137Cs tracing of lacustrine sediments in the Dalian Lake, Qinghai Province, China

Based upon the analysis of Cs and grain-size parameters, the total amounts of ¹³⁷Cs deposition by wind and water in the Dalian Lake of Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province are defined. The vertical profile of ¹³⁷Cs in the lacustrine sediments exhibits three ¹³⁷Cs activity maxima and one minimum. The major maximum corresponds to the global ¹³⁷Cs fallout in 1963; the two secondary maxima correspond to the leakage of the Chernobyl reactor in 1986 and complete desiccation of the lake in 1994, respectively. The minimum corresponds to aeolian deposition caused by extensive reclamation in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The 137Cs data set was used to evaluate average sedimentation rate of the Dalian Lake since 1963. The deposition was stable in 1963-1986 and 1994-1998, and it was rapid during 1986-1994. This preliminary study reveals that l37Cs has the same potential to trace environmental changes introduce by human interference in arid/semiarid regions as in humid regions.     

贵州锁黄仓沼泽土壤重金属含量分布特征及污染评价

贵州锁黄仓湿地公园位于草海湖下游,而草海湖是典型的高原天然淡水湖泊,研究湿地公园沼泽土壤重金属分布特征对该区域的生态环境保护具有重要意义。采集锁黄仓湿地公园中沼泽表层土壤（0-20 cm）,分析其重金属Cr、Ni、Zn、As、Pb的含量、空间分布特征,并采用地质累积指数法和综合污染指数法进行污染评价。结果表明,锁黄仓湿地公园沼泽表层土壤中,Cr、Ni、Zn、As、Pb的含量分别为105. 68 mg·kg-1、70. 97 mg·kg-1、148. 80 mg·kg-1、26. 57 mg·kg-1、53. 69 mg·kg-1,其含量均高于贵州土壤重金属元素背景值。5种土壤重金属含量空间分布,都呈现由锁黄仓湿地南部进水口,向北部出水口整体递增的趋势,Ni和As的含量在湖泊西岸高于东岸,在S20采样点、五孔桥附近形成明显的聚集点;Cr和Pb为东岸高于西岸,在S25~S33采样点、靠近铁路的东岸形成聚集;Zn整体分布相对均匀,没有形成明显聚集点。污染评价结果显示,Ni处于“中度偏重”污染水平,Zn、As、Pb都处于“中度偏轻”污染水平,Cr处于“轻微”污染水平。综上,锁黄仓湿地土壤重金属污染主要是由人为活动所引起,尤其是在北部出水口污染较为严重,由此应加强采矿冶炼污染排放和农药化肥使用的管控措施。     

Characteristics of 137Cs deposition in steppe area

Soil wind erosion in the semiarid steppe area was studied using the ¹³⁷Cs tracing technique. Comparisons of ¹³⁷Cs deposition characteristics between different soil profiles indicated that slight aeolian activities occurred on sandy grasslands and semi-fixed dunes with erosion/deposition rates of less than 0.108 cm/a, whereas they were intense on semi-shifting dunes with erosion/deposition rates of higher than 1.35 cm/a.     

巢湖十五里河河口湿地植被动态变化研究

河口湿地是水陆相互作用形成的独特生态系统,也是湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分。为探讨河口湿地植被在不同时期内种类和组成的变化,以及引起这些变化的主要环境因子,文章以巢湖十五里河河口湿地为对象,在巢湖处于枯水期和丰水期时,分别对其植物群落进行了野外调研,研究发现:枯水期河口湿地分布植物有21种,隶属于18属,11科;丰水期河口湿地分布植物11种,隶属于10属,7科;聚类分析结果显示枯水期时河口湿地植物组合类型有8种,丰水期时河口湿地植物组合类型为4种;枯水期时河口湿地植物物种多样性比丰水期时高,但其均匀度比丰水期时低;湖泊水位、河口水质和人类活动是河口湿地植物种类和组成变化的主要影响因子。     

Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using137Cs technique

The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the¹³⁷Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two¹³⁷Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq · m⁻² were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing the patterns of¹³⁷Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using¹³⁷Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t · ha¹ · a⁻¹ respectively, averaging 47.59 t · ha⁻¹ · a⁻¹ for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

14C dating of moss peat banks in Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica

Based on the radiocarbon data of the moss peat banks in Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica, it was calculated that the mean rates of peat accumulation in the upper layer and the lower layer are 0.195 and 0.069 4 mm · a^™1 respectively. Based on the radiocarbon date (3 265 ± 120 aBP) and the mean rate of peat accumulation in the lower peat layer, it was calculated that the age of the coast terrace on which the moss peat bank occurs is earlier than 4 300 aBP. During the past 4 300 years the coast terrace has risen about 18 m without apparently being destroyed, and the age of the glacier retreating process in this area is also earlier than 4 300 aBP.     

