THE TRANSFER BEHAVIOUR OF SOME CATIONS AT WATER／NITROBENZENE INTERFACE BY SEMIDIFFERENTIAL CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY

The transfer of Sr~(2+) and Ba~(2+) ion, facilitated by 18-Crown-6 present in the aqueous phase, and of succinylcholine ion at w/nb interface were investigated by semi-differential cyclic voltammetry. A good polarographic curve of succinylcholine ion dissolved in water was obtained in the system of 0.01 mol/l LiCl (w)——0.01 mol/l TBATPB (nb). The peak current is directly proportional to the concentration of SC~(2+) ion. It can be used for the determination of SC and the detection limit is 1.05×10~(-5) mol/l.The apparent D~w and D~(nb) have been estimated. The transfer of Sr~(2+) and of Ba~(2+) at the interface are facilitated by 18-Crown-6 present in the aqueous phase and the peak current is directly proportional to the concentration of 18-Crown-6 in water. This method can be used for the determination of the complexing agent and for the stability constant of the complex formed in the aqueous phase.All the experimental results are in keeping with the theoretical.     

Nonlinear Theory on Dynamic Controlling interface Patterns During Solidification of a Dilute Binary Alloy

In non-equilibrium nonlinear region, the nonlinear equations of time dependence of perturbation amplitude at the solid/liquid interface during solidification of a dilute binary alloy are established on the base of assuming that there is local equilibrium at the solid/liquid interface and considering that curvature, temperature and composition at the solid/liquid interface which are related to the perturbation amplitude are nonlinear. As a result, patterns at the solid/liquid interface during solidification process, which is from nonsteady state to steady state can be controlled by these nonlinear equations.     

Investigation of electron transfer across the ice/liquid interface by scanning electrochemical microscopy

The study of interfacial electron transfer (ET) reaction between feericinium (Fc^ ) produced in situ in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) and ferrocyanide in ice matrix under low temperatures by the scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is reported .Tetrabutylammonium (TBA^ ) is used as the common ion (potential -determining ion )in both phases to control the interfacial potential difference,The potential drop across the liquid/liquid interface can be quantitatively adjusted by changing the ratio of concentrations of TBA^ between beh two phases ,The apparent hetero-gencous rate constants for Fc^ reduction by Fe(CN)6^4- at the interface under different temperatures have been obtained by a best-fit analysis,where the experimental approach curves are fitted to the theoretical simulated curves.A sharp change has been observe for heterogeneous rate constants around the freezing point of the aqueous phase,which reflects the phase transition process.     

Investigation of the kinetic mechanism of the demanganization reaction between carbon-saturated liquid iron and CaF2-CaO-SiO2-based slags

The demanganization reaction kinetics of carbon-saturated liquid iron with an eight-component slag consisting of CaO-SiO₂-MgO-FeO-MnO-Al₂O₃-TiO₂-CaF₂ was investigated at 1553, 1623, and 1673 K in this study. The rate-controlling step (RCS) for the demanganization reaction with regard to the hot metal pretreatment conditions was studied via kinetics analysis based on the fundamental equation of heterogeneous reaction kinetics. From the temperature dependence of the mass transfer coefficient of a transition-metal oxide (MnO), the apparent activation energy of the demanganization reaction was estimated to be 189.46 kJ·mol-1 in the current study, which indicated that the mass transfer of MnO in the molten slag controlled the overall rate of the demanganization reaction. The calculated apparent activation energy was slightly lower than the values reported in the literature for mass transfer in a slag phase. This difference was attributed to an increase in the "specific reaction interface" (SRI) value, either as a result of turbulence at the reaction interface or a decrease of the absolute amount of slag phase during sampling, and to the addition of calcium fluoride to the slag.     

