Wake structures of two spheres in tandem arrangement at various gaps for Re = 300

The virtual boundary method is extended to a 3D application and used to simulate the flow field of two spheres in tandem arrangement for a Reynolds number of 300. The wake structures and flow spectra at various gaps are investigated. The numerical results show that for small gaps (≈1.5), due to the mutual suppress between the wakes of the two spheres, the full flow field is stable and axisymmetric. As the gap is increased to 2.0, an asymmetric but stable flow is constructed through a certain bifurcation. The downstream wake structure is characterized by a double-thread vortex structure that comprises two slender parallel vortex tubes. The double-thread structure has a planar symmetry at gap 2.0. The hairpin-shape vortices are periodically shed from the downstream sphere at gap 2.5, but the planar symmetry persists. The vortex structures at gaps ranging from 3.0 to 4.0 are irregular and the flow field is undergoing a kind of 3D transition. It is up to the large gap 5.0 that the hairpin-shape structures are reconstructed behind the upstream and the downstream sphere, and the planar symmetry is resumed. All these numerical computations were performed on an SGI Origin3900 machine at the Center for Engineering and Scientific Computation of Zhejiang University.     

Artificial Boundary Method for Calculating Ship Wave Resistance

The calculation of wave resistance for a ship moving at constant speed near a free surface is considered. This wave resistance is calculated with a linearized steady potential model. To deal with the unboundedness of the physical domain in the potential flow problem, we introduce one vertical side as an artificial upstream boundary and two vertical sides as the artificial downstream boundaries. On the artificial boundaries, a sequence of high-order global artificial boundary conditions are given. Then the potential flow problem is reduced to a problem defined on a finite computational domain, which is equivalent to a variational problem. The solution of the variational problem by the finite element method gives the numerical approximation of the potential flow around the ship, which was used to calculate the wave resistance. The numerical examples show the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed numerical scheme.     

Pseudo—particle simulation of multi—scale heterogeneity in fluidization

Fluidization is a process of wide application,but its dynamic behavior is not well understood because of its multi-scale heterogeneity and regime multiplicity which are difficult to simulate in traditional numerical methods.By discretizing the fluid phase into a large number of interactive simple particles,which can incorporate many-body moving boundaries easily,pseudo-particle modeling(PPM) has re-produced reasonable radial and axial heterogeneity on macro-scale as well as solids clustering and fluid flows on meso-and micro-scales.The simulation suggestes a consistent evolution of the complexity across different scales with itself scrving as an ideal exploring tool.     

Numerical analysis and centrifugal modeling of LNAPLs transport in subsurface system

The transport of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in unsaturated soils and groundwater is an important research topic in geo-environmental engineering. In this paper, the mechanism of light NAPLs (LNAPLs) transport in subsurface system is briefly introduced, and the mass transport equations, fluid flow equations, and the constitutive model of relative permeability - saturation - capillary pressure are discussed. Then the numerical method is introduced to simulate the multiphase flow problems in porous media, and the tempo-spatial distribution of LNAPLs is obtained. Moreover, different boundary conditions are employed in numerical simulation to investigate its effect on transport behavior. To verify the numerical data, centrifugal tests are conducted to model the LNAPLs migration in unsaturated soils and groundwater. The calculation results are agreeable with the experimental findings of centrifugal modeling, which indicates that LNAPLs from leaking point move downwards due to gravity force, and form a high concentration zone above the capillary fringe, and then spread out laterally along the groundwater table. Some LNAPL enters groundwater system to further migrate. The combination of numerical simulation and centrifuge modeling can be a useful means to study the transport behavior of LNAPLs in subsurface system.     

Theory of Numerical Modeling of Constitutive Relation for Geotechnical Materials

Under the direction of the principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains, the general expression of constitutive relation for geotechnical materials has been derived within the framework of irreversible thermo- dynamics. The constitutive modeling, in fact, is an inverse problem that belongs to the medium inverse problems of model identification, which is expressed as a reversion of coefficient of differential equation. Thus the constitutive modeling of geotechnical materials will become the reversion of coefficient functions of the general expression of constitutive relation, which is carried out in the stress field （p,q） by means Of numerical techniques, so that is called numerical modeling. Applying the numerical modeling, a number of plasticity-based models for clay and sand have been obtained, which are able to characterize the fundamental features of deformation for geotechnieal materials. In addition, the approach of numerical modeling also can be applied to the situation of unsaturated soils by means of the Bishop＇s effective stress formula and Khalili＇s expression of effective stress parameter.     

Stability and Accuracy Analysis for Taylor Series Numerical Method

The Taylor series numerical method (TSNM) is a time integration method for solving problems in structural dynamics. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the stability behavior and accuracy characteristics of this method is given. It is proven by a spectral decomposition method that TSNM is conditionally stable and belongs to the category of explicit time integration methods. By a similar analysis, the characteristic indicators of time integration methods, the percentage period elongation and the amplitude decay of TSNM, are derived in a closed form. The analysis plays an important role in implementing a procedure for automatic searching and finding convergence radii of TSNM. Finally, a linear single degree of freedom undamped system is analyzed to test the properties of the method.     