Oxygen isotope variation in the water cycle of the Yamzho lake Basin in southern Tibetan Plateau

Given the potential use of stable isotope in the paleoclimate reconstruction from lacustrine records as well as in the local hydrology cycle, it is crucial to understand the processes of stable isotope evolution in catchment in the Tibetan Plateau region. Here we present a detailed study on the water oxygen isotope based on 2 years observation including precipitation, river water and lake water in the Yamzho Lake, south of the Tibetan Plateau. Temporal variation of local precipitation 5180 shows an apparent ＂monsoon cycle＂. In monsoon season, 5180 in waters is lower. In non-monsoon season, δ^18O in precipitation and lake water is higher and higher river δ^18O exists in spring, probably reflecting the effect of land surface evaporation, together with the higher δ^18O values in spring precipitation. It is also found that the surface lake water δ^18O varies seasonally and annually. The lower lake water δ^18O in the late summer is apparently related to the summer monsoon precipitation. The mean δ^18O value of lake water in 2007 is 1.2‰ higher than that in 2004, probably due to the less monsoon precipitation in summer of 2007, as can be confirmed from the precipitation data at the Langkazi meteorological data. It is also found that an obvious shift of vertical lake water δ^18O reflects the fast mixture of lake water. δ^18O values of lake water are over 10‰ higher than those of precipitation and river water in this region due to the evaporation fractionation. The modeled results show that the evaporation process of the lake water is sensitive to relative humidity, and the present lake water δ^18O reflects a relative humidity of 51% in the Yamzho Lake. It shows that the lake will take 30.5 years to reach present lake water δ^18O given a large shift in the input water δ^18O. The modeled results also reveal that surface lake water temperature and inflow δ^18O have slight effect on the isotopic balance process of lake water in the Yamzho Lake.     

青藏高原特种盐湖与深部火山-地热水的相关性

 青藏高原特种盐湖形成于陆-陆碰撞带,高原深部熔融物质,自第三纪形成始至第四纪时期以来,以火山-地热水形式向上地壳表层携出大量B、Li、Cs等成分。昂拉陵地区是青藏高原盐湖特殊组分Li、B、K、Cs、Rb含量最高的区域,郑绵平等首次在该区域发现中新世火山-沉积二元结构,火山后期与热液活动成为青藏高原盐湖特殊组分的主要来源。青藏高原第四纪地热水分布广泛,全区由南往北划分为5条地热带,其中狮泉河-雅鲁藏布地热带（I）、班公湖-怒江地热带（II）、贵德-南祁连地热带（IV）,地热水中富含B、Li、Cs、Rb、As,这3条地热带周围分布的盐湖中也富集这些元素。青藏高原特种盐湖中B、Li、Cs、Rb、As等元素含量,湖泊水化学带、地热带的特征系数,Rb/Cs、Ni/Co系数以及同位素值,与一般盐湖、海水中不同,而与该区域地热水中相同;同时,特种盐湖水化学特征与地热带中特征具有较好的对应关系。青藏高原盐湖各补给水源中地热水的Li、B、K、Rb、Cs元素含量最高。综上表明,青藏高原特种盐湖中富集的Li、B、Cs等元素,与火山-地热水具有很高的相关性。     

Estimation of wind erosion rates by using 137Cs tracing technique: A case study in Tariat-Xilin Gol transect, Mongolian Plateau

Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Here we established the Tariat-Xilin Gol transect from northwest to southeast across the Mongolian Plateau, and selected seven sampling sites along the transect. We then estimated the soil wind erosion rates by using the 137Cs tracing technique and examined their spatial dynamics. Our results showed that the 137Cs inventories of sampling sites ranged from 265.63=44.91 to 1279.54=166.53 Bq. m-2, and the wind erosion rates varied from 64.58 to 419.63 t. km-2. a-~ accordingly. In the Mongolia section of the transect （from Tariat to Sainshand）, the wind erosion rate increased gradually with vegetation type and climatic regimes; the wind erosion process was controlled by physical factors such as annual precipitation and vegetation coverage, etc., and the impact of human activities was negligible. While in the China section of the transect （Inner Mongolia）, the wind erosion rates of Xilin Hot and Zhengxiangbai Banner were thrice as much as those of Bayannur of Mongolia, although these three sites were all dominated by typical steppe. Besides the physical factors, higher population density and livestock carrying level should be responsible for the higher wind erosion rates in these two regions of Inner Mongolia.     