Giant magneto-impedance and low-frequency magneto-resistance effect in NiFeB coated composite wires

Composite wires of 100 μm insulated CuBewire plated with a layer of NiFeB were produced by elec-troless-deposition, and their magnetic properties were stud-led. The results showed that a good magneto-impedance (MI)effect can be obtained at relatively low frequency. The largestMI ratio (△Z/Z)max obtained is 250% at 500 kHz. Mag-neto-resistance effect was also observed at low frequency,with the (△R/R)max observed to be -8.5% at 540 Hz and 38.7% at 10 kHz. Results are discussed, and the equivalent resistance and inductance as the result of the NiFeB layer are taken into account.     

Analysis of contact melting around a horizontal elliptical cylinder heat source

The process of △T-driven contact melting of the solid phase change material (PCM) around an horizontal elliptical cylinder heat source is analyzed. Aiming at the problem existed in the published literature, namely the thickness of boundary layer tends to be infinite at = 90o, and considering the difference of normal angle between the horizontal elliptical cylinder surface and the solid-liquid interface of PCM, a new mathematic model is proposed, and the fundamental equations for the melting process are derived with the film theory. The new pressure distribution inside the boundary layer, the variation law of normal angle of the solid-liquid interface, the thickness of the boundary layer and the relationship between the melting velocity and resultant force are obtained. The solutions of the fundamental equations under different elliptical compression coefficients are analyzed and discussed. It is found that the thickness of the boundary layer obtained by the new model is a finite value and accords with the experimental result at = 90o.     

Mn evaporation and denitrification behaviors of molten Mn steel in the vacuum refining with slag process

Considering the precise composition control on the vacuum refining of high-Mn steel, the behaviors of both Mn evaporation and nitrogen removal from molten Mn steel were investigated via vacuum slag refining in a vacuum induction furnace. It was found that the reaction interfaces of denitrification and Mn evaporation tend to migrate from the surface of slag layer to the surface of molten steel with the gradual exposure of molten steel during the vacuum slag refining process. Significantly, compared with the experimental group without slag addition, the addition of slag into steel can result in a lower Mn evaporation rate constant of 0.0192 cm·min~(-1) at 370 Pa, while the denitrification rate is almost not affected. Besides, the slag has a stronger inhibitory effect on Mn evaporation than the reduced vacuum pressure. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the slag layer on Mn evaporation can be weakened with the increase of the initial Mn content in molten steel. The slag layer can work as an inhibitory layer to reduce the Mn evaporation from molten steel, the evaporation reaction of Mn mainly proceeds on the surface of the molten steel. This may be attributed to the Mn mass transfer coefficient for one of reaction at steel/slag interface, mass transfer in molten slag, and evaporation reaction at slag/gas interface is lower than that of evaporation reaction at steel/gas interface. The introduction of slag is proposed for both denitrification and manganese control during the vacuum refining process of Mn steels.     

Investigation of the kinetic mechanism of the demanganization reaction between carbon-saturated liquid iron and CaF_2–CaO–SiO_2-based slags

The demanganization reaction kinetics of carbon-saturated liquid iron with an eight-component slag consisting of CaO–SiO_2–MgO–FeO–MnO–Al_2O_3–TiO_2–CaF_2 was investigated at 1553, 1623, and 1673 K in this study. The rate-controlling step(RCS) for the demanganization reaction with regard to the hot metal pretreatment conditions was studied via kinetics analysis based on the fundamental equation of heterogeneous reaction kinetics. From the temperature dependence of the mass transfer coefficient of a transition-metal oxide(Mn O), the apparent activation energy of the demanganization reaction was estimated to be 189.46 k J·mol~(–1) in the current study, which indicated that the mass transfer of Mn O in the molten slag controlled the overall rate of the demanganization reaction. The calculated apparent activation energy was slightly lower than the values reported in the literature for mass transfer in a slag phase. This difference was attributed to an increase in the "specific reaction interface"(SRI) value, either as a result of turbulence at the reaction interface or a decrease of the absolute amount of slag phase during sampling, and to the addition of calcium fluoride to the slag.     

