驱油剂用磺化聚丙烯酰胺的合成及其性能研究

针对驱油用部分水解聚丙烯酰胺 ( HPAM)耐温抗盐性差的缺点 ,合成了磺化聚丙烯酰胺( SPAM) .探讨了丙烯酰胺单体 ( AM)浓度、引发剂、聚合反应温度、磺化反应温度、体系 p H值等因素对 SPAM制备的影响 ,得出了最佳反应条件 ;产物提纯后用红外光谱进行了表征 .结果表明磺酸基团确实被引入分子中 ,测得 SPAM的分子量在 60 0万以上 .SPAM的溶解性能良好 ,耐盐、抗温性能均比 HPAM有较大提高 ,有望应用于工业实践 .     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵/丙烯酰胺共聚物的合成

以二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵为阳离子单体与丙烯酰胺共聚，氧化还原剂-偶氮盐为引发体系，采用水溶液法合成高相对分子质量的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺（PDA）。研究了温度、氧化剂、还原剂和偶氮盐引发剂用量及阳离子单体/丙烯酰胺质量比对聚合物相对分子质量的影响。结果表明，低温和高温引发反应适宜温度分别为15，50℃，氧化剂-还原剂最佳质量比为7.5∶1，产品相对分子质量随阳离子单体/丙烯酰胺质量比增加而减小，氧化-还原剂、偶氮盐与两种单体质量和的质量比分别为0.155%～0.187%和0.0275%～0.0415%时，合成阳离子单体与两种单体质量和的质量比为26%、30%、35%的PDA，相对分子质量分别可达1445万、1000万和910万。     

油田污水配制用耐盐聚合物的制备与性能评价

大庆油田利用污水稀释聚合物溶液的区块比例超过80%,污水稀释聚合物溶液成为污水循环利用的主要途径。为解决污水条件下,普通聚合物用量高、不耐盐、应用性能差等制约聚驱开发提效的不利因素,通过优化设计聚合物分子结构,引入抗盐单体和刚性单体,采用多单体共聚后水解的合成工艺,制备了新型功能聚合物A。性能评价结果表明:相同分子量条件下,功能聚合物A的耐热稳定性、耐盐能力、抗剪切能力、注入能力及驱油效率等性能均优于部分水解聚丙烯酰胺。在相同浓度和注入体积条件下,功能聚合物A提高采收率11. 42%,较同分子量普通聚合物高3. 2%;在相同初始黏度和注入体积条件下,功能聚合物A采收率提高值较普通聚合物高1. 2%,且节约聚合物用量28%。功能聚合物A在油田污水中应用性能优于同分子量部分水解聚丙烯酰胺,可为聚合物驱开发降本增效提供新型高效驱油剂。     

油井水泥抗盐降失水剂(AS-1)的合成及性能评价

研究了丙烯酰胺(AM)和烯丙基磺酸钠(ASA)二元共聚物(AS-1)的合成方法及在油井水泥浆中的降失水作用。实验结果表明,通过引入磺酸基团(-SO3H)使AS-1具有好的抗盐、抗钙性能,是一种良好的降失水剂。     

耐温抗盐三元聚合物的合成及性能评价

利用微乳液介质合成了丙烯酰胺(AM)-2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)-苯乙烯(St)三元聚合物(AM-AMPS-St).考察了引发剂用量、单体摩尔比、反应温度、时间对聚合反应的影响.测定了聚合物水溶液的表观黏度,表明其有良好的耐温耐盐抗剪切性能.     

含磺基甜菜碱基团聚丙烯酰胺的合成及其溶液性质

用丙烯酰胺(AM)、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAM)、[3-(甲基乙烯酰胺)丙基]二甲基-(3-磺酸)铵(DMMPPS)和[2-(甲基丙烯酰基氧基)乙基]二甲基-(3-磺酸丙基)氢氧化铵(DMAPS)单体通过氧化还原引发剂引发自由基聚合合成AM-DMMPPS、AM-DMAM-DMMPPS、AM-DMAPS和AM-DMAM-DMAPS 4种两性离子共聚物,并对两性离子聚合物进行表征和性能评价.研究结果表明,实验合成的4种共聚物AM-DMMPPS、AM-DMAMDMMPPS、AM-DMAPS和AM-DMAM-DMAPS都有增黏、抗盐、耐温的效果.在相同的反应条件下,在合成的共聚物中,AM-DMMPPS增黏、抗盐、耐温的效果最佳,其比浓黏度达36.8,dL/g.     

