海滨锦葵杂交后代的RAPD分析

报道了海滨锦葵植物基因组DNA的提取方法、RAPD(随机扩增多态性)-PCR(聚合酶链式反应)反应程序及RAPD标记对海滨锦葵两对组合亲本及其杂交后代进行的分子鉴定.初筛出的38个引物中有20个(52.6%)能在J2×J1组合亲本间扩增出31条特征带,初筛出的32个引物中有8个能在J3×J4组合亲本间扩增出12条特征带.组合J2×J1的8个杂交后代用OPB15引物扩增后均表现出父本J2的特征带,是真杂种;组合J3×J4的28个后代用引物OPB15扩增后,表现父本特征带的F1代个体数为24个,为真杂种,其余4个为假杂种.     

松属树种种苗鉴定中AFLP指纹技术的研究

AFLP(扩增片段长度多态性)标记技术是高效而可靠的标记技术之一，特别对于那些基因组序列信息很少的物种更为有效。笔对基因组较大的松属树种的AFLP实验程序进行了优化，提供了松树树种AFLP分析中DNA酶切、引物连接、预扩增及选择性扩增的优化实验程序。结果显示．预扩增反应中利用选择碱基数不同的预扩增引物(E/M 1，E／M-2)制备的模板对后续的选择性扩增结果没有显影响；在选择性扩增反应中，对碱基数目选择进行了细致的优化．分别测试了15个E-3M-3引物组合，6个E 4/M 3引物组合及15个E 3/M 4引物组合。对于有相同选择碱基数的引物．扩增结果随选择碱基的组合不同而有较大差异。据总的扩增结果发现，选择碱基增加时．扩增谱带数明显减少，谱带清晰度增加，即当选择碱基增加到E引物末端时(M十4／E 3)，大多数引物组合的扩增谱带数要比选择碱基增加到M引物末端(E 3/M 4)的引物组合扩出的谱带数少且带型清晰。总体来看，E 4/M 3的引物组合比较适合于松属树种的AFLP分析。笔还利用单株树种子的胚乳组织对AFLP标记的遗传方式进行了研究，在所用的两个引物组合获得的标记中，约有30％左右的分离标记．分离标记中偏分离比例约为6％。另外．选用3个松属树种对选出的14个AFLP引物组合进行的验证显示，这些组合在不同种间均获得了较好的扩增结果．说明在不同松属树种中筛选出的引物组合可以为其它松属树种AFLP分析引物组合的选择提供借鉴。     

K型和冈型水稻线粒体DNA的AFLP分析

用264个随机引物(E11,M24)对K型和冈型水稻(Oryza sativa L.)的不育系、保持系和F1代线粒体DNA进行AFLP分析,共筛选到了37对扩增效果较好的引物,显示出9条可能与K型水稻雄性不育相关的差异带,3条可能与冈型水稻雄性不育相关的差异带.其中引物组合E10M8(EcoR Ⅰ-ATA×Mse Ⅰ-AGC)扩增后,K型和冈型水稻不育系、F1代几乎在750 bp左右的位置都同时表现出了差异条带而在保持系相应位置表现为缺失,它与"缺陷型不育"假设一致.由此证明了K型和冈型水稻不育系线粒体DNA的特异性及其与雄性不育的相关性,为回收克隆等后续工作奠定了基础.     

丁鱼岁遗传多样性的随机扩增多态性DNA分析

利用RAPD分子标记技术对15个丁鱼岁养殖个体的遗传多样性进行分析.选用20个随机引物对其基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,有16个引物可以扩增出稳定且清晰的条带,其中S103、S104和S105为多态引物.16个引物共扩增出65个DNA位点,片段大小在200~3 000 bp之间,其中多态性位点6个,多态位点比例为9.23%.个体间遗传距离在0~0.067 4之间,平均遗传距离为0.028 6.结果显示,丁鱼岁养殖群体的遗传多样性水平较低.     

扁桃基因组DNA的制备和AFLP技术体系的建立

AFLP技术对DNA模板的质量要求较高。桃属果树扁桃的叶片含有较高的糖分、多酚类等物质,基因组DNA的纯化比较繁琐。笔者采用3×CTAB缓冲液提取基因组DNA,并加以纯化,使DNA质量达到AFLP技术的要求。在AFLP分析中,筛选出合适的引物组合:采用E+3/M+3选择性引物组合时,扩增条带少;改用E+2/M+3引物组合后,扩增产物主要分布在600～100bp内,且扩增条带数目适中,多态性适宜,电泳图谱清晰。     