Dynamic mass variation and multiphase interaction among steel,slag, lining refractory and nonmetallic inclusions: Laboratory experiments and mathematical prediction

The mass transfer among the multiphase interactions among the steel, slag, lining refractory, and nonmetallic inclusions during the refining process of a bearing steel was studied using laboratory experiments and numerical kinetic prediction. Experiments on the system with and without the slag phase were carried out to evaluate the influence of the refractory and the slag on the mass transfer. A mathematical model coupled the ion and molecule coexistence theory, coupled-reaction model, and the surface renewal theory was established to predict the dynamic mass transfer and composition transformation of the steel, the slag, and nonmetallic inclusions in the steel. During the refining process,Al_2 O_3 inclusions transformed into Mg O inclusions owing to the mass transfer of [Mg] at the steel/refractory interface and(Mg O) at the slag/refractory interface. Most of the aluminum involved in the transport entered the slag and a small part of the aluminum transferred to lining refractory, forming the Al_2 O_3 or Mg O·Al_2 O_3. The slag had a significant acceleration effect on the mass transfer. The mass transfer rate(or the reaction rate) of the system with the slag was approximately 5 times larger than that of the system without the slag. In the first 20 min of the refining, rates of magnesium mass transfer at the steel/inclusion interface, steel/refractory interface, and steel/slag interface were x, 1.1 x, and 2.2 x,respectively. The composition transformation of inclusions and the mass transfer of magnesium and aluminum in the steel were predicted with an acceptable accuracy using the established kinetic model.     

Experimental observation of deep crust fluid-NaCl aqueous solution at elevated temperatures and pressures and its significance

In order to reveal the nature of deep crust fluids, the phase relations of NaCI-saturat-ed solution at high temperatures and pressures in a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) are investigated. Salinity of the solutions observed is about 35%-50% . The temperatures for the observation range from 25 to 850℃ and the pressures from 1 atm to about 1 GPa. A supercritical single phase, liquid phase (L), vapor phase (V), solid phase (H), L+H, H + V+L and the near-critical phases L + V can be observed. A two-phase (L + V) immiscibility field for the NaCI solution has been discovered to lie in a wide range of temperatures and pressures: from 250( ±3) to 721℃. Within this field there are two parts, where the upper high temperature part of the two-phase regions is very unstable in character. It is possible to observe a "critical phenomenon". In some of our experiments an "explosion" almost constantly occurred at the interface between the liquid and vapor phases, making the interface obscure, and a continuous transition between the two phases could be found. By a visual microscope it was found that in the two-phase immiscible field near to the critical state the vapor phase and liquid phase compose a crystal structure geometry. It is a special solution structure that was found under a microscope. This discovery is important for us to understand the reason of increasing electronic conductivity of NaCI aqueous solution with respect to temperatures and pressures. And also, it will be easy to interpret the variation of electronic conductivity in the earth crust.     

An improvement to the data processing course of electrochemical impedance technique

For some electrochemical systems the traditional data processing methods can not be met, so it is necessary to develop a new method to deal with these problems. When processing the electrochemical AC impedance data of titanium alloy TAl2 in 3% NaCl solution (at free corrosion potential, room temperature) a new method is developed which can detach the information of the interface resistance demonstrably from the interface capacitance. The results show that the interface resistance and capacitance are all functions of frequency. And the AC impedance of the resistance and capacitance obey the following relations:C(f)=104.01982 f-0.9292,R(f)=104.80011 (f+0.008)-0.90897, which is completely different from the traditional conception that the interface resistance and capacitance are constants. And this phenomenon is ubiquitous in titanium alloys according to the study. So perhaps it is an innate characteristic of interface.     