珠江口以外海域温、盐度的断面分布特征--2001年5月与2002年11月航次

通过2001年5月与2002年11月珠江口以外海域的CTD观测资料，分析调查海域两个航次的温、盐断面分布特征，并将表层温度特征与卫星遥感图象进行比较．结果表明：（1）2001年5月，珠江口以外海域可观察到较弱的上升流迹象；而2002年11月除了陆坡处的海水有涌升趋向外，未见其它上升流迹象．（2）受径流的影响，2001年5月珠江口外表层盐度水平及垂直梯度均较大．（3）两个航次在远岸站位均未形成明显的温跃层，但具有较弱的盐跃层，2001年5月和2002年11月的盐跃层分别位于10～90m和100～120m．（4）两个航次在远岸站位的100-250m层均可观察到部分黑潮次表层水．     

基于TM/ETM+遥感影像的达里湖补给源研究

以近十年的多时相Land Sat TM/ETM+影像为数据源,从面积、变化率等方面对湖泊的变化过程进行研究,并结合达里湖流域临近四个雨量站的降雨量、蒸发量数据进行分析.结果表明,达里湖从2003—2013年湖面面积不断减小,面积由204.11 km2减小到180.02 km2,面积减少了24.09 km2,平均每年减少2.41 km2;近十年来,达里湖流域降雨量波动较大,但是没有明显减少趋势,流域蒸发量波动较小且远大于当地降雨量.分析达里湖流域湖泊面积变化与降雨量和蒸发量的关系显示,降雨量并非湖泊面积变化的决定性因素,蒸发量对湖泊面积变化影响较小.达里湖除接受降水补给外,还接受地下水的补给,且地下水可能并非来自当地降水.     

黄河口近岸海域大型底栖动物群落特征

为了解黄河口近岸海域大型底栖生物资源的现状和变化,本研究于2016年8月、11月和2017年5月、8月、11月进行拖网调查。对拖网获得的生物样品进行鉴定,并称重和计数,以获取物种组成、优势物种、生物量和丰度等指标数据。使用优势度计算方法和PRIMER 6.0统计软件对群落特征进行分析。结果共获得大型底栖动物109种,其中甲壳动物37种,鱼类35种,软体动物34种,棘皮动物2种,其他动物(海葵Actiniaria sp.)1种。在该区域发现优势种19种,其中甲壳动物11种,软体动物4种,鱼类4种。黄河口近海大型底栖动物总平均丰度和总平均生物量分别为0.48ind./m~2、1.44g/m~2,均是软体动物贡献率最高。丰富度指数(D)、均匀度指数(J′)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)平均值分别为2.44±0.33、0.88±0.03、3.64±0.08。CLUSTER聚类分析和MDS标序分析表明,在40%相似性水平上,每次调查结果可以分为3—5组,各组之间差异显著。黄河口近海大型底栖动物以小个体的甲壳动物、软体动物及低经济价值的鱼类为主,底栖物种有小型化趋势。黄河口近海底栖群落结构差异较大,总体受污染扰动情况明显。     

广西乐业天坑群中苔藓的放射性核素分析

为探究广西喀斯特地貌对放射性核素分布及当地环境放射性的影响,利用高纯锗探测器对广西喀斯特地区的大曹天坑和邓家坨天坑采集来的苔藓样品中⁷Be、⁴⁰K、²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs的放射性比活度进行测量与分析。结果表明：在苔藓植物中, ⁷Be的放射性比活度为202.3-698.8 Bq/kg [平均值：(430.7±169.7) Bq/kg,n=7];⁴⁰K为33.7-159.9 Bq/kg [平均值：(91.6±44.1) Bq/kg, n=7];²³⁸U为检测限(3.0 Bq/kg)至54.4 Bq/kg [平均值：(16.9±23.6) Bq/kg,n=7];²³²Th为1.2-42.5 Bq/kg [平均值：(14.7±15.9) Bq/kg, n=7];²²⁶Ra为0.7-48.4 Bq/kg [平均值：(16.9±20.3) Bq/kg,n=7];²¹⁰Pb为284.1-950.5 Bq/kg [平均值：(555.5±231.0) Bq/kg, n=7]; ¹³⁷Cs为检测限(0.1 Bq/kg)至2.3 Bq/kg [平均值：(1.1±0.9) Bq/kg,n=7]。对比后发现所有测得的数据均在正常范围内,表明天坑这一喀斯特地貌对放射性核素的分布并没有显著影响,该地区也不存在其他污染来源,同时为我国南方喀斯特地区大气示踪提供数据支撑。     

