西江流域气候变化下未来时期降雨的时空变化

珠江流域是岭南地区最大的流域,西江流域为珠江的主要支流.西江流域未来时期年最大降雨与年均降雨的变化会影响未来时期的极端洪水与水资源短缺情况,但是相关研究较少.该研究基于国际多模型比较计划ISIMIP2b数据,对西江流域未来时期年最大降雨与年均降雨进行研究.研究发现,年最大与年均降雨在RCP 8.5与RCP 4.5场景下...     

Human contribution to more-intense precipitation extremes

Extremes of weather and climate can have devastating effects on human society and the environment. Understanding past changes in the characteristics of such events, including recent increases in the intensity of heavy precipitation events over a large part of the Northern Hemisphere land area, is critical for reliable projections of future changes. Given that atmospheric water-holding capacity is expected to increase roughly exponentially with temperature--and that atmospheric water content is increasing in accord with this theoretical expectation--it has been suggested that human-influenced global warming may be partly responsible for increases in heavy precipitation. Because of the limited availability of daily observations, however, most previous studies have examined only the potential detectability of changes in extreme precipitation through model-model comparisons. Here we show that human-induced increases in greenhouse gases have contributed to the observed intensification of heavy precipitation events found over approximately two-thirds of data-covered parts of Northern Hemisphere land areas. These results are based on a comparison of observed and multi-model simulated changes in extreme precipitation over the latter half of the twentieth century analysed with an optimal fingerprinting technique. Changes in extreme precipitation projected by models, and thus the impacts of future changes in extreme precipitation, may be underestimated because models seem to underestimate the observed increase in heavy precipitation with warming.     

Spatial and temporal variations of light rain events over China and the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere

Based on observed daily precipitation data, monthly gridded radiosonde upper air temperature and sea surface temperature data from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre, monthly surface air temperature from the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia and the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data, this study investigates the spatial and temporal variations of light rain events over China and the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during 1961-2010, and discusses the relationship between the change of light rain events and atmospheric stability, sea surface temperature and atmospheric circulation. The light rain events over East China display a decreasing trend of 3.0%/10 a in summer and winter half years. Over Northwest China, an increasing trend of 4.1%/10 a is found in winter half years, but there is no trend in summer half years. Using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, it is found that the first two principal components of light rain events over the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere show long time scale variations in summer and winter half years. The first EOF modes (EOF1s) for summer and winter half years both depict a long-term increase in light rain events over North America and Southern Europe as well as Northwest China (except in summer half years), and a long-term decrease over most of the Eurasia (Central Europe, Eastern Europe, North Asia and East China). The second EOF mode (EOF2) for summer half year shows that light rain events increase over North America, Southern Europe and South China, but decrease over Eurasia north of 45°N from 1961 to early 1980s, while the trends reverse from late 1980s to 2010. The second EOF mode (EOF2) for winter half years indicates that light rain events increase over North America and South and North China, but decrease over Eurasia north of 40°N from 1961 to early 1980s, while the trends reverse from late 1980s to 2009. Correlation analysis and linear regression analysis suggest that EOF1s may be related to the change in atmospheric static stability associated with global warming, and EOF2s are possibly linked to the AMO.     

前汛期惠州市强降水气候突变及其环流特征分析

 惠州市地处气候年际变化显著的东亚季风区,近几十年来前汛期强降水事件频繁,尤其自20世纪90年代以来有很多暴雨灾害发生。为了客观地分析惠州前汛期强降水事件的异常情况,利用1967-2009年惠州市降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了前汛期惠州强降水的气候变化及其环流特征。结果表明：前汛期惠州市总降水量和暴雨量大,暴雨日数多;它们的年际变化一致,无明显趋势变化。但自1990年代中期至今,强降水异常有增多且强化的趋势。进一步对比惠州前汛期强降水异常事件突变前后的环流特征,强降水偏多（少）年,突变前后低纬地区均呈现偏南（东北）气流异常,而引起强降水偏多（少）年突变的环流形势差异,主要表现为突变后冷空气作用明显,低层北风分量增强;突变前后物理量的差异则主要表现为,突变后强降水偏多年高、低层散度梯度加大,垂直上升运动偏强,对流性不稳定加大,强降水偏少年上述物理量的变化相反;以上差异特征均导致突变后强降水偏多年更易引发或加剧强降水异常,强降水偏少年更不易于强降水的发生。     