含锰钢液在真空有渣精炼过程中的锰蒸发和脱氮行为研究

Considering the precise composition control on the vacuum refining of high-Mn steel, the behaviors of both Mn evaporation and nitrogen removal from molten Mn steel were investigated via vacuum slag refining in a vacuum induction furnace. It was found that the reaction interfaces of denitrification and Mn evaporation tend to migrate from the surface of slag layer to the surface of molten steel with the gradual exposure of molten steel during the vacuum slag refining process. Significantly, compared with the experimental group without slag addition, the addition of slag into steel can result in a lower Mn evaporation rate constant of 0.0192 cm·min?1 at 370 Pa, while the denitrification rate is almost not affected. Besides, the slag has a stronger inhibitory effect on Mn evaporation than the reduced vacuum pressure. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the slag layer on Mn evaporation can be weakened with the increase of the initial Mn content in molten steel. The slag layer can work as an inhibitory layer to reduce the Mn evaporation from molten steel, the evaporation reaction of Mn mainly proceeds on the surface of the molten steel. This may be attributed to the Mn mass transfer coefficient for one of reaction at steel/slag interface, mass transfer in molten slag, and evaporation reaction at slag/gas interface is lower than that of evaporation reaction at steel/gas interface. The introduction of slag is proposed for both denitrification and manganese control during the vacuum refining process of Mn steels.     

THE TRANSFER OF ALKALINE EARTH-METAL ION AT W／NB INTERFACE FACILITATED BY JOSAMYCIN

This paper describes the investigation of the transfer behaviour of the alkaline earth-metal cations across the water/nitrobenzene interface facilitated by josamycin in the nitrobenzene phase using semi-differential cyclic voltammetry. The peak height is directly proportional to the concentration of josamycin (nb) and to the potential scan rate. The complexes formed from alkaline earth-metal ions and josamycin at the w/nb interface are ML_2~(2+) ion.     

Some effects of interface on fluid flow and heat transfer on micro- and nanoscale

The interfacial effects on flow and heat transfer on micro/nano scale are discussed in this paper. Different from bulk cases where interfaces can be simply treated as a boundary, the interfacial effects are not limited to the interface on a microscale but could extend into a significant, even the whole domain of the flow and heat transfer field when the characteristic size of the domain is close to the mean free path （MFP） of the carriers inside an object. Most of microscale thermal phenomena result from interfacial interactions. Any changes in the interactions between the object and boundary particles, such as the force between fluid and solid wall particles, microstructure of interfaces, could affect thermal properties, flow and heat transfer characteristics and hence change thermal conductivity, velocity and temperature profiles, friction coefficient and thermal radiative properties, etc. The properties of nanostructure or flow and heat transfer features of fluid in micro/nanostructures not only depend on themselves, but also on the interaction with the interface because the interface impact can go deep inside the flow. The same fluid, same channel geometry but different wall materials could have different flow and heat transport characteristics on microscale.     

A liquid helium temperature target with a 10 K vapor shield for shock compression experiment in the environment condition of 100 Pa

The shock compression experiment of liquid helium is an available way to gain properties of specimen at high temperatures and pressures.Based on Fluent,a thermal insulation analysis and design of a liquid helium temperature target in the environment condition of 100 Pa for shock compression experiment is performed.Then,a cryogenic target with a 10 K helium vapor shield and a separated vacuum interval is particularly developed.A lowest temperature of 3.63 K and a stable temperature of 3.70 K in the specimen cavity with an accuracy of 0.1 K are obtained by means of continuous flow and vacuum cooling.Both time-consuming and temperature stability are well-suited to the requirements of the shock compression experiment.The results show that the calculated and experimental data well-matched each other.The simulation method may be effective and feasible for the optimal design of the cryogenic target.     