山羊与岩羊间特异RAPD片段分析

在两组40个随机引物中，筛选出16个重复性好的多态引物，对山羊与岩羊闻RAPD片段分析表明，16个引物扩增出67条带，其中54条带表现多态，多态率80．60％，山羊各群体共有条带为23条，山羊和岩羊共有条带为13条，岩羊有4条特异带，不同引物所扩增出的片段在各群体中分布频率不同．岩羊特异RAPD片段，OPA-10724的序列与人类全基因组比较，同源的短序列较多，最太长度为86bp，唯有30bp的长度与绵羊ZFZ基因和牛ZFY基因内含子同源。     

几种鹤性别的分子生物学鉴定

以RAAV01和RAAV02两条随机核苷酸加聚体为引物,通过随机扩增片段多态DNA的方法,在白头鹤,白枕鹤,丹顶鹤等3种4对不同个体中,发现一条约300bp的雌性个性特异带,并应用这一方法成功地鉴别了未知性别的丹顶鹤个体,同时参照已知动物CHD基因序列的设计合成CHD基因引物,采用PCR方法在丹顶鹤雌性个体中扩增出一条206bp的片段,序列分析表明,该序列与已知其他鸟类CHD－W,CHD－Z基因的编码区和内含子区都有较高的同源性。     

利用扩增片断长度多态性技术分析长江刀鲚的遗传多样性

利用AFLP技术对我国长汀南京潜州江段捕获的野生刀鲚(Coilia nasus)资源的遗传多样性进行了分析.筛选出扩增片段多、条带清晰的3对EcoR I/Mse I引物组合,在34尾个体中共扩增出118条清晰的片段,分子量大小在200～1500bp之间,其中多态位点67个,多态性比例为56.78%.种群Nei基因多样性指数为0.2183,Shannon多样性指数为0.3204;种群内遗传距离在0.1263～0.4012之间,显示目前长江刀鲚野生群体的遗传多样性比较丰富.     

65个菊花栽培品种遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用AFLP技术, 对65个菊花品种进行了遗传多样性分析.选用6对多态性高、分辨力强的引物组合分别对供试材料的基因组DNA进行扩增, 共获得244条清晰可辨的谱带, 其中多态性带178条, 多态位点百分率达72.95%,揭示了菊花栽培种质丰富的遗传多样性.对AFLP扩增结果采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,多数瓣型相同的菊花种质表现出较为密切的亲缘关系,地域来源与聚类结果也有一定程度的相关性,而花色与聚类结果无明显的相关性.     

用流式细胞仪和RAPD快速鉴定柑橘体细胞杂种

利用流式细胞仪和随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）方法对获得的3例柑橘体细胞杂种进行鉴定,结果表明,两者相结合可快速有效地鉴定体细胞杂种．所检测的3个组合共9株再生植株,有8株是四倍体体细胞杂种,1株为二倍体叶肉亲本型杂种．体细胞杂种一般表现为具有双亲的特征带,且综合双亲的所有带,但在部分杂种中检测到了双亲都没有的新带,也发现有丢失亲本的特征带或共有带的现象,说明融合后染色体发生了重组和交换;有的引物只检测到叶肉亲本的特征带,根据柑橘叶肉细胞无论单独培养还是共培养均不能再生的事实,可推测其为体细胞杂种或二倍体叶肉亲本型胞质杂种．对这两种方法相结合用于体细胞杂种鉴定的可行性进行了讨论．     

Cloning and evolutionary analysis of cyclin B gene introns in cyprinids with different ploidy levels

Partial fragments of the cyclin B gene from triploid, tetraploid, and pentaploid hybrids of red crucian carp × blunt snout bream, blunt snout bream, grass carp, silver carp, and bighead carp were amplified. One DNA fragment was amplified from the blunt snout bream, grass carp, silver carp, and bighead carp (750, 950, 720, and 720 bp, respectively). Two fragments (1200 and 900 bp) were amplified from the red crucian carp, common carp, and allotetraploids. The triploid and pentaploid hybrids yielded three DNA fragments (1200, 900, and 750 bp). The 1200 bp fragment of the allotetraploid crucian carp, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid hybrids of red crucian carp × blunt snout bream shared 99.5%, 98.9%, 99.5%, and 88.7% homology, respectively, with the maternal DNA. The 900 bp fragment shared 97.5%, 94.6%, 94.2%, and 89.9% homology, respectively. Our results suggest that inheritance is maternally dominated. Furthermore, we observed preferential elimination of the paternal sequences in the allotetraploid hybrids. Based on these sequence analyses we constructed a phylogenetic tree to explain the relationships among the different ploidy levels.     

