日本科学家发现干扰素抗癌机理

日本科学家近日在世界上首次发现干扰素可提高抗癌基因的功能。他们认为 ,把干扰素和抗癌剂并用 ,可以减少副作用大的抗癌剂服用量。充分发挥抑制癌细胞增殖的P5 3基因的作用能达到抗癌的效果。东京大学的谷口维绍教授等人给带有癌细胞的实验鼠施以干扰素 ,结果发现其细胞内P5 3蛋白质数量增加。他们又把干扰素、放疗和化疗并用后发现 ,效果比仅实施化疗和放疗效果好得多。干扰素是生物体内因病毒感染而分泌的蛋白质 ,常用于治疗肝炎。但人们近来发现 ,干扰素也有抗癌作用 ,至于其中机理却不清楚。另一方面 ,服用抗癌剂以及使用放疗等会导…     

PD-L1在人子宫颈癌细胞异常表达并促T细胞凋亡

目的 探讨人子宫颈癌中负性协同刺激分子PD-L1的表达和它与肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞的关系以及PD-L1融合蛋白促宫颈癌患者外周血活化T细胞凋亡的作用.方法 采用免疫组化S-P法检测67例宫颈癌组织及20例正常宫颈组织中PD-L1的表达,分析PD-L1同临床病理特征的相关性,免疫荧光观察肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞数量,TUNEL法检测T细胞凋亡,体外实验将PD-L1融合蛋白细胞加入PHA刺激活化的宫颈癌患者外周血T细胞中共同培养,流式细胞术分析T细胞凋亡率和CD8+/CD4+T细胞比例.结论 正常子宫颈组织不表达PD-L1;宫颈癌组织中PD-L1的表达率为70％.宫颈癌PD-L1的表达与宫颈癌浸润深度相关(P＜0.05).PD-L1阳性病例肿瘤局部浸润淋巴细胞存在凋亡且CD8+T细胞数量明显减少;PD-L1融合蛋白组T细胞凋亡率明显高于抗PD-1组和空白对照组T细胞,分别为32.7％、18.3％和17.9％;CD8+T/CD4+T细胞的比值低于加入抗PD-1组和空白对照组,分别为0.864、0.894和0 907.结论 PD-L1在子宫颈癌中高表达且与肿瘤浸润程度及肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞数量减少有关,PD-L1能促进活化的T细胞尤其是CD8+T细胞的凋亡.     

大肝癌的治疗现状

本文讨论了目前大肝癌的五种治疗手段:外科手术切除或肝移植、局部区域治疗和化疗、肝癌分子靶向药物治疗。结合循证临床指南,综述在不同分期阶段合理治疗手段的选择,以及各种治疗手段的适应症、禁忌症和预后。     

日本肝癌疫苗临床效果良好

日本细胞制药公司前些时候宣布,临床试验显示该公司利用肝癌患者自身癌变组织生产的一种治疗性疫苗,可有效防止患者肝癌复发,延长寿命。据共同社报道,细胞制药公司生产的这种治疗性疫苗是日本理化研究所、中国中山医科大学等单位的共同研究成果。制作疫苗利用的是肝癌患者通过手术切除的癌组织样本。研究人员从中提取2克样本,将其粉碎后与免疫激活剂和生理盐水混合,再分3次注射到提供样本的患者身上。在中山医科大学进行的临床试验中,研究人员以乙型肝炎转化为肝癌并接受了手术的患者为对象进行比较研究。结果显示,没有接受这种疫苗治疗的2 …     

P16及COX-2蛋白在宫颈癌中表达及意义

目的 探讨P16及COX-2蛋白在宫颈癌中表达及意义.方法 收集宫颈活检或手术标本138例,采用免疫组织化学方法分别检测P16及COX-2蛋白的表达,并分析结果.结果 正常宫颈组织、宫颈低级别上皮内瘤变(LSIL)、宫颈高级别上皮内瘤变(HSIL)、宫颈癌中P16蛋白阳性表达分别为0％(0/30)、42.3％ (11/26)、71.9％(23/32)、92％(46/50).COX-2蛋白阳性表达分别为3.3％(1/30)、50％(13/26)、75％(24/32)、88％ (44/50).随着宫颈病变分级升高,P16及COX-2蛋白阳性率逐渐上升,统计学差异有显著性(p＜0.05);结论 P16及COX-2的高表达在宫颈癌的发生、发展中均起作用.     