Effects of Ca(Y)-Si modifier on interface morphology and solute segregation during directional solidification of an austenite medium Mn steel

The austenite medium Mn steel modified with controlled additions of Ca, Y, Si were directionally solidified using the vertical Bridgman method to study the effects of Ca(Y)-Si modifier on the solid-liquid (S-L) interface morphology and solute segregation. The interface morphology and the C and Mn segregation of the steel directionally solidified at 6.9 μm/s were investigated with an image analysis and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The 0.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel is solidified with a planar S-L interface. The interface of the 1.0wt% Ca-Si modified steel is similar to that of the 0.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel, but with larger nodes. The 1.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel displays a cellular growth parttern. The S-L interface morphology of the 0.5wt% Ca-Si+1.0wt% Y-Si modified Mn steel appears as dendritic interface, and primary austenite dendrites reveal developed lateral branching at the quenched liquid. In the meantime, the independent austenite colonies are formed ahead of the S-L interface. A mechanism involving constitutional supercooling explains the S-L interface evolution. It depends mainly on the difference in the contents of Ca, Y, and Si ahead of the S-L interface. The segregation of C and Mn ahead of the S-L interface enhanced by the modifiers is observed.     

Investigation of electron transfer across the ice/liquid interface by scanning electro- chemical microscopy

Charge transfer across a liquid/liquid (L/L) interface is not only related to chemical sensors, drug delivery and phase transfer catalysis, but also significant for mimicking biological membranes[1—3]. The thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanism regarding of this type of heterogeneous transfer process have been intensively investigated in the past three decades. An external potential is usually applied to polarizing the interface in the case of conventional electrochemistry at L/L interfaces.…     

An analytical solution to contaminant advection and dispersion through a GCL/AL liner system

An one-dimensional model for contaminant advection and dispersion through a GCL/AL liner system was developed to analyze the equivalence between a GCL(geosynthetic clay liner) and a CCL(compacted clay liner).The continuity of contaminant concentration and flux at the interface between the GCL and the underlying attenuation liner(AL) are obeyed in the model,and background concentrations in the soil liner are also considered.Based on the assumption that contaminant transport through a GCL was a steady state process,an analytical solution was obtained.Increasing the leachate head from 0.3 m to 10 m results in a reduction of the breakthrough time of benzene by a factor of 2.7.The breakthrough time of benzene increases by a factor of 7.0 when the hydraulic conductivity of GCL decreases by one order of magnitude.The breakthrough curves are more sensitive to the hydraulic conductivities of the GCL and AL(attenuation layer) than to the thickness of the AL.The standard 75 cm CCL can be replaced by a combination of a GCL and a 1.0-4.0 m thickness of AL.The proposed method can be used for preliminary design of GCL composite liners,assessing the equivalence between GCL and CCL,preliminary design of a remediation method for contaminated soils,and evaluating experimental results.     

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF MAGNETICALLY RESPONSIVE MICROCAPSULES OF THE DRUG FOR INJECTION USE

Microcapsules consisting of human serum albumin, magnetite and a prototype drug (5-fluroouracil) are obtained from emulsion by heat-stabilization. The most probable diametre of the magnet-sensitive microcapsules is 0.15 pm. The microcapsules satisfy the requirement of the magnetic carrier of drugs for the use of injection from the view points of size and shape. Flowing in an aqueous suspension, the microcapsules can be retained easily by the control of a magnetic field. The drug can be released gradually from the microcapsules when they are in physiological saline. The microcapsules prepared at the stabilization temperature of 200C have the least variable of permeation property. A structure model of the microcapsules has been proposed.     

A tubular focused sonochemistry reactor

This paper presents a new sonochemistry reactor, which consists of a cylindrical tube with a certain length and piezoelectric transducers at tube’s end with the longitudinal vibration. The tube can effectively transform the longitudinal vibration into the radial vibration and thereby generates ultrasound. Furthermore, ultrasound can be focused to form high-intensity ultrasonic field inside tube. The reactor boasts of simple structure and its whole vessel wall can radiate ultrasound so that the electroacoustic transfer efficiency is high. The focused ultrasonic field provides good condition for sonochemical reaction. The length of the reactor can be up to 2 meters, and liquids can pass through it continuously, so it can be widely applied in liquid processing such as sonochemistry.