石刁柏雄性连锁的AFLP及SCAR标记的建立

目的:对石刁柏雌雄株基因组差异进行分析,筛选雄性或雌性连锁的分子标记.方法:利用限制性片段长度多态性技术,设计了多个引物组合,分别对石刁柏雌雄株基因组进行扩增.结果:在使用的72个引物组合中,引物组合E-AAG+M-CAT从雄性基因组中扩增出了一个雄性连锁的标记(MLDA555),该序列长度为555bp,AT含量为59%.Blast检索未发现相似序列.根据该片段序列设计的引物将该标记转化为雄性连锁的大小为523bp的稳定的SCAR标记,经过不同基因型雄性个体的验证证明该标记广泛存在于不同基因型石刁柏雄性个体中.结论:通过AFLP扩增筛选得到了石刁柏雄性连锁的AFLP和SCAR标记,为石刁柏性别决定机制的理解及石刁柏的分子标记辅助育种提供理论资料和技术支持.     

Construction of AFLP-based genetic linkage maps for the Chinese shrimp Fenneropaeneus chinensis

Fenneropaeneus chinensis is an important species in marine fishery resources and aquaculture in China. A genetic linkage map is essential for improving the efficiency of its breeding by marker-as- sisted selection and identifying commercially important genes. Linkage maps of F. chinensis were constructed with an F2 mapping population (110 progenies) using amplified fragment length polymor- phic (AFLP) marker in this study. Fifty-five AFLP primer combinations produced 532 AFLP markers fitting for map strategy in mapping family. The markers with 3:1 segregating ratios were analyzed using F2 intercross model for the common linkage map, while the markers with 1:1 ratio were analyzed using the pseudo-testcross strategy. The maps of male, female and common were constructed. The female map included 103 markers that formed 28 linkage groups, covering a total length of 1090 cM. All mark- ers were linked with the linkage groups. Segregation distortion was observed for 6 of 103 markers in the female map. The average distance between markers was 14.53 cM and ranged from 4.4 to 24.8 cM. The male map included 144 markers that formed 35 linkage groups. Ten markers remained unlinked in male map. Segregation distortion was observed for 7 of 144 markers in the male map. The total dis- tance of male map covered 1617 cM. The average distance between markers was 16.36 cM. The male map was 32.6% longer than the female map, which may reflect sex-specific recombination rates in Chinese shrimp. The common map was composed of 216 markers, including in 44 linkage groups covering a total distance of 1772.1 cM. Two markers remained unlinked. No distorted markers of 216 markers were shown in the common map. The distance between markers was 10.42 cM. An average estimated genome size for the Chinese shrimp was 2420 cM, which was consistent with the relative size of the Penaeid genome. The distribution of AFLP markers was relatively even in chromosomes of Chi- nese shrimp maps. The linkage analysis presented in this work provided some insight into the level of polymorphism and genetic variation of Chinese shrimp.     

银鲫人工杂交试验中雄核发育现象的RAPD实验证据

以随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术为手段，对生野鲫，雄性异育银鲫及其杂交ＦＩ代（选择性状接近父本的５％Ｆ１代），父本回交Ｆ１你进行了遗传多态分析，从１５０个随机序列引物中筛选得到９种引物，并用它们可得到３６个用作遗传标记的ＲＡＰＤ多态性条带，其中的２２条父本显性条带均遗传子代，而１４条母本性条带则均未被遗传子代，对两亲本和子代中的ＲＡＰＤ标记条带的分布情况及相似系数分析，以及聚类分析结果均支持     

中国明对虾与5种虾类线粒体16S rRNA和COI基因片段的序列比较及其系统学初步研究

采用PCR扩增和序列测定等技术,对中国明对虾（Fennerpenaeus chinem如）线粒体DNA16S rRNA和细胞色素氧化酶I（COI）基因片段进行了初步研究,分别得到16S rRNA和COI 2个基因片段的碱基序列,其中16S rRNA基因片段的大小为515bp,碱基A＋T,G＋C的组成分别为66．47％和33．53％;COI基因片段的大小为472bp,碱基A＋T,G＋C的组成分别为62．50％和37．29％．在2种基因片段中,AT的组成明显高于GC的组成,这与果蝇、虾类、蟹类等无脊椎动物的16S rRNA和COI基因片段的研究结果相似．通过对中国明对虾16S rRNA和COI 2个基因片段遗传特征的研究,16S rRNA只有8处核苷酸的碱基在4个群体间表现出差异,COI基因片段中共检测出24个多态性核苷酸位点,其种内变异较低。另外,将本研究所得序列与GenBank中对虾科5个种的16S rRNA基因片段序列进行比较后,发现其聚类关系与传统分类相一致．     