古瓷类文物器型结构的数字化特征鉴定

器型结构特征古瓷传统鉴定中重要信息之一,本文以五代、宋、元时期著名景镇湖田窑所产撇口为例,探了古瓷器型结构特征数字化提取方法,充分利用Matlab等数学方法在图像增强、边缘提取、曲线拟合等方面大优,提升基于传统经验积累、通过目测感官古瓷类文物传统鉴定模式准确性和有效性,以结合当前在古瓷科技鉴定领域中逐步应用推成分数分析法、热释技术等方法,使古瓷类文物科技综合鉴定系统到进一步善和提高.     

金融租赁在商业地产中的应用探究

为了解决我国宏观调控下商业地产项目的融资难问‘题,总结了金融租赁的特点和运作模式,多角度论证了金融租赁在商业地产项目中应用的适用性。借鉴金融租赁在房地产和其他行业的成功运用经验,结合商业地产项目的自身特点,对金融租赁应用于商业地产的操作方法进行创新设计,提出了金融租赁在商业地产项目中运用的具体操作模式。并结合我国政策和金融制度,针对应用中存在的问题和困难提出了相应的对策建议,以期拓宽商业地产项目的融资渠道,促进商业地产的良性发展。     

甘氨双唑钠对鼻咽癌移植瘤的时辰放射增敏作用

目的 观察甘氨双唑钠（CMNa）联合时辰放疗对鼻咽癌祼鼠移植瘤的时辰放射增敏作用,并探讨其作用机制.方法 将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为3组：放疗组、放疗＋CMNa组、空白对照组,每组分3HALO（光照后小时,hours after light onset）、9HALO、15HALO、21HALO四个时辰进行相应处理.测定肿瘤再生长延长时间（regrowth delay time,TGD）,绘制生长曲线.用免疫组化法检测各组肿瘤标本中HIF-1α、γ-H2AX和凋亡蛋白的表达.结果 通过对各组TGD的比较.以放疗＋CMNa组对肿瘤的抑制效果最好.在该组中,TGD：15HALO＞21HALO＞9HALO＞3HALO,15HALO与3HALO的TGD比较有统计学意义 15HALO与3HALO的HIF-1α、γ-H2AX及凋亡蛋白的表达水平比较有统计学意义.结论 甘氨双唑钠联合时辰放疗对鼻咽癌裸鼠移植瘤有明显的时辰放射增敏作用,以15HALO放疗＋CMNa组对肿瘤的抑制效果最佳.其机制可能与HIF-1α的表达.DNA双链损伤,凋亡有关.     

美批准首种"饿死肿瘤"抗癌新药上市

一种名为“阿瓦斯丁”(Avastin)的抗癌新药前些日已获得美国食品和药物管理局的批准,这是美国批准上市的第一种采用“饿死肿瘤”技术的抗癌新药。“阿瓦斯丁”是一种基因工程单克隆抗体药物,通过抑制能够刺激新血管形成的“血管内皮生长因子”,使肿瘤组织无法获得所需的血液、氧和其他养分而最终“饿死”,达到抗癌功效。对80 0多名肿瘤已发生转移的结肠直肠癌患者进行的临床试验发现,同时接受“阿瓦斯丁”和化疗治疗的患者,与只接受化疗的患者相比存活期平均要长5个月左右。不过临床试验也发现,该药物会导致高血压等副作用,极少数情况下还…     

美科学家首次利用冷冻人类卵巢组织培育出胚胎

美国科学家在前些日出版的《柳叶刀》杂志上报告说,他们利用冷冻长达6年之久的人类卵巢组织首次培育出胚胎。美国康奈尔大学和纽约长老会医院的研究人员在报告中说,试验时,他们将一位即将接受化疗的乳腺癌患者的一个卵巢切下,并将其保存在- 196摄氏度的环境中。该患者时年30岁。六年后,他们将该卵巢解冻,取下15段指甲般长短的组织,植入该妇女腹部。三个月后,该妇女体内的激素促使植入的卵巢组织形成卵子,研究人员同时用生育类药物促进卵子成熟。八个月后,他们从中采集了2 0个成熟卵子,并利用培育试管婴儿的方式,将卵子与捐献者的精子结合在…     

Combining naturally occurring polyphenols with TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand: a promising approach to kill resistant cancer cells?