A quasi-geostrophic wavelet-spectrum model for barotropic atmosphere and its numerical solution

A quasi-geostrophic wavelet-spectrum model of barotropic atmosphere has been constructed by wavelet-Galerkin method with the periodic orthogonal wavelet bases. In this study a wavelet grid-spectrum transform method is designed to decrease the tremendous computation of the nonlinear interaction term in the model, and a two-dimensional Helmholtz equation from the model in a wavelet spectrum form is derived, and a solution with high precision under the periodic boundary condition is obtained. The numerical investigation manifests that the wavelet-spectrum model (WSM) could keep on running for a long time under the forcing of heating and topography. Although its numerical solution is compatible with the grid model (GM), the WSM is of a higher precision and faster convergence rate than GM's. A stationary solution comes forth when the model is forced only by the surface heating, whereas a quasi-periodic oscillation with a period about 15 days appears as considering the topography in the model. The latter oscillation, to some extent, is very similar to the Rossby index cycle of atmosphere over middle and high latitudes.     

A menthod for predicting in—cylinder compound combustion emissions

This paper presents method using a large steady-state engine operation data matrix to provide necessary information for successfully training a predictive network,while at the same time eliminating errors produced by the dispersive effects of the emissions measurement system.The steady-state training conditions of compund fuel allow for the correlation of time-averaged in -cylinder combustion variables to the engine-out Nox and HC emissions.The error back-propagation neural network(EBP)is then capable of learming the relationships between these variables and the measured gaseous emissions,and then interpolating between steadystate points in the matrix.This method for NOx and HC has been proved highly successful.     

An approach to improving the dynamical extended—range（monthly） prediction

Focusing on common and significant forecast errors-the zonal mean errors in the numerical prediction model,this report proposes an approach to improving the dynamical extended-range(monthly) prediction.Firstly,the monthly pentad-mean nonlinear dynamical regional predic-tion model of the zonal-mean haight based on a large number of historical data is constituted by employing the reconstruc-tion phase space theory and the spatio-temporal series pre-dictive method.The zonal height thus produced is trans-formed to its counterpart in the numerical model and fur-ther used to revise the numerical model prediction during the integration process.In this way,the two different kinds of prediction are combined.The forecasting experimenal results show that the above hybrid approach not only re-duces the systematical reeor of the numerical model,but also improves the forecast of the non-axisymmetric components due to the wave-flow interaction.     

Modeling and simulation of heat transfer for glass bulb mold

Cooling system design in glass bulb pressing operation can greatly affect the productivity and the quality of the final product. The concept of cyclic-averaged steady temperature field is proposed in modeling. Heat transfer in the mold region is considered to be a cyclic-steady, three-dimensional conduction; heat transfer within the glass melt region is treated as a transient, one-dimensional conduction; heat exchange between the cooling system surface and coolant is treated as a steady heat convection. A hybrid model consisting of a three-dimensional boundary element method for the mold region and a finite-difference method with a variable mesh for the melt region is used for numerical simulation. Compared with the experimental data, the numerical model developed here is computationally efficient and sufficiently accurate.     

Control of coupling among three major factors for formation of high-efficiency gas reservoir——A case study on the oolitic beach gas reservoir in Feixianguan Formation in the northeast Sichuan Basin

Through a case study of the high-efficiency gas reservoir in Feixianguan Formation in the northeast Sichuan Basin, quantitative and semi-quantitative analyses of key elements such as hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation, and reservoir evolution as well as their interplay in the critical moment of reservoir formation controlled by the energy field were carried out, by means of numerical modeling of the energy field. It was found that the climax time for Permian hydrocarbon generation was Late Triassic-Early Jurassic and accumulation of oil and gas has resulted in large-scale paleoreservoirs in paleostructural traps in Feixianguan Formation, a process facilitated by fractures connecting the sources. The paleoreservoirs have been turned into high-efficiency gas kitchens due to pyrolysis, which resulted from deep burial at a temperature of 170―210 ℃ as induced by tremendously thick sedimentation in the foreland basin of Daba Mountain in Late Jurassic-Cretaceous period. Meanwhile, abundant acid gas like H2S produced from thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR) at high temperatures leads to extensive dissolution of dolostone in the paleoreservoirs, which may in turn result in modification of the reservoirs and preservation of the reservoir rock porosity. The present distribution of gas reservoirs was ultimately determined in the processes of adjustment, cooling and decompression of the paleoreservoirs resulting from intense deformation in the front of Daba Mountain during the Himalayan orogeny.     

Designing for Long Campaign Life Blast Furnace (2)—The Simulation of Temperature Field of Lining and Cooling Apparatus

Through the numerical modeling of temperature field for Blast Furnace (BF) lining and stave coolers, it can tell designers how to design a cooler which the hot surface temperature is less than its critical temperature under very high heat flux. Applying low heat resistance lining and staves cooler to BF is good for a layer of slag skull frozen on the hot surface of cooling stave. As long as the slag skull can stand, the furnace wall is stable and the heat loss of furnace does not increase. This is the basic principle for designing long campaignship BF.     

