套管抗挤强度统计分析研究

针对美国石油协会的套管抗挤强度计算公式与实测套管挤毁压力差距较大的问题,利用统计学方法,详细分析了套管实物挤毁试验检测数据,得到了各因素影响套管抗挤强度的定量指标.研究表明,套管抗挤强度主要由径厚比决定;套管计算屈服外压和失稳外压等其他参数及其交互作用对套管的抗挤强度也有显著影响;套管外径和壁厚数据的变异系数比外径不圆度和壁厚不均度对套管抗挤强度的影响更显著.最后给出了套管抗挤强度统计计算公式,为生产厂和用户提供了预测套管抗挤强度的简单实用的计算方法.     

基于能量平衡方法的套管抗挤规律分析

根据套管受到外挤载荷时的受力和变形特点,将套管变形分为弹性和塑性变形两个阶段,建立套管弹、塑性变形受力计算模型,利用能量平衡方程推导出套管抗挤强度计算公式,分析初始椭圆度、屈服强度和径厚比对套管抗挤强度的影响。通过对6根V140套管进行室内全尺寸试验和三维有限元数值模拟计算得到其抗挤毁强度,并与计算结果进行对比。结果表明:利用能量平衡方程推导的套管抗挤强度计算公式与试验、ISO/TR104002007(E)标准和有限元计算结果相比具有很高的精度,可以满足工程需求;初始椭圆度和径厚比越大,套管抗挤强度越小;屈服应力越大,套管抗挤强度越大。     

套管抗挤强度分析及计算

为提高套管挤毁压力预测精度,应用统计方法对213根套管全尺寸挤毁试验数据进行了方差分析,研究了外径不圆度、壁厚不均度、残余应力等因素对套管抗挤强度的影响。分析结果表明,径厚比、屈服强度是套管抗挤强度的主要因素,不圆度、壁厚不均度、残余应力等因素对套管抗挤强度的影响呈随机性分布。利用有限元方法对外径不圆度、壁厚不均度和残余应力的不同位置组合进行了模拟分析。结果表明,数值相同的外径不圆度、壁厚不均度及平均残余应力组合不同时,套管的挤毁压力相差很大。最后提出了一个套管抗挤强度计算公式,计算简单,精度可满足工程要求。     

复杂井况下油井套管柱的系统可靠性计算

考虑到套管几何尺寸和力学性能参数的随机性,采用Monte-Carlo方法模拟得到套管强度的随机分布规律.建立套管柱8种不同失效形式的极限状态方程,给出套管强度和载荷均为正态分布时的可靠度计算公式.依据套管柱沿井深方向上的结构、强度及载倚差异将其离散为多个基本单元,利用可靠度计算公式对套管柱基本单元与整体的可靠度进行定量计算,分析不同井深下套管柱的可靠性影响冈素和主要失效形式的发生概率.结果表明,影响套管可靠度的主要因素是套管抗挤强度和外挤载荷,套管失效形式以挤毁为主.     

油气井套管侧向屈曲分析与井下加强工具探讨

针对油气井套管挤毁的研究多局限于强度分析,忽视了套管侧向稳定性问题。除小直径或特厚壁的套管外,常用套管的失效形式应属于失稳损坏。基于外压作用下套管侧向屈曲机制,分别采用API标准和圆筒屈曲分析的方法,计算套管侧向屈曲的临界压力。另外,对减小套管计算长度的井下加强工具进行探讨和设计。结果表明:套管纵向长度对侧向屈曲的临界压力具有重要影响;若把套管的计算长度减小到某一范围,可有效地提高套管的抗失稳能力。结果为提高套管抗失稳能力提供了一种新途径,可作为完井后高挤毁风险套管的加强补救措施。     

深井套管抗挤强度分析及计算

根据弯曲梁理论,建立了套管柱受非均布外挤压力作用的力学模型;并应用解超静定问题的正则方程和力法准则对该力学模型进行求解,得到了在非均布外挤压力作用下套管圆周上的弯矩、剪力、轴力、应力和位移的分布规律。计算表明,在非均布外挤压力作用下,套管抗挤毁强度大大降低。该力学模型不仅可以解释深井套管挤毁机理,而且可以改进深井套管抗挤强度设计。     