未来气候变化情景下湖北省极端降水的人口暴露分析

基于湖北省历史灾情数据构建受灾率与雨强、人均GDP的回归模型,选取RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下的日降水数据及对应SSPs路径下的人口和GDP资料,分析了湖北省不同时期极端降水事件、人口及人口暴露度的时空分布特征及变化情况. 结果表明:受灾率与雨强、人均GDP都存在着显著的相关性（P < 0.01）。通过构建受灾率模型,使之能够更加准确地刻画人口暴露情况。湖北省的极端降水事件在空间上自东南向西北递减,且整体强度随时间变化而增加;湖北省人口总数整体东密西疏,SSP3路径始终高于SSP2;人均GDP分布由武汉向四周递减,随时间快速增长,SSP2路径下的值始终大于SSP3;湖北省极端降水人口暴露度的高值中心,随时间变化向南向东发展,同时由于人均GDP的快速增长,设防水平大幅提升,人口总量减少,暴露总量不断减少,RCP8.5情景下,极端降水人口暴露度和暴露总量始终高于RCP4.5情景,并在未来中期时差距加大.      

2008年4月8日开封市大～暴雨过程分析

通过对2008年4月8日开封市的一次降水过程的天气形势、物理量场的演变以及前期气候变化的影响分析,得出结果:这次降雨主要成因是受低槽东移形成的,还与短期大气环流、前期气候的异常变化有关.     

Observation of mega-dune evaporation after various rain events in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert, China

The formation mechanisms of the mega-dunes and lakes in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert,China,is the focus of extensive academic research in the field of geoscience,and an often debated topic is whether atmospheric precipitation on the mega-dune can infiltrate to recharge groundwater.In the present study,the probability distribution functions and the return period analysis of extreme daily precipitation based on long-term precipitation records for the southern margin of Badain Jaran Desert and 2-year observation of hinterland precipitation were used to classify precipitation in the desert region.The data of automatic weather station and eddy covariance system in the desert hinterland were used to analyze evaporation on the mega-dune surface after various rain events.The results showed that the rain events in the desert could be divided into three categories.The first is conventional precipitation(CP),which is below 5 mm,accounting for roughly 90%of all rain events in the desert.The second and third categories are ordinary annual maximum(OAM)and extreme precipitation(EP),in which precipitation is roughly 20 mm and more than 40 mm,respectively.The atmospheric precipitation of CP and OAM evaporated from the megadune surface in 1–3 days and 3–4 weeks,respectively.Following an EP event,the mega-dune evaporation was negatively influenced by the upper dry sand layer,and a lengthy period was required for its complete removal.The accumulative evaporation and accumulative precipitation of all three types of rain events indicated that local atmospheric precipitation had no significant contribution to recharging the groundwater system in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert.This research will benefit comprehensive elucidation of the formation mechanism of lakes in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert.     

Projected change in the relationship between East Asian summer rainfall and upper-tropospheric westerly jet

The authors analyzed the interannual variability in summer precipitation and the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet (EAJ) over East Asia under the Historical and Representative Concentration Pathways Scenarios (RCPs, including RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), using outputs of 17 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) coupled models. The analyzed results indicate that the models can reasonably reproduce relatively stronger interannual variability in both East Asian summer rainfall (EASR) and EAJ. These models can also capture the relationship between the rainfall anomaly along the East Asian rain belt and meridional displacement of the EAJ. Projected results suggest that the interannual variabilities in precipitation along the East Asian rain belt and in the EAJ are enhanced under the scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in the 21st century, which is consistent with the previous studies. Furthermore, it is found that the relationship between the East Asian rainfall and the meridional displacement of the EAJ is projected to be stronger in the 21st century under the global warming scenarios, although there are appreciable discrepancies among the models.     