太湖梅梁湾不同沉积物对3种沉水植物生长的影响

在人工栽培的条件下,研究了太湖重污染区梅梁湾2种不同沉积物（湖泥、岸泥）对苦草（Vallisneria natans （Lour．）Hara）、黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata （Linn．f．）Royle）、马来眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus Miq．）3种沉水植物生长的影响．在上覆水相同条件下,湖泥中培养的3种沉水植物均生长良好,生物量高,分枝较多,其中苦草最为显著,生长在湖泥中的苦草比岸泥中的植株高,且提前发育成熟至生殖生长阶段;在湖泥中,3种沉水植物的叶绿素含量均较高,苦草在2种不同沉积物中的差别最大,叶色区别明显;在湖泥中,苦草、黑藻的根长及根系活力等指标均高于岸泥,但岸泥中的根较为粗壮,根数相对较多．试验结果表明：苦草、黑藻、马来眼子菜3种沉水植物能够适应梅梁湾湖泥的肥沃底质条件,生长发育正常,可以进行现场引种栽培试验．     

长江口及其邻近海域洪季悬沙分布特征分析

基于近几年大量的实测资料,对长江口及其邻近海域洪季期间悬沙浓度的时空分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,悬沙浓度空间上以杭州湾测点最高,其次是长江口内、长江口外,舟山海域最低;悬沙平面分布总体态势为近岸高而外海低;长江口纵向上自口内经口门向口外悬沙浓度大致呈“低-高-低”分布,沿杭州湾测点则由西向东逐渐降低;横向比较长江口外海滨四个测点发现其悬沙浓度自北向南顺次升高;悬沙浓度一般由表及底逐渐增大,但在不同水域其主要呈现的垂线结构类型则有所不同.时间上由于潮流的大小潮和潮周期变化,悬沙浓度还存在大小潮和涨落潮周期变化.另外,对长江口及其邻近海域悬沙浓度时空分布特征的原因进行了初步分析.     

High-altitude salt lake elevation changes and glacial ablation in Central Tibet, 2000-2010

This research quantifies lake level variations in the Siling Co, Co’e and Bangor Co salt lakes in Central Tibet from 1976 to 2010, and most notably for the 2000-2010 periods. In particular, the effects of different water replenishment modes on the lakes have been analyzed. Here we have provided new evidences for climate warming and accelerated glacial ablation on the Central Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2010. Based on fieldwork involving Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) surveying and Remote Sensing (RS) interpretations of the lake area, we have drawn the following conclusions. (1) From 1976 to 2010, the process of lake level variation in Siling Co can be divided into two stages. From 1976 to 2000, the lake level rose 4.3 m in a steady fashion (from 4530 to 4534.3 m); the rise rate was 0.18 m/a. From 2000 to 2010, the lake level rapidly rose 8.2 m (from 4534.3 to 4542.5 m), with a dramatically higher rise rate of 0.82 m/a. Compared with the rapidly increasing lake level of Siling Co from 2000 to 2010, the fluctuations observed at Co’e and Bangor Co were smooth and inconspicuous. (2) From 1976 to 2009, the lake area of Siling Co experienced a steady-rapid-steady expansion pattern. The lake area of Siling Co increased 656.64 km2 in the 34 years to 2010, a proportional growth of 39.4%. This was particularly significant in the 2000-2010 period, when the lake area of Siling Co increased by 549.77 km2, a proportional growth of 30.6%. (3) According to correlation analysis, the rise in regional temperatures, which has led to the ablation of glaciers, is the main reason for the rapid rise in Siling Co lake levels in the 10 years to 2010. During this period, Siling Co rose approximately 8 m as the direct result of glacial melting. An increase in precipitation in the Siling Co catchment area is the secondary factor. This contrasts with Bangor Co, where the dominant factor in lake level change is the long-term increase in precipitation; here, the increasing temperature is the secondary factor.     