Maintenance Policy for Multi-Component System with Fuzzy Lifetimes

The application of possibility theory to maintenance policies is proposed in this paper. The lifetime of a component is modeled as a fuzzy variable. Two types of replacement policies-block replacement and age replacement with fuzzy lifetimes are investigated. The theorems show that the long-run average fuzzy reward per unit time in both policies is just the expected cost per unit of time. In order to solve the proposed models,a hybrid intelligent algorithm is employed. Finally, numerical examples are provided for the sake of illustration.     

Evaluation criteria for gas source rocks of marine carbonate in China

Hydrocarbon generating and expulsion simulation experiments are carried out using samples artifically matched between the acid-dissolved residue of relatively low-maturity limestone and the original sample. This work makes up for the insufficiency of source rock samples with high abundance of organic matters and low maturity in China. The organic carbon content of the 10 prepared samples varies between 0.15% and 0.74%. Pyrolysis data and simulation experiment results of hydrocarbon generating and expulsion, which were obtained by a high-temperature and high-pressure open system, indicate that the lower limit of organic carbon content for marine carbonate rock to generate and expel hydrocarbons is 0.23%—0.31%. In combination with the numerical analysis of organic carbon in marine carbonate rocks from Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin and North China, as well as the contribution of these gas source rocks to the discovered gas pools, we think that the organic carbon criterion for carbonate gas source rocks should be 0.3%.     

Improved Dual Algorithm for Constrained Optimization Problems

One class of effective methods for the optimization problem with inequality constraints are to transform the problem to a unconstrained optimization problem by constructing a smooth potential function. In this paper, we modifies a dual algorithm for constrained optimization problems and establishes a corresponding improved dual algorithm; It is proved that the improved dual algorithm has the local Q-superlinear convergence; Finally, we performed numerical experimentation using the improved dual algorithm for many constrained optimization problems, the numerical results are reported to show that it is valid in practical computation.     

Meshless Least-Squares Method for Solving the Steady-State Heat Conduction Equation

The meshless weighted least-squares (MWLS) method is a pure meshless method that combines the moving least-squares approximation scheme and least-square discretization. Previous studies of the MWLS method for elastostatics and wave propagation problems have shown that the MWLS method possesses several advantages, such as high accuracy, high convergence rate, good stability, and high computational efficiency. In this paper, the MWLS method is extended to heat conduction problems. The MWLS computational parameters are chosen based on a thorough numerical study of 1-dimensional problems.Several 2-dimensional examples show that the MWLS method is much faster than the element free Galerkin method (EFGM), while the accuracy of the MWLS method is close to, or even better than the EFGM These numerical results demonstrate that the MWLS method has good potential for numerical analyses of heat transfer problems.     

A Parallel Algorithm for the Convection Diffusion Problem

Based on the second-order compact upwind scheme, a group explicit method for solving the two-dimensional time-independent convection-dominated diffusion problem is developed. The stability of the group explicit method is proven strictly. The method has second-order accuracy and good stability. This explicit scheme can be used to solve all Reynolds number convection-dominated diffusion problems. A numerical test using a parallel computer shows high efficiency. The numerical results conform closely to the analytic solution.     

Design and Implementation of Distributed Numerical Control in Flexible Manufacturing System

To monitor, control and manage the work process of computer numerical control machine tools in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) effectively, the distributed numerical coutrol (distributed-NC) software should be innovated with the characteristics of modularization and reconfiguration. In this paper, firstly, distributed-NC functions in the FMS environment are described. Then, we present a design and development method of the real time distributed-NC that is on the basis of the re-coufigurable software and hardware platform and with an object-oriented model concept. Finally, to verify the proposed method, the distributed-NC software has been implemented in VC++ 6.0 and has been tested in connection with the different physical flexible manufacturing shops.     

Anti-interference method for HF radars by transmitting phase-modulated chirps

Radio frequency interference （RFI） is a major problem in high-frequency （HF） radars. Conventional filtering-involved RFI suppression methods may introduce distortions to the target signals of interest and often demand extra hardware costs. In this paper, a novel method for RFI suppression by using linearly or randomly phase-modulated （PM） chirps is proposed, which enables independent analyses of the target signal and the RFI. Furthermore, the directions of arrival （DOA） of the interference are used as constraints to ensure a better DOA estimation of the target. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by numerical simulation results. The method can greatly improve the anti-interference capabilities of HF radars and is extremely applicable in the portable and low-cost radar systems.     

Solve the partitioning problem by sticker model in DNA computing

The aim of this work is to solve the partitioning problem, the most canonical NP-complete problem containing numerical parameters, within the sticker model of DNA computing. We firstly design a parallel program for addition, and then give a program to calculate the subset sums of a set. At last, a program for partitioning is given, which contains the former programs. Furthermore, the correctness of each program is proved in this paper.