热带气旋“浣熊”引发广东南部沿岸大暴雨分析

应用NCEP 1白1?的再分析资料、常规观测资料及地面加密观测资料分析2008年4月热带气旋“浣熊”引发的广东南部沿海地区大暴雨过程成因,结果表明：此次大暴雨过程是在南亚高压加强并向西北方向移动控制华南沿岸及南海北部,同时“副高”减弱东退的大尺度形势背景下发生的;南亚高压和“副高”之间存在“反向”而行的短期互动,而这种互动对大暴雨过程有重要影响;热带气旋向偏北方向移动过程中与高原东侧东移南下的槽在广东南部沿岸合并是引发大暴雨的重要天气系统;暴雨区上空存在对流不稳定,大陆冷高压东移出海过程大气边界层内回流弱冷空气是大暴雨过程不稳定能量释放的促发机制;大暴雨过程水汽源地是西太平洋和南海,来自西太平洋和南海的水汽在暴雨区上空辐合为大暴雨过程提供了充足水汽;大暴雨降落在热带气旋路径的右侧而不是热带气旋中心的四周,其原因是水汽和风场的辐合均发生在热带气旋路径的右侧,这是由热带气旋自身环流和大尺度环境气流共同决定的。     

云南两高辐合背景下低涡强降水过程对比分析

基于气象观测和欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代大气再分析资料（ERA5）,选取2018—2020年发生在云南的3次两高压辐合区（以下简称两高辐合）背景下低涡连续性强降水过程进行对比分析,探究其环流形势、动热力因子及水汽辐合的相似性和差异性.结果显示：(1)夏半年西太平洋副热带高压（以下简称西太副高）西伸时,云南常受两高辐合影响,当辐合区中有低涡生成,易发生连续性强降水,且强降水落区并不完全分布在整个狭长的两高辐合区内.(2)两高辐合区低涡降水具有相似的雨带分布和移动特征,但雨带的集中程度、分布范围、小时雨强和总雨量存在差异.强降水开始时,落区偏东,随着西太副高西伸及东北引导气流的引导,低涡向南向西移动,强降水落区也随之向南向西移动.低涡在某一地区徘徊导致降水集中在该区域,且西太副高西伸较强时,两高辐合形势更强,低涡降水大雨及以上量级雨带也更窄.(3)低涡造成的降水主要分布在低涡中心及低涡切变附近,且降水发生在低层暖湿的环境中,低层及中高层有冷空气侵入时,小时雨强的极端性更强,降水落区也相对偏北.两高辐合区低涡降水落区与水汽辐合区对应较好,水汽辐合强度较弱时,对应的总降水量较小.     

基于不同气候变化情景的东江流域水资源量预测研究

采用半分布式水文模型HSPF,结合1978-1998年东江流域实测气象数据和5个气候模式在3种RCP气候情景(RCP8.5,RCP4.5,RCP2.6)下基准期(1960-2000年)和未来时期(2020-2070年)降水、蒸发情景模拟结果,在对东江流域径流模拟检验基础上,对2020-2070年东江流域水资源量做了深入分析。结果表明,HSPF模型能很好模拟东江流域年、月径流以及洪水期径流变化,博罗站的NASH系数均超过0.81,PBIAS低于10%,RSR低于0.45;所选取气候模式能很好的反映研究流域气象数据在年内分布情况。对未来气候和东江流域水资源量模拟结果表明:1 2020-2070年不同气候变化情景下东江流域降水及蒸发量在RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下均呈上升趋势,而在RCP8.5情景下,东江流域蒸发量则呈现下降趋势;2未来东江流域多年月均径流量呈增加趋势;3未来东江流域不同频率下的洪水和枯水流量均呈不同程度的增长。相对于基准期,未来时期的洪水天数呈增长趋势,洪水灾害有加剧态势。     

Simulation of historical and projected climate change in arid and semiarid areas by CMIP5 models

Based on Climatic Research Unit Time Series3.1 temperature and Global Precipitation Climatology Center full data reanalysis version 6 precipitation data,the abilities of climate models from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project to simulate climate changes over arid and semiarid areas were assessed.Simulations of future climate changes under different representative concentration pathways(RCPs)were also examined.The key findings were that most of the models are able to capture the dominant features of the spatiotemporal changes in temperature,especially the geographic distribution,during the past 60 years,both globally as well as over arid and semiarid areas.In addition,the models can reproduce the observed warming trends,but with magnitudes generally less than the observations of around0.1–0.3°C/50a.Compared to temperature,the models perform worse in simulating the annual evolution of observed precipitation,underestimating both the variability and tendency,and there is a huge spread among the models in terms of their simulated precipitation results.The multimodel ensemble mean is overall superior to any individual model in reproducing the observed climate changes.In terms of future climate change,an ongoing warming projected by the multi-model ensemble over arid and semiarid areas can clearly be seen under different RCPs,especially under the high emissions scenario(RCP8.5),which is twice that of the moderate scenario(RCP4.5).Unlike the increasing temperature,precipitation changes vary across areas and are more significant under high-emission RCPs,with more precipitation over wet areas but less precipitation over dry areas.In particular,northern China is projected to be one of the typical areas experiencing significantly increased temperature and precipitation in the future.     