抗盐降失水剂HTF-110L的研制及性能评价

针对目前固井降失水剂所存在的抗高温抗盐能力差、温度适应范围窄的问题,以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)为主要单体,并引入新型多羟基羧酸化合物,采用自由基水溶液共聚合成了抗温、抗盐、温度适应范围广的降失水剂HTF-110L.采用正交实验法,优选出了最佳合成工艺条件.采用红外光谱、核磁共振和热失重分析对共聚物进行了表征.结果表明:各单体成功参与聚合,聚合产物为目标产物,降失水剂耐温性能良好;由于在共聚物分子链中引入了多种功能性基团,合成的降失水剂在淡水、盐水水泥浆中具有良好的降失水性能;降失水剂分散性弱,在高温条件下对水泥浆的稳定性影响较小,低温条件下缓凝性弱,对水泥石强度发展无不良影响,具有较宽的温度适用范围;降失水剂与其他油井水泥外加剂配伍性好,以HTF-110L为主剂的低密度、高密度水泥浆体系具有失水量小、流变性好、稳定性佳、过渡时间短、抗压强度高等特点,综合性能优异.     

AM/AMPS二元聚合物的合成及絮凝性能评价

以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,制备了一种水溶性的AM/AMPS共聚物,对合成条件进行了分析,探讨了单体比例、引发剂、温度等因素对聚合物絮凝特性的影响,确立其最佳合成条件。研究发现合成反应温度45℃,反应时间7h,AMPS与AM质量比3∶7,引发剂过硫酸铵质量分数0.02%,溶液pH值6～8,该共聚物对污水的絮凝效果理想,显示出良好的耐盐抗温能力。     

疏水缔合型和非疏水缔合型驱油聚合物的结构与溶液特征

考察三次采油过程中所用的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)和疏水缔合型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(AHPAM)结构与性质的差异,通过对其结构表征以及对其增黏性、耐温性和抗盐性的测试,结合扫描电镜(SEM)对两种聚合物溶液微观结构形态的观察,讨论疏水基团的存在对聚合物溶液性质的影响。结果表明,相对于HPAM,AHPAM溶液因结构中含有的疏水基之间的相互作用使高分子间进一步形成缔合的网络结构而具有良好的增黏性、耐温性和抗盐性。     

高抗剪切聚丙烯酰胺类聚合物驱油剂的合成及性能

针对目前线性聚丙烯酰胺类聚合物抗剪切性能无法满足应用需求的问题,设计合成了一种具备三维立体球形母核及两性离子功能链段的超支化聚合物,该聚合物由高分子核聚醚(HPG)母核、聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)、聚丙烯酸及聚2-(二甲胺基)甲基丙烯酸酯乙基溴代甜菜碱(C10AM)链段组成。考察了聚合时间(T1)、引发剂用量(M[O])、HPG用量(MHPG)、水解烘干温度(t)、C10AM用量(MC10AM)等对聚合物溶液黏度的影响。采用1HNMR对聚合物进行了结构表征,并对其溶解、增黏、抗剪切、抗盐及抗老化性能进行了评价。结果表明,最佳的聚合条件为:T1=5. 5 h、M[O]=60 mg、MHPG=20 mg、t=120℃、MC10AM=150 mg。在9 374. 13 mg/L的矿化水中,HPG-HPAM-C10AM聚合物基本溶解时间均小于50 min,2 000 mg/L的聚合物溶液黏度可达到37. 7 m Pa·s,Waring搅拌器1档剪切20 s后黏度保留率高达70%,老化90 d黏度保留率为76%,均优于未改性HPAM聚合物。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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