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its receptors are attractive targets for anticancer therapy owing to their ability to trigger apoptosis selectively in cancer cells but not in normal cells. To date, many combinatorial strategies, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, have given encouraging results for overcoming TRAIL resistance in preclinical models. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying sensitization to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by polyphenols. These naturally occurring compounds can restore tumor cell sensitivity to TRAIL-induced cell death with no apparent toxicity towards normal cells. Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways can be modulated by polyphenols, the activation of which largely depends on the cell type, the particular polyphenolic compound, and the conditions of treatment. The large variety of polyphenol cellular targets could prove useful in circumventing TRAIL resistance. The relevance of these combined treatments for cancer therapy is discussed in the light of recent preclinical studies.     

The effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor angiogenesis

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), the activation of a photosensitive drug in tumor tissue with light of specific wavelength, has been used effectively to treat certain solid tumors. Though therapeutic responses are encouraging, PDT-mediated oxidative stress can act as an angiogenic switch that ultimately leads to neovascularization and tumor recurrence. This article explores the effect of PDT on angiogenesis in different tumor models. Overexpression of proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteases has often been reported post-illumination. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that inhibiting angiogenesis after chemotherapy and radiotherapy is an attractive and valuable approach to cancer treatment. In this review, we report the effective therapeutic strategy of combining angiogenesis inhibitors with PDT to control and treat tumors.     

Biomarkers for predicting future metastasis of human gastrointestinal tumors

The recent advances in surgery and radiation therapy have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with primary cancer, and the major challenge of cancer treatment now is metastatic disease development. The 5-year survival rate of cancer patients who have distant metastasis at diagnosis is extremely low, suggesting that prediction and early detection of metastasis would definitely improve their prognosis because suitable patient therapeutic management and treatment strategy can be provided. Cancer cells from a primary site give rise to a metastatic tumor via a number of steps which require the involvement and altered expression of many regulators. These regulators may serve as biomarkers for predicting metastasis. Over the past few years, numerous regulators have been found correlating with metastasis. In this review, we summarize the findings of a number of potential biomarkers that are involved in cadherin–catenin interaction, integrin signaling, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and cancer stem cell identification in gastrointestinal cancers. We will also discuss how certain biomarkers are associated with the tumor microenvironment that favors cancer metastasis.     

Contributions in the domain of cancer research: Review¶Human papillomaviruses and their role in cervical cancer

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been linked to a variety of human diseases, most notably cancer of the cervix, a disease responsible for at least 200,000 deaths per year worldwide. Over 100 different types of HPV have been identified and these can be divided into two groups. Low-risk HPV types are the causative agent of benign warts. High-risk HPV types are associated with cancer. This review focuses on the role of high-risk HPV types in cervical tumorigenesis. Recent work has uncovered new cellular partners for many of the HPV early proteins and thrown light on many of the pathways and processes in which these viral proteins intervene. At the same time, structural and biochemical studies are revealing the molecular details of viral protein function. Several of these new avenues of research have the potential to lead to new approaches to the treatment and prevention of cervical cancer.     

Chemotherapy and immunotherapy of malignant glioma: molecular mechanisms and clinical perspectives

Despite the considerable progress in modern tumor therapy, the prognosis for patients with glioblastoma, the most frequent malignant brain tumor, has not been substantially improved. Although cytoreductive surgery and radiotherapy are the mainstays of treatment for malignant glioma at present, novel cytotoxic drugs and immunotherapeutic approaches hold great promise as effective weapons against these malignancies. Thus, great efforts are being made to enhance antitumoral efficacy by combining various cytotoxic agents, by novel routes of drug administration, or by combining anticancer drugs and immune modulators. Immunotherapeutic approaches include cytotoxic cytokines, targeted antibodies, and vaccination strategies. However, the success of most of these experimental therapies is prevented by the marked molecular resistance of glioma cells to diverse cytotoxic agents or by glioma-associated immunosuppression. One promising experimental strategy to target glioma is the employment of death ligands such as CD95 (Fas/Apo1) ligand or Apo2 ligand (TRAIL). Specific proapoptotic approaches may overcome many of the obvious obstacles to a satisfactory management of malignant brain tumors. Received 8 March 1999; received after revision 27 May 1999; accepted 14 June 1999     