我国近40年各类降水事件的变化趋势

 利用全国542站1960-2003年逐日降水资料,分析我国降水事件的变化趋势,研究结果表明：降水总量的增加主要是由极端降水量的增加引起,降水日数的减少主要是由小雨日数的减少造成。在降水日数呈现出大范围减少趋势的同时,有很多地区的极端降水事件仍为增加趋势,降水总日数的减少并不减小发生极端事件的可能性。各种类型降水日数趋势变化最明显的是小雨日数,四季的小雨趋势以减少为主。四季西部地区的极端事件基本均呈现出显著的增加趋势;江淮华南地区的减少趋势主要出现在秋季,其它三季以增加趋势为主;华北、东北地区在冬季基本均为增加趋势,其它季节增减参半。极端降水量与降水总量的比值表现为全国普遍增加的趋势,说明我国四季降水量均有向极端化方向发展的趋势。     

西南季风水汽输送对热带气旋Bilis降水影响分析和数值试验

以一个登陆强度并不强,但在内陆长久维持并引发大暴雨造成巨灾的热带气旋Bilis(0604)为研究对象,首先利用实测资料分析了Bilis造成中国南方大暴雨过程的环流形势和物理量场特征,指出西南季风和Bilis残留低压相互作用为本次大暴雨的发生提供了有利的水汽和动力条件;然后利用中尺度模式MM5模拟分析了西南季风强度和水汽输送变化对本次大暴雨过程的影响。结果表明,降水受西南季风自身强度影响不大,但对水汽输送多寡十分敏感,水汽减少将导致降水强度明显下降,外界水汽输送有助于Bilis雨带中强对流活动,使雨量加强。     

East Asian monsoon change for the 21st century: Results of CMIP3 and CMIP5 models

Forty-two climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 3 and 5 were first evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the present climatology of the East Asian winter (December-February) and summer (June-August) monsoons. The East Asian winter and summer monsoon changes over the 21st century were then projected using the results of 31 and 29 reliable climate models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) mid-range A1B scenario or the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) mid-low-range RCP4.5 scenario, respectively. Results showed that the East Asian winter monsoon changes little over time as a whole relative to the reference period 1980-1999. Regionally, it weakens (strengthens) north (south) of about 25°N in East Asia, which results from atmospheric circulation changes over the western North Pacific and Northeast Asia owing to the weakening and northward shift of the Aleutian Low, and from decreased north- west-southeast thermal and sea level pressure differences across Northeast Asia. In summer, monsoon strengthens slightly in East China over the 21st century as a consequence of an increased land-sea thermal contrast between the East Asian continent and the adjacent western North Pacific and South China Sea.     

基于质心分析的淮河流域降水时空分布特征

为定量表征淮河流域降水量非均匀性特征,建立年降水质心时间指标,以概化年内降水过程时间分布,从时域、空域、频域3个维度解析流域近55 a降水质心时间的总体格局与演变规律。结果表明:各典型站点近55a降水质心时间序列中全部存在28a的第一主周期;年降水质心时间序列突变年份多发生于1975—1989年,突变主要集中于淮河上中游地区;年降水质心时间序列多呈现不显著的增加趋势,说明流域大部分地区年降水集中期有微弱的后移倾向;年降水质心时间随纬度增加而呈现明显的后推趋势,流域南北地区年降水质心时间可相差20 d左右,经度变化对年降水质心时间没有明显影响;淮河流域暴雨与大雨质心时间普遍迟于其他等级年降水质心时间,流域年降水质心时间对暴雨、大雨较为敏感。     

