证了模型的合理性.     

基于塑性损伤理论的钢筋混凝土锈胀裂纹模拟

基于混凝土的塑性损伤理论建立了钢筋混凝土保护层锈胀开裂的有限元模型.通过位移加载来模拟钢筋的锈胀作用,以最大应变作为混凝土损伤的判据,通过衰减混凝土弹性模量来实现混凝土损伤,研究了钢筋锈蚀引起的混凝土保护层内裂纹发生和扩展的轨迹.为了直观表示开裂轨迹,通过ABAQUS子程序USDFLD定义拉伸状态下的场变量f1,给出了内部裂纹、表面裂纹产生时对应的临界锈蚀率,探讨了钢筋直径、锈胀系数、保护层厚度对临界锈蚀率的影响.结果表明:侧向裂纹从混凝土内部钢筋表面开始扩展,竖向裂纹从混凝土保护层的外表面开始向内部扩展,且出现较晚;临界锈蚀率随着钢筋直径、锈胀系数的增大而减小,特别是锈胀系数的影响更显著,而...     

基于氯离子时变扩散钢筋混凝土锈胀裂缝时变可靠度研究

基于氯离子Fick扩散定理和法拉第定律,通过研发的四电极传感器体系获得含氯离子混凝土模拟液中腐蚀电流密度规律以及混凝土中氯离子时变扩散系数,建立氯离子时变扩散钢筋腐蚀速率模型;在此基础上基于弹性断裂力学和坑蚀模型,建立坑蚀锈胀裂缝时变可靠度模型,采用Monte Carlo方法求得钢筋混凝土锈胀裂缝时变可靠度.研究表明,基于研发的MnO2参比电极四电极传感器体系平均腐蚀电流密度随氯离子浓度增加而线性增加,随时间增加趋于恒定.采用考虑氯离子时变扩散钢筋腐蚀电流在服役期间钢筋腐蚀电流密度减小.坑蚀锈胀裂缝开始时间在第10~15年;随保护层厚度和钢筋直径增加以及表面氯离子浓度减小,钢筋混凝土坑蚀裂缝宽度减小.研究结果对氯离子诱发的钢筋混凝土坑蚀腐蚀裂可靠度预测具有重要的参考价值.     

角区钢筋非均匀锈蚀引发混凝土保护层开裂全过程研究

综合考虑氯离子的扩散过程、钢筋锈蚀的质量守恒以及钢筋锈蚀引起的混凝土保护层开裂力学过程,以角区钢筋为研究对象,在钢筋周围施加随时间变化的非均匀径向位移,对氯离子侵蚀引起的混凝土保护层开裂全过程进行数值分析,得出了裂缝发展的分布规律、裂缝出现以及裂缝贯穿保护层所需的时间。并与实验结果进行对比,验证了模型的准确性。探讨了钢筋直径、混凝土保护层厚度以及混凝土强度的变化对混凝土保护层开裂行为及开裂时间的影响。结果表明,混凝土保护层厚度对开裂全过程影响最大,其次是钢筋直径,混凝土强度对其影响较小。     

海洋环境下钢筋混凝土结构锈裂损伤模型

分析了海洋环境下钢筋混凝土结构的破坏形态,其主要原因是受到了氯离子的侵蚀。在氯离子的作用下,钢筋发生严重锈蚀,最后导致开裂,文中对这一过程进行了详细的阐述,并且对锈蚀量进行了评估。在此理论基础上,建立钢筋锈蚀的截面积模型,基于Fick 定律对氯离子的渗透、临界浓度、扩散系数等进行了量化处理,建立钢筋的劣化跟抗力劣化的模型,从而对混凝土钢筋结构的可靠度进行分析。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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