氧化苦参碱对人宫颈癌SiHa细胞株增殖及凋亡的影响

目的研究氧化苦参碱对体外人宫颈癌SiHa细胞株增殖活性及凋亡的影响。方法对人宫颈癌SiHa细胞株进行体外培养,经氧化苦参碱处理的细胞组为实验组,未经处理组为对照组。采用MTT细胞存活实验检测氧化苦参碱对入宫颈鳞癌SiHa细胞的增殖影响,并计算IC50;倒置相差显微镜下观察不同浓度的氧化苦参碱作用48h后SiHa细胞的形态改变;Hoechst33258染色法和Western blot法检测氧化苦参碱对SiHa细胞核及凋亡相关蛋白(P53、Bax及Bcl-2)表达水平的影响。结果 MTT结果显示氧化苦参碱剂量-时间依耐性抑制人宫颈癌SiHa细胞的体外增殖(P0.05),计算24 h、48 h和72 h的IC50分别为(1 028.41±3.57)μg/ml、(701.72±6.01)μg/ml和(406.88±2.15)μg/ml;氧化苦参碱处理48 h后,SiHa细胞的形态特征及数目发生显著变化,且随氧化苦参碱浓度的增加而愈加明显;Hoechst33258染色证实氧化苦参碱处理后SiHa细胞发生凋亡,可见典型的凋亡特征;Western blot结果证实氧化苦参碱(700μg/ml、1 600μg/ml)处理48 h后,和对照组比较,药物处理组细胞凋亡周期蛋白P53、Bax表达上调(P0.05),而Bcl-2表达下调(P0.05),Bax/Bcl-2的比率明显增加(P0.05)。结论氧化苦参碱可抑制体外人宫颈癌SiHa细胞的体外增殖活性发挥其抗肿瘤作用,其作用机制可能诱导SiHa细胞的凋亡有关。     

重庆地区HPV亚型分布和基因芯片技术对宫颈病变筛查意义的研究

目的 了解重庆地区人乳头瘤病毒（human papillomavirus,HPV）感染情况及其亚型分布,探讨HPV的多重感染以及HPV病毒负荷量与不同级别宫颈病变的相关性,并比较HPV-DNA检测杂交捕获法和基因芯片法对宫颈HPV感染的检出效率,评价基因芯片法作为筛查方法的优缺点,为建立最佳筛查方案预防宫颈癌提供科学依据.方法 对2009年在重庆市肿瘤医院肿瘤研究所妇科肿瘤科就诊的360例自愿接受宫颈癌机会性筛查的患者进行液基细胞学和HPV-DNA的检测,其中HPV-DNA检测采用杂交捕获法和基因芯片法,并以基因测序为金标准评价两种检测方法的检测效率.结果 本次共检出27种HPV亚型,检出率前三位依次为：HPV16、HPV58和HPV52.HPV总阳性率为42.50%,其中高危型检出率为34.17%;低危型检出率为15.56%;多重感染率为15.00%.以液基细胞学检查为标准,随宫颈病变程度的增加,HPV感染率、高危型HPV感染率、多重感染率及病毒负荷量逐渐增加,组问差异有显著性,低危型HPV感染率无规律性改变.杂交捕获法和基因芯片法的灵敏度、特异度和约登指数分剐为前者97.56%、98.17%和0.957,后者98.33%、93.40%和0.917.结论 高危亚型HPV感染是宫颈上皮内病变的主要因素,HPV16是重庆地区感染率最高的HPV亚型,其次为HPV58和HPV52.HPV的多重感染和病毒负荷量都与宫颈病变程度有一定的相关性.两种HPV检测方法相比,杂交捕获法特异度较高,而基因芯片法灵敏度较高,基因芯片法可作为新的宫颈病变筛查方法.