Changes in mean and extreme climates over China with a 2°C global warming

Based on a 153-year (1948-2100) transient simulation of East Asian climate performed by a high resolution regional climate model (RegCM3) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario, the potential future changes in mean and extreme climates over China in association with a global warming of 2℃ with respect to pre-industrial times are assessed in this study. Results show that annual temperature rises over the whole of China, with a greater magnitude of around 0.6℃ compared to the global mean increase, at the time of a 2℃ global warming. Large-scale surface warming gets stronger towards the high latitudes and on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, while it is similar in magnitude but somewhat different in spatial pattern between seasons. Annual precipitation increases by 5.2%, and seasonal precipitation increases by 4.2%-8.5% with respect to the 1986-2005 climatology. At the large scale, apart from in boreal winter when precipitation increases in northern China but decreases in southern China, annual and seasonal precipitation increases in western and southeastern China but decreases over the rest of the country. Nationwide extreme warm (cold) temperature events increase (decrease). With respect to the 1986-2005 climatology, the country-averaged annual extreme precipitation events R5d, SDII, R95T, and R10 increase by 5.1 mm, 0.28 mm d -1 , 6.6%, and 0.4 d respectively, and CDD decreases by 0.5 d. There is a large spatial variability in R10 and CDD changes.     

马尾松分布格局对未来气候变化的响应

【目的】分析并预测未来气候变化对马尾松适宜分布范围,探讨影响马尾松潜在地理分布的主要气候因子,为马尾松潜在分布区种质资源管理和保护提供参考与指导。【方法】以中国数字植物标本馆记录的马尾松分布数据为基础,利用MaxEnt模型及地理信息系统ArcGIS 10.3软件探讨马尾松当前地理分布特征及其潜在分布区,并针对代表性浓度路径(RCP) 2.6及RCP 8.5两种气候情景下未来(2050年和2070年)马尾松适宜分布范围及主要气候因子进行分析。【结果】当前马尾松高适生区覆盖的地区主要分布于秦岭—淮河线以南。浙江、福建、江西、湖北西南部、湖南、重庆、四川东南部、贵州北部、广西中部、广东北部等地区为马尾松主要分布区,海南、云南及台湾等地为零星分布区。在未来气候情景下,马尾松适生区向我国北部地区迁移,包括河南西部、山东半岛、辽东半岛、河北东部、山西南部等地区,而在云南南部零星地区不会再有马尾松自然分布。在未来两种气候情景4个条件中,相同RCP情景下,不同年限各适生区之间的差异并不明显,变化趋势大致相同;但相同年限的不同RCP情景对应的各适生区面积变化存在明显区别,RCP 8.5的影响要高于RCP 2.6。影响马尾松地理分布的主导生物气候变量为年均降水量、最干月降水量及平均气温日较差,且降水较温度的影响更大。【结论】未来气候变化将导致马尾松分布范围进一步扩大,新增分布区主要集中于当前分布区北部。应以当前马尾松适生环境为基础,针对当地气候类型、土壤条件等环境因素合理建立保护区,以便马尾松能够顺利适应新环境。     

Changes in precipitation and extreme precipitation in a warming environment in China

This study analyses the decadal changes in winter precipitation and extreme precipitation in a warming environment in China. The results show that, together with a trend of winter warming in China, winter precipitation and extreme precipitation in the region are also increasing. In addition, concurrent with the decadal warming shift that occurred in the mid-1980s, precipitation and extreme precipitation both increased significantly. Quantitative analysis shows that precipitation and extreme precipitation increased at rates of 9.7% and 22.6% per 1℃ of surface warming in China. This rate of precipitation increase is greater than the global mean, which indicates that precipitation in China is highly sensitive to climate warming and further highlights the importance of studying regional responses to climate warming. The fact that extreme precipitation is increasing at a higher rate than precipitation implies that winter precipitation in China will increasingly be of more extreme type in the context of global warming, which could partly explain why there have recently been a number of record-breaking extreme snowfall events in China.     

桂林市近56年降水结构的时间变化分析

以桂林市1951～2006年的地面逐日降水资料为统计数据,采用线性回归方法,对桂林市近56年的年降水量、不同降水强度日数、降水极值、最大日降水量、最大连续降水量等指标的变化进行分析,并用降水距平百分率方法分析了56年来桂林市干旱事件发生的程度.结果显示:56年来桂林市降水量呈现略微上升的趋势,小、中雨强度的日数在略微增加,大雨以上的日数减少,而降水总日数也在减少,高强度降水集中程度加强;最长连续无降水日增加,降水量呈现集中的趋势;干旱的发生次数增多;近56年的降水量的变化是多种因素综合作用的结果.