Using 137Cs tracing technique to estimate wind erosion rates in the typical steppe region,northern Mongolian Plateau

Wind erosion is one of the major factors of land degradation in the typical steppe region, northern Mongolian Plateau. Using ^137Cs tracing technique, we estimated the wind erosion rates of different pastures and abandoned farmland at Bayannur and Karakorum in Mongolia. The pastures and cutting grassland at Bayannur were slightly eroded by wind, with the rates of 64.58-169.07 t·km^-2.a^-1. The abandoned farmland in Karakorum, however, was strongly eroded by wind, with annual surface soil loss of 4.05 mm. a^-1, and wind erosion rates up to 6723.06 t· km^-2. a^-1. The total loss of surface soil due to wind erosion has been 17.4 cm since the cultivation of the steppe land in the 1960s. The wind ero- sion rate at the abandoned farmland was much higher than that at the typical steppe sites, showing that the cultivation led to serious wind erosion in the typical steppe region, northern Mongolian Plateau. By contrast, traditional livestock grazing resulted in less disturbance to the surface soil, and did not induce to devastating wind erosion, which plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the steppe ecosystem in the northern Mongolian Plateau.     

滇池的水华蓝藻的时空变化

 于2001年9月～2002年7月对滇池水华蓝藻进行了为期1 a的调查研究.结果表明,在滇池中形成水华的是微囊藻属(Microcystis Kutz.)和束丝藻属(Aphanizomenon Morr.).水华蓝藻总数为3 445 000～1 080 800 000 L^-1,年平均为130 866 603 L^-1,占浮游植物细胞总量的66.44%～90.66%.微囊藻属的数量为3 445 000～1 030 800 000 L^-1,年平均为125 174 582 L^-1,占浮游植物总数的35.69%～87.97%,是滇池浮游植物群落的单优势属.束丝藻属的数量为0～50 950 000 L^-1,年平均为5 692 021 L^-1,占浮游植物细胞总数的0.46%～30.75%.水华蓝藻数量的时空分布与微囊藻属一致,7月最高,1月最低;近岸带高于湖心,湖北部高于湖中部高于南部.束丝藻属的数量3月最高,1月最低;湖北部高于南部高于中部.微囊藻水华全年可见,束丝藻属仅在3月形成零星的小面积水华.     

长江口整治工程对河口潮流的影响

采用沿水深积分的平面二维非定常流数学模型对长江口整治工程进行流场数值模拟,讨论了整治工程实施后不同的典型水文条件（平水年、洪水年、大潮汛）下沿江水位、流速、各叉道流量的变化。结果表明,工程后南支上段的徐六泾深槽落潮流速加大,长江流流稳定北偏进入白茆沙北水道;南支下段沿南岸一线的落潮速均有增加;长导堤固定了浏河沙,从根本上防止新浏河沙体的整体南压;南北港的分流比变化不大;北槽在工程后除局部区域外,全     

林隙大小和隙内位置对小兴安岭蒙古栎林内红松光合能力的影响

【目的】确定红松(Pinus koraiensis)幼树在次生林生境中生长的最适林隙面积及林隙内位置,为恢复温带地带性顶极植被阔叶红松林提供科学依据,同时为优化抚育经营措施提供支持。【方法】以黑龙江小兴安岭红松幼树(15 a)为试验材料,采用CIRAS-2光合仪分别测定蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)次生林4种林隙[大(206.1 m²)、中(116.9 m²)、小(52.4 m²)、林内(对照,12.6 m²)]内3种位置(中心区、过渡区与边缘区)生长的红松幼树光合参数(最大净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点和蒸腾速率等)、叶绿素含量和微环境因子(透光率、气温),采用带有180°鱼眼镜头的Nikon CoolPix 4500数码相机采集林隙照片并计算出各样地透光率。通过比较不同大小林隙及隙内不同位置红松幼树光合能力之间的差异,分析林隙大小及隙内不同位置对红松幼树光合能力的影响。【结果】①红松幼树的光合能力在中、小林隙内显著提高,中、小林隙使其最大净光合速率较在林内(对照)显著提高20.0%~60.7%,且中林隙又显著高于小林隙9.2%~15.1%,而大林隙对其无显著影响;②在各大小林隙内红松幼树最大净光合速率沿林隙中心区至边缘区微环境梯度均呈规律性递减(92.7%~22.5%);③在中、小林隙内红松幼树的光饱和点高于林内,但光补偿点却低于林内;在中林隙内其蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度高于林内,而叶绿素含量低于林内;在各林隙内沿中心区至边缘区微环境梯度,红松幼树的光饱和点降低而光补偿点提高,蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈递减趋势,而叶绿素含量呈递增趋势。【结论】红松幼树在蒙古栎林中林隙(116.9 m²)内的中心区光合能力较强。建议在阔叶红松林恢复实践中创建适宜大小的林隙,充分利用林隙内的中心位置来加速其恢复进程。