蠕变地层中含缺陷套管外挤压力分布的数值模拟

将蠕变地层视为粘弹性体,分别采用Maxwell粘弹性模型和线性强化弹塑性模型,建立了含缺陷套管—水泥环—蠕变地层有限元计算模型,旨在应用数值方法模拟在地质和工程因素及其联合作用下含缺陷套管外壁所受蠕动压力的分布规律,并对这类套管抗非均匀载荷的能力进行了有限元分析。采用逐步超松弛(SOR)迭代法进行了计算,为加快收敛速度,计算程序支持最佳松弛因子的自动快速搜索。算例分析表明,非均匀地应力条件下,最大地应力方向上套管外挤蠕动压力最小,而最小地应力方向上套管外挤蠕动压力最大;磨损缺陷改变了均匀载荷下套管外挤蠕动压力的分布规律,磨损处蠕动压力明显增大;与非均匀载荷相比,磨损是影响套管外蠕动压力分布更为敏感的因素。该数值结果可为复杂条件下含缺陷套管强度设计提供理论指导。     

蠕变地层中含缺陷套管外挤压力分布的数值模拟

将蠕变地层视为粘弹性体,分别采用Maxwell粘弹性模型和线性强化弹塑性模型,建立了含缺陷套管-水泥环-蠕变地层有限元计算模型,旨在应用数值方法模拟在地质和工程因素及其联合作用下含缺陷套管外壁所受蠕动压力的分布规律,并对这类套管抗非均匀载荷的能力进行了有限元分析.采用逐步超松弛(SOR)迭代法进行了计算,为加快收敛速度,计算程序支持最佳松弛因子的自动快速搜索.算例分析表明,非均匀地应力条件下,最大地应力方向上套管外挤蠕动压力最小,而最小地应力方向上套管外挤蠕动压力最大;磨损缺陷改变了均匀载荷下套管外挤蠕动压力的分布规律,磨损处蠕动压力明显增大;与非均匀载荷相比,磨损是影响套管外蠕动压力分布更为敏感的因素.该数值结果可为复杂条件下含缺陷套管强度设计提供理论指导.     

非均匀地应力下套管偏心对抗挤强度的影响

在常规地层条件下,套管的强度具有足够的富余量,因而一般对套管的偏心影响考虑较少.但在深井及盐膏层地层中,套管偏心的影响不可忽略.针对塔里木油田英买力区块钻进过程中出现的技术套管受挤变形问题,建立有限元模型,分析套管偏心对套管抗挤强度的影响规律,绘制套管偏心与套管最大应力的对应关系图,回归套管偏心与套管最大应力关系的计算公式.研究结果表明,非均匀地应力下,在最大地应力方向,套管偏心距越大,套管抵抗非均匀载荷能力越强;在最小地应力方向,套管偏心距越大,套管越容易挤毁.最后,利用研究结果确定了该区块的最低钻井液密度,从而有效地解决了套管变形问题.     

射孔套管剩余抗挤能力分析

套管射孔后其抗挤能力将有所降低。建立了射孔段套管弹性抗挤性能分析控制的一般方程 ,并利用摄动理论给出了射孔套管弹性抗挤能力系数的一般计算公式。利用弹塑性有限元方法确定了孔口附近塑性区随射孔套管的外压增加的变化规律 ,并给出了确定射孔套管抗挤能力的计算方法。研究结果表明 ,孔眼附近的应力集中所引起的塑性区的存在 ,明显影响了射孔套管的抗挤强度。与弹性分析结果比较 ,弹塑性分析结果更接近实验值。孔眼的形状对射孔套管抗挤能力有直接影响。长轴在环向的椭圆形孔眼的套管抗挤能力降低得最少 ,方形孔眼的降低得最多。在孔眼形状相同的情况下 ,孔眼面积增大 ,射孔套管的抗挤能力降低。当射孔密度小于 2 0孔 /m时 ,无论采用何种布孔方式 ,除方形孔眼外 ,套管抗挤能力的降低均不会超过 4 % ;大于 2 0孔 /m时 ,射孔参数对套管抗挤能力的影响明显增加     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.