红花性状标记杂交棉新品种鲁05H9 SSR指纹图谱构建及应用

利用SSR分子标记技术对红花标记杂交棉新品种鲁05H9及其亲本材料进行多态性检测,从多态性高、重复性好的98对SSR核心引物中筛选出12对在双亲间具有多态性的引物、在F1中表现为杂合带的共显性标记。利用该12对引物构建了鲁05H9及其亲本的SSR指纹图谱。利用核心引物组合扩增的方法,可以鉴定鲁05H9的真实性和纯度,对于品种保护、纯度鉴定及杂交种推广具有极其重要的意义。     

马氏珠母贝与解氏珠母贝的随机扩增多态DNA分析

用OPM组20种碱基随机引物对采自海南洋浦的马氏珠母贝（Pincada martensii）和解氏珠母贝（P.chemmitri）天然群体进行RAPD分析,其中6种引物扩增有效,这6种引物对马氏珠母贝和解氏珠母贝的总扩增带数分别为52条和58条。每一引物的扩增带数为3～16条,同一引物对两种贝类的扩增带数不同（OPM19B除外）,对两贝类的扩增带型也有较大差异。群体内的各个个体（实验个体为10个）RAPD扩增带谱全部呈多态,表明在同一群体中,各个体存在着明显的个体特征带,由于样品数量及引物数均少,2种贝类各自种群的共同特征尚未能确定。     

Construction of AFLP-based genetic linkage maps for the Chinese shrimp Fenneropaeneus chinensis

Fenneropaeneus chinensis is an important species in marine fishery resources and aquaculture in China. A genetic linkage map is essential for improving the efficiency of its breeding by marker-assisted selection and identifying commercially important genes. Linkage maps of F. chinensis were constructed with an F2 mapping population （110 progenies） using amplified fragment length polymorphic （AFLP） marker in this study. Fifty-five AFLP primer combinations produced 532 AFLP markers fitting for map strategy in mapping family. The markers with 3：1 segregating ratios were analyzed using F2 intercross model for the common linkage map, while the markers with 1：1 ratio were analyzed using the pseudo-testcross strategy. The maps of male, female and common were constructed. The female map included 103 markers that formed 28 linkage groups, covering a total length of 1090 cM. All markers were linked with the linkage groups. Segregation distortion was observed for 6 of 103 markers in the female map. The average distance between markers was 14.53 cM and ranged from 4.4 to 24.8 cM. The male map included 144 markers that formed 35 linkage groups. Ten markers remained unlinked in male map. Segregation distortion was observed for 7 of 144 markers in the male map. The total distance of male map covered 1617 cM. The average distance between markers was 16.36 cM. The male map was 32.6% longer than the female map, which may reflect sex-specific recombination rates in Chinese shrimp. The common map was composed of 216 markers, including in 44 linkage groups covering a total distance of 1772.1 cM. Two markers remained unlinked. No distorted markers of 216 markers were shown in the common map. The distance between markers was 10.42 cM. An average estimated genome size for the Chinese shrimp was 2420 cM, which was consistent with the relative size of the Penaeid genome. The distribution of AFLP markers was relatively even in chromosomes of Chinese shrimp maps. The linkage analysis presented in this work provided some insight     

滩羊体大品系遗传标记的研究

采用RAPD(Rondom Amplified Polymorphic DNA)技术,利用混合基因池(DNA pool)法,对滩羊体大品系、普通品系进行了DNA多态性分析,从100种具有10个碱基的随机引物中,筛选出84种引物在滩羊群体基因组中共扩增出358条带,其中22种引物的扩增产物表现为多态(占22％),且扩增出32条有差异的条带,占总带数的8.94％;62种引物的扩增产物表现为单态(占62％)。滩羊体大品系的特异性条带有5条,而普通品系的特异性条带有7条,这些特异标记可以用来鉴定滩羊的两个品系;滩羊体大品系与普通品系间的遗传距离为0.136±0.087,表明两品系之间的亲缘关系很近。     

短枝木麻黄地理种源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD分子标记对35个短枝木麻黄（Casuarina equise fifolia）种源的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了分析．15个随机引物共扩增了出201条DNA带．其中148条为多态性带，占73．63％．平均每个引物扩增出9．9条多态性带．种源的Shannon’s多样性指数为0．4354，Nei’s基因多样度为0．2884，表明短枝木麻黄种源的遗传多样性水平较高．35个种源彼此的遗传距离在0．0884～0．7539之间，平均0．4045．经过UPGMA聚类分析将35个种源划分为A、B、C、D、E、F6个类群。其中A群5个种源，B群17个种源，C群4个种源．D群2个种源，E群1个种源